依据各向异性分形理论的固定结合面椭圆弹塑性法向接触刚度建模及仿真分析

依据各向异性分形几何理论,将结合面接触点拓展为椭圆形,结合微凸体接触点面积大小分布函数以及概率论相关理论获得关于椭圆形接触点接触面积以及离心率的二维联合分布密度函数,应用赫兹接触理论,进而建立了依据各向异性分形理论的结合面椭圆弹塑性法向接触刚度模型,并采用MATLAB软件对影响结合面法向刚度的相关因素进行了数值仿真及结果分析.结果表明:结合面椭圆形接触点离心率分布情形对结合面总刚度具有明显影响,结合面总刚度随形状参数α的增大而增大,却随着形状参数e的增大而减小;结合面法向刚度随法向载荷的增大而增大;在同一载荷作用下,结合面法向接触刚度随塑性指数增大而增大,随分形粗糙度的增大而减小,但是随分形维数的增大而先增后减.该模型对模型优化进而提高计算精度提供了一定的理论依据.     

考虑摩擦因素的结合面切向接触刚度分形预估模型及其仿真分析

为建立更完善和精确的结合面接触刚度模型,本文根据分形理论和摩擦学原理,从微观角度建立了考虑摩擦因素的结合面切向接触刚度分形预估模型.通过数值仿真分析研究了接触载荷、分形维数、摩擦系数和接触面积等因素对结合面切向接触刚度的影响.分析结果表明:结合面切向接触刚度随法向载荷和分形维数的增加而增大,而随分形尺度参数的增大而减小;摩擦系数对结合面切向接触刚度的影响较大,不同实际接触面积下的切向刚度相差较大;当分形维数较小时,摩擦系数对结合面切向刚度的影响将降低.这些研究对于进一步开展结合面的动力学特性研究具有重要意义.     

固定接触界面法向静弹性刚度

基于Hertz接触理论推导了两个微凸体之间互相作用的法向接触静弹性刚度.根据修正后的一个微接触点的平截面积尺寸分布,给出了界面的总法向接触静弹性条件刚度、总条件载荷的解析解.将法向静弹性刚度的解析解嵌入到有限元软件中,获得整机的理论模态.通过实验对解析解进行了定量验证.以机床结合部为研究对象,在理论振型与实验振型一致的...     

基于三维各向异性分形理论的固定机械结合面法向接触刚度建模研究

将结合面接触点拓展为椭圆形,基于KE有限元模型,类比球形微凸体在弹塑性接触变形阶段法向载荷、接触面积以及变形量之间的关系,采用代入法得到了表征椭圆抛物面形微凸体弹塑性接触变形机制的对应关系式.假设结合面接触点离心率分布与接触点面积分布相互独立,根据概率论以及接触点的面积大小分布函数,获得了关于结合面接触点面积与离心率的二维联合分布密度函数,进而依据三维各向异性分形几何理论建立了包含微凸体完全弹性、弹塑性以及完全塑性三种变形机制的结合面法向接触刚度分形模型.所建模型理论刚度与实验数据的对比结果,表明了模型的正确性及有效性,能较好的预测在轻载状态下的固定结合面法向接触刚度.     

机床结构结合面静态特性研究与内聚力模拟

针对机床结构中的平面结合面,通过实验分析了结合面在均布面压作用下的结合面法向变形与平均压力的关系;将结合面表面简化为半圆弧和正弦曲线两种微观形貌,利用有限元方法模拟结合面的接触变形力学行为,计算结果显示半圆弧形貌接触分析结果与实验结果较为接近.从结合面作用的物理本质出发,将结合面的相互作用等效为内聚力效应,利用内聚力模型分析了结合面的静态力学行为;内聚力模型计算结果与实验结果吻合较好.     

包含几何误差的机械结合面法向刚度研究

对包含几何误差的机械结合面进行离散化,离散后的微表面的基准平面高度满足结合面几何误差分布.每个微表面内,微凸体的高度只受粗糙度的影响.基于接触理论建立了微表面的法向刚度模型,通过对微表面模型集成获得了结合面的法向刚度模型.通过对所建模型的数值仿真,揭示了结合面法向刚度与间隙的非线性关系,几何误差的幅值和波长对法向刚度的影响以及非线性刚度对结合面振动特性的影响.计算结果表明:法向刚度随着间隙的减少而迅速增加,几何误差会导致结合面宏观上的局部接触和应力集中;在相同干涉量下,法向刚度随着几何误差幅值的增加而增加,但与结合面的波长没有关系;非线性刚度会导致结合面固有频率的下降和振动位移的不对称.     

