Self-Association of Octaaminoamide Derivatives of Calix[4]resorcinarene in Aqueous Medium and Efficient Gelation of Aqueous Solution

Novel aminoamide calix[4]resorcinarenes with hydrophobic groups of various lengths (methyl group, compounds1 and 2, and undecyl, compounds 3 and 4) and various peripheral groups (NH₂ group, compounds 1 and 3, and NMe₂, compounds 2 and 4) were synthesized. Surface activity and self-organization of compounds 2, 3, and 4 in aqueous solutions were studied (compound 1 is insoluble in neutral aqueous solution); critical micellization concentrations of these compounds were determined. It was found that compound 3 is an efficient gelator in neutral aqueous solutions. Temperatures of gel–solution transition were determined in relation to the concentration of compound 3. IR spectroscopy data, along with the data on viscometry and tensiometry, allowed us to suggest the qualitative model of gel structure formation.     

温度对碱木质素在溶液中微结构及物理化学性质的影响

研究了温度对碱木质素(AL)的微结构及物理化学性质的影响. 在20-60 ℃范围内, 采用表面电荷仪、动态光散射、zeta 电位仪、粘度计、表面张力仪、石英晶体微天平、紫外和荧光等仪器, 研究了AL在碱性溶液中的分子聚集形态、表面带电情况、亲疏水特性、溶液特性粘度以及AL在气液和液固界面上的吸附等性质. 结果表明, AL溶液的特性粘度、表面张力以及分子的表面电荷密度都会随温度上升明显降低, 而分子内和分子间聚集作用、分子的疏水性以及在液固界面上的吸附量会随温度上升逐渐增大, zeta 电位绝对值则呈现出先降低后上升然后再降低的趋势. 分析认为, 温度上升会同时降低AL中弱酸性基团的电离程度和AL与水分子间的氢键作用, 这两个因素的变化直接导致了AL微结构和物理化学性质的改变. 温度升高时, 水由AL的良溶剂逐渐变为不良溶剂, 尽管AL通常被视为阴离子表面活性剂, 但其受温度影响时所呈现出的变化规律却更类似于非离子表面活性剂.     

两亲嵌段共聚物溶液内胶束形成的温度效应

合成了一系列具有两亲嵌段结构的聚（乙二醇）（PEO）一聚（丙二醇）（PPO）共聚物．利用荧光探针及示差量热法测定了共聚物水溶液的临界胶束形成温度（CMT）值．发现二嵌段共聚物（PEO－PPO）和三嵌段共聚物（PEO－PPO－PEO）有着类似的变化规律，即随共聚物分子中疏水链（PPO）长度的增大，其CMT值降低．但三嵌段共聚（PPO－PEO－PPO）则因疏水链段处于共聚物分子的两端，因而在溶液中有可能形成立体网状交联结构．此外，利用探针分子在不同极性溶剂中荧光峰值波长发生位移的现象可以对形成胶束内核的组织程度、极性大小进行估测．     

ATRP of MMA in Aqueous Solution in the Presence of an Amphiphilic Polymeric Macroligand

An amphiphilic poly(2‐oxazoline) block copolymer consisting of a water‐soluble poly(2‐methyloxazoline) block and a hydrophobic block bearing bipyridine moieties in the side chain was synthesized by living cationic polymerization. This macroligand was applied to atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate in aqueous solution in the presence of Cu(I)Br and ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate as the initiator. High monomer conversion up to 96% was achieved after 3 h of polymerization at 60°C.     

Polymers with Upper Critical Solution Temperature in Aqueous Solution

This review focuses on polymers with upper critical solution temperature (UCST) in water or electrolyte solution and provides a detailed survey of the yet few existing examples. A guide for synthetic chemists for the design of novel UCST polymers is presented and possible handles to tune the phase transition temperature, sharpness of transition, hysteresis, and effectiveness of phase separation are discussed. This review tries to answer the question why polymers with UCST remained largely underrepresented in academic as well as applied research and what requirements have to be fulfilled to make these polymers suitable for the development of smart materials with a positive thermoresponse.     

丙烯酰胺-苯乙烯双亲嵌段共聚物的微结构及水溶液行为

通过改变丙烯酰胺(AM)与苯乙烯(St)的投料比、苯乙烯与表面活性剂的加入量之比及引发剂加入量,在微乳液中制备了分子链微结构系列变化的丙烯酰胺-苯乙烯双亲嵌段共聚物(PAM-b-PSt),用荧光探针法与表面活性测定法详细地研究了共聚物中PSt嵌段长度、含量及分子量等微结构因素对共聚物在水溶液中的疏水缔合性与表面活性的影响.结果表明,当共聚物水溶液的浓度高于临界缔合浓度时,PAM-b-PSt的疏水缔合作用以分子间的缔合为主.若共聚物中PSt嵌段含量及分子链长一定时,随着PSt疏水嵌段长度增长,PAM-b-PSt的疏水缔合性增强,而对共聚物的表面活性影响很小.若共聚物中PSt疏水嵌段长度及分子链长一定时,PAM-b-PSt的疏水缔合性随着PSt嵌段含量的变化而变化,当PSt嵌段含量一定时,使大分子链之间产生最强的疏水缔合作用;而其表面活性则随着PSt嵌段含量的增大而增强.若共聚物中PSt疏水嵌段长度及含量一定时,分子量对其表面活性有较大的影响,分子量越高,表面活性越差;同时,在较稀的溶液浓度范围内,分子量对PAM-b-PSt的疏水缔合性的影响则很小.     

Dendr.PE-PAA在水溶液中自聚集的NMR研究

用1H NMR自扩散系数,核弛豫和二维NOESY谱研究了新合成苄醚树枝体与丙烯酸杂化嵌段共聚物在水溶液中生成胶团的动态行为.体系中苄醚树枝体与丙烯酸杂化嵌段共聚物的各1H核的自旋-晶格弛豫时间（T1）、自旋-自旋弛豫时间（T2）、自扩散系数和二维NOESY中的交叉峰证明苄醚树枝体与丙烯酸杂化嵌段共聚物在水溶液中形成自聚集,且与不同浓度下聚集体有差别.     

Structural and Thermodynamic Analysis of Self-Association of Phenanthridine Dyes in Aqueous Solution by 1H NMR Spectroscopy

Self-association of phenanthridine dyes (ethidium monoazide EMB and ethidium diazide EDC) in aqueous solution was studied by one- and two-dimensional ¹H NMR (500 MHz). 2D-TOCSY and 2D-ROESY experiments were used for signal assignment of the dye protons. The concentration and temperature dependences of the chemical shifts of the nonexchangeable protons of EMB and EDC in aqueous solution have been measured. The experimental results were analyzed based on the infinitely dimensional noncooperative and cooperative models of self-association of molecules. The cooperativity parameter, the equilibrium constants, and the enthalpies and entropies of self-association of the dyes were calculated along with the limiting chemical shifts of EMB and EDC protons in the associates. The cooperativity parameter 1 indicates that association of phenanthridine dye molecules in aqueous solution is not a cooperative process. The presence of azido groups in the phenanthridine chromophore diminishes the equilibrium constant and the enthalpy of formation of dye aggregates in aqueous solution. The most plausible structures of EMB and EDC dimers in aqueous solution were derived from the induced proton chemical shifts of the dyes. In the dimer complexes of EMB and EDC, the distances between the planes of the aromatic chromophores are longer than those in the dimer of ethidium bromide due to electrostatic repulsion of the dipole azido groups in the phenanthridine chromophores of the dyes.     

双亲性C60衍生物水相聚集行为

富勒烯C₆₀几乎不溶于水中,从而阻碍了对富勒烯的进一步研究和潜在应用。双亲性C₆₀衍生物在水相中自组装形成聚集体,在水相具有一定的溶解度,其特殊的结构及性能引起了科学家的广泛关注。本文对双亲性C₆₀衍生物在水相中聚集行为的研究现状及研究进展进行了详细系统的介绍。本文第一部分主要阐述了双亲性C₆₀衍生物的结构,根据修饰到C₆₀表面的功能基类型对双亲性C₆₀衍生物进行了分类。第二部分主要阐述了双亲性C₆₀衍生物在水相的聚集行为以及pH值、溶剂极性、浓度、温度和抗衡离子等因素对聚集行为的影响。     

聚(苯乙烯-alt-马来酸酐)-b-聚苯乙烯亲水/亲油嵌段共聚物在溶液中的聚集行为研究

采用RAFT方法合成了由马来酸酐／苯乙烯和苯乙烯组成的交替序列两嵌段共聚物P(MAn-alt-St)-b-PSt。将其中的马来酸酐用PEO进行水解,得到了支化的亲水亲油两嵌段共聚物。通过H—NMR和IR对共聚物的结构组成进行表征。以二甲基氨基黄酮化舍物为荧光探针,测定了形成共聚物胶束的临界浓度(CMC)。用TEM和SEM现察不同酸碱条件下所得纳米材料形貌,并对其形成机制进行了讨论。     

氯气在水溶液中溶解情况的探究

在一定温度和气压下,氯气在水溶液中的溶解受到多种因素的影响,仅考虑氯气与水反应的平衡是不够的,氯三离子(Cl-3)的平衡和盐析效应也起到关键作用。通过工业数据和实测数据探究不同情况下氯气溶解的影响因素,进一步完善氯气在水溶液中溶解的认识。     