固-液结合面法向动态接触刚度及阻尼的理论模型与实验分析

固-液接触状态广泛存在于机床核心单元关键零部件的接触运动副中,精确获得固-液结合面法向接触刚度及阻尼参数是高档数控机床产品在研发阶段就存在的一个关键理论与技术问题,并且仍然尚未根本解决.固-液结合面在介观层面上表现为两个粗糙表面的接触,在微观层面上表现为微凸体之间的接触,并在中/重载荷作用下微凸体可能会发生弹性/弹塑性...     

湍流状态下鼻腔的几何尺寸与鼻腔阻塞系数的关系

研究正常成年人的鼻腔气道几何尺寸和鼻腔通气程度的关系,对17个志愿者进行鼻阻力测试,并对测试数据进行函数拟合确定鼻腔的阻塞系数.对每个志愿者的鼻腔进行CT扫描,提取每一层CT图像的鼻腔结构的几何数据,如鼻腔气道截面积和截面周长等.对鼻腔阻塞系数和鼻腔结构几何数据进行分析对比,建立气道几何数据与阻塞系数的关系,并确定其中的待定系数.结果表明,可以通过鼻腔气道的截面积、气道长度、湿周长等几何尺寸大致确定鼻腔的通气程度.     

光纤捷联惯导系统高阶误差模型的建立与分析

针对多位置标定算法中利用的陀螺和加表的误差模型,在捷联惯导系统误差传播方程中,考虑陀螺和加表的标度因数误差和安装误差,建立了一种高阶误差模型。为了评价该模型的准确性,将其与不考虑标度因数误差和安装误差的模型比较,设计了系统静态和动态仿真实验。在系统静态仿真中,分别加入陀螺漂移和加表安装误差,而在动态仿真中同时加入各项误差项,求取以这些误差项为初值的模型微分方程的解,使其与惯导系统输出误差进行比较。仿真结果发现,建立的高阶误差模型比不考虑标度因数误差和安装误差的模型精度高出约三个数量级。     

利用冲蚀法评价硬质膜与底材结合强度的试验研究

作者利用入射速度为40m/s的80~#和100~#白刚玉砂冲击超硬质膜,测定入射粒子量与膜剥离之间的定量关系,确定造成底材开始显露所需的粒子用量(孕育剂量)和冲蚀坑中心部位的膜全部剥离时的最低粒子用量(临界剂量),并以两者之差作为判据,收到了与划痕法通过临界载荷评价膜-底材结合强度的同样效果。试验结果证明,孕育剂量与膜厚呈正变关系,因而通过它可以先求出膜厚,再求出剥离单位厚度膜层所消耗的粒子量(线冲蚀系数),并用其作为膜-底材结合强度的判据,可以扣除膜厚的影响。作者认为,冲蚀法的主要优点是设备简单、操作方便、取样面积大、代表性好,能为各类薄膜工艺提供可信的判据。     

Contact friction analysis and stress oscilation suppression with a simple interface element

A simple interface element for analyzing contact friction problems is developed. Taking nodal displacements and contact stresses as unknowns, this element can simulate frictional slippage, decoupling and re-bonding of two bodies initially mating or having gaps at a common inteface. The method is based on the Finite Element Method and load incremental theory. The geometric and static constrait conditions on contact surfaces are treated as additional conditions and are included in stiffness equations. This simple element has the advantages of easy implementation into standard finite element programs and fast speed for convergence as well as high accuracy for stress distribution in interface. Undesirable stress oscillations are also investigated whenever large stress gradients exist over the contact surfaces. Exact integration or the conventional Gauss integration scheme used to evaluate the interpolation function matrix of the interface element is found to be the source of the oscillations. Eigenmode analysis demonstrates that the stress behavior of an interface element can be improved by using the Newton-Cotes integration scheme. Finally, the test example of a strip footing problem is presented.     