Synthesis of Amphiphilic ABCBA-Type Pentablock Copolymer from Consecutive ATRPs and Self-Assembly in Aqueous Solution

Summary: A novel amphiphilic ABCBA-type pentablock copolymer with properties that are sensitive to temperature and pH, poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(2,2,2- trifluoroethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA- b-PTFEMA-b-PCL-b-PTFEMA-b-PDMAEMA), was synthesized via consecutive atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRPs). The copolymers obtained were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, respectively. The aggregation behaviors of the pentablock copolymers in aqueous solution with different pH (pH = 4.0, 7.0 and 8.5) were studied. Transmission electron microscopic images revealed that spherical micelles from self-assembly of the pentablock copolymer were prevalent in all cases. The mean diameters of these micelles increased from 34, 46, to 119 nm when the pH of the aqueous solution decreased from 8.5, 7.0, to 4.0, respectively.     

双亲三嵌段共聚物PEO-PPO-PEO在水溶液中相行为的理论研究

用自洽平均场理论的谱方法研究了双亲三嵌段共聚物PEO-PPO-PEO的分子量对其在水溶液相行为的影响. 理论预测了各种溶致液晶相的稳定区域. 通过系统地改变聚合物的分子量, 我们给出了各种PEO-PPO-PEO三嵌段共聚物在水溶液中的相图. 此外, 也研究了分子量对自组装结构各组分浓度分布的影响. 发现在给定的温度下, 聚合物的分子量是体系发生相分离的一个重要驱动力. 我们的理论结果与相关的实验很好地符合.     

系列双亲卟啉在水溶液及盐溶液中的不同聚集行为

分析了中性条件下在水溶液及盐溶液中系列双亲卟啉随其浓度连续变化的紫外-可见吸收光谱。结果表明,在中性条件下不同侧链取代基对双亲卟啉的聚集行为有很大影响,盐的加入导致卟啉的聚集形态发生改变,初步解释了影响卟啉聚集的原因。     

水溶液中亚甲蓝分子聚集状态的研究

用分光光度法研究了亚甲蓝(MB)染料在水溶液中的聚集状态及其与表面活性剂的相互作用,讨论了无机盐对亚甲蓝在阴离子表面活性剂溶液中聚集状态的影响。推导了水溶液中亚甲蓝单体和二聚体的动态平衡关系式。利用计算机程序不仅求出了与作图法结果非常接近的MB单体的摩尔吸光系数和聚合平衡常数,而且求出了MB二聚体的摩尔吸光系数及相应浓度下MB单体所占的比例系数。     

两亲性含糖嵌段共聚物在水中分子聚集形态的转变

两亲性嵌段共聚物在不同的介质中可形成不同形态的有序分子聚集体［１～３］．当其亲水段长度远大于亲油段时,在水中主要形成球形胶束［１］;但当亲水段长度远小于亲油段时,则形成多种形态的分子聚集体,即所谓的“ｃｒｅｗ－ｃｕｔ”聚集体,如球形、柱状、层状、囊泡和管状等［４］．Ｅｉｓｅｎｂｅｒｇ等［４～６］详细研究了聚苯乙烯－ｂ－聚丙烯酸在水中的“ｃｒｅｗ－ｃｕｔ”聚集体,发现聚集体的形态和多种因素有关,如共聚物组成、溶剂、ｐＨ值和金属离子等．以两亲分子形成的囊泡不但可以用来模拟生物膜的结构,而且在药物载体…     

两种双亲性聚合物自组装胶束复合水溶液的乳化性能

以苯乙烯(St)、含香豆素光敏单体(VM)、丙烯酸(AA)为单体,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂引发自由基共聚,合成了双亲性光敏无规共聚物P(St-co-VM-co-AA)(简称PSVA);又以St及甲基丙烯酸二甲胺乙酯(DMAEMA)为单体,AIBN为引发剂引发自由基共聚,制得二元双亲性无规共聚物P(St-co-D...     

A Gold Electrode QCM Study on the Self-Assembling Process of Thioglycollic Acid in Aqueous Solution

Quartzcrystalmicrobalance(QCM)iswellknownasanexcellenttoolforthestudyofchemicaland/orphysicalprocessesonthesolidsurfaceaccompaniedbymasschangedowntoananogramlevell.Inaddition,itiswellestablishedthatathiol-containingcompoundisabletoadsorbonsomesubstrates(e.g.,An,Cu,andCd)toformaself-assembledmonolayerbythewell-knownchemicalreactionofthethiolgroupwiththesubstrate2.Tothebestofourknowledge,therearenoreportsontheself-assemblingprocessesofalkanethiolcompoundsinaqueoussolutionswithQCMteclmique.In…