渤、黄、东海二维潮汐模式底摩擦系数的反演研究

一种新的底摩擦系数处理方法是假定底摩擦系数具有空间分布特征,即在海区中选取一些点作为独立底摩擦系数,计算区域中任意点的底摩擦系数都可由这些独立底摩擦系数通过线性插值得到。采用伴随同化方法对空间分布底摩擦系数的研究表明,与传统的底摩擦系数处理方法相比,空间分布的底摩擦系数模拟精度更高。探讨了根据地形的空间分布特征选取独立底摩擦系数的做法,所做的孪生实验和实际实验均表明,与均匀选取的结果相比,在独立变量个数减少三分之一的情况下,数值模拟的精度反而得以提高。得到的渤、黄、东海底摩擦系数分布表明,东海等深水区及地形复杂的区域底摩擦系数比较大。     

Modeling joints with clearance and friction in multibody dynamic simulation of automotive differentials

Defects in kinematic joints can sometimes highly influence the simulation response of the whole multibody system within which these joints are included. For instance, the clearance, the friction, the lubrication and the flexibility affect the transient behaviour, reduce the component life and produce noise and vibration for classical joints such as prismatics, cylindrics or universal joints. In this work, a new 3D cylindrical joint model which accounts for the clearance, the misalignment and the friction is presented. This formulation has been used to represent the link between the planet gears and the planet carrier in an automotive differential model.     

摩擦信号分形维数与载荷和速度的关系研究

在立式万能摩擦磨损试验机上对GCr15/45#钢摩擦副进行不同接触载荷和滑动速度下的摩擦磨损试验,对初始滑动距离1 000 m内的摩擦系数信号进行数据采集,运用结构函数测度方法对摩擦系数信号进行分形表征,计算不同载荷和速度下的分形维数,研究摩擦信号的分形维数随载荷和速度的变化规律.结果表明,摩擦系数信号具有显著的分形特征,其分形维数随载荷和速度而变化.在相同载荷下,分形维数随滑动速度增加而增大;在相同速度下,分形维数随着接触载荷增加而增大.磨损率与摩擦系数信号的分形维数正相关.     

Impact dynamics of multibody systems with frictional contact using joint coordinates and canonical equations of motion

This paper presents a methodology in computational dynamics for the analysis of mechanical systems that undergo intermittent motion. A canonical form of the equations of motion is derived with a minimal set of coordinates. These equations are used in a procedure for balancing the momenta of the system over the period of impact, calculating the jump in the body momentum, velocity discontinuities and rebounds. The effect of dry friction is discussed and a contact law is proposed. The present formulation is extended to open and closed-loop mechanical systems where the jumps in the constraints' momenta are also solved. The application of this methodology is illustrated with the study of impact of open-loop and closed-loop examples.     

基于微裂纹界面摩擦生热的点火模型

开展了基于微裂纹界面摩擦生热的细观点火模型研究,采用有限元方法对包含化学反应放热和摩擦生热的热传递方程进行了离散求解,计算模型中考虑了炸药颗粒熔化对升温过程的影响。着重分析了点火模型中主要参数(热点尺度、应变率和界面压力)对炸药点火的影响规律。数值研究表明,随着热点尺度的增大,热点的温度上升越快,越容易发生点火;应变率越大或者界面压力越高,热量积累越快,炸药越容易点火。

     

Effects of hysteresis of static contact angle (HSCA) and boundary slip on the hydrodynamics of water striders

It is known that contact lines keep relatively still on solids until static contact angles exceed an interval of hysteresis of static contact angle(HSCA), and contact angles keep changing as contact lines relatively slide on the solid.Here, the effects of HSCA and boundary slip were first distinguished on the micro-curvature force(MCF) on the seta.Hence, the total MCF is partitioned into static and dynamic MCFs correspondingly. The static MCF was found proportional to the HSCA and related with the asymmetry of the micro-meniscus near the seta. The dynamic MCF, exerting on the relatively sliding contact line, is aroused by the boundary slip. Based on the Blake–Haynes mechanism, the dynamic MCF was proved important for water walking insects with legs slower than the minimum wave speed 23 cm · s-1. As insects brush the water by laterally swinging legs backwards,setae on the front side of the leg are pulled and the ones on the back side are pushed to cooperatively propel bodies forward.If they pierce the water surface by vertically swinging legs downwards, setae on the upside of the legs are pulled, and the ones on the downside are pushed to cooperatively obtain a jumping force. Based on the dependency between the slip length and shear rate, the dynamic MCF was found correlated with the leg speed U, as F~C_1 U + C_2U~(2+ε), where C_1 and C_2 are determined by the dimple depth. Discrete points on this curve could give fitted relations as F~U~b(Suter et al., J. Exp. Biol. 200, 2523–2538, 1997). Finally,the axial torque on the inclined and partially submerged seta was found determined by the surface tension, contact angle,HSCA, seta width, and tilt angle. The torque direction coincides with the orientation of the spiral grooves of the seta,which encourages us to surmise it is a mechanical incentive for the formation of the spiral morphology of the setae of water striders.