Observation of optical modes in polyethylene by neutron scattering

Multiphonon contributions to the directional phonon frequency functions are calculated for crystalline polyethylene. These results are compared to previously calculated one-phonon frequency functions.     

Different combustion modes and flame shapes in massive loads of polyethylene revealed by macro-thermogravimetry

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - While thermogravimetric analysis can reveal the reaction mechanisms that occur during combustions, it cannot be used to study reactions involving large...     

On the use of Raman-active longitudinal acoustic modes in the study of polyethylene lamellar structures

The first-, third-, and fifth-order low-frequency, Raman-active, longitudinal acoustical modes of the n-alkane C₉₄H₁₉₀ and different morphological forms of semicrystalline polyethylene have been obtained. An analysis of the results shows that the correction needed to obtain the extended planar-zigzag ordered sequence length is maximum for the n-alkane and very small for the polymer systems. These represent solution crystals as well as bulk-crystallized material. For the latter, samples were prepared so that the crystallite thickness is either comparable to or very much smaller than the extended chain length. An approximate method is also developed which enables the natural linewidth to be determined.     

Surface modification of polyethylene with multi-end-functional polyethylene additives

We have prepared and characterized a series of multifluorocarbon end-functional polyethylene additives, which when blended with polyethylene matrices increase surface hydrophobicity and lipophobicity. Water contact angles of >112° were observed on spin-cast blended film surfaces containing less than 1% fluorocarbon in the bulk, compared to ~98° in the absence of any additive. Crystallinity in these films gives rise to surface roughness that is an order of magnitude greater than is typical for amorphous spin-cast films but is too little to give rise to superhydrophobicity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the enrichment of the multifluorocarbon additives at the air surface by up to 80 times the bulk concentration. Ion beam analysis was used to quantify the surface excess of the additives as a function of composition, functionality, and molecular weight of either blend component. In some cases, an excess of the additives was also found at the substrate interface, indicating phase separation into self-stratified layers. The combination of neutron reflectometry and ion beam analysis allowed the surface excess to be quantified above and below the melting point of the blended films. In these films, where the melting temperatures of the additive and matrix components are relatively similar (within 15 °C), the surface excess is almost independent of whether the blended film is semicrystalline or molten, suggesting that the additive undergoes cocrystallization with the matrix when the blended films are allowed to cool below the melting point.     

Characterization and properties of polyethylene blends I. Linear low-density polyethylene with high-density polyethylene

A blend system of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) (ethylene butene-1 copolymer) with high-density (linear) polyethylene (HDPE) is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD), small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), Raman longitudinal-acoustic-mode spectroscopy (LAM), and light scattering (LS). For slowly cooled or quenched samples, one single endotherm is evident in the DSC curve which depends on the composition. No separate peaks are observed in the WAXD, SAXS, Raman-LAM, and LS studies on the LLDPE/HDPE blends. This observation along with the fact that no peak broadening is observed suggests that these peaks are associated with the presence of a single component. In no case did we see double peaks or a broadened peak that might be associated with two closely spaced unresolved peaks. This suggests that segregation has not taken place at the structural levels of crystalline, lamellar, and spherulitic textures. A single-step drop in the scattered intensity (I_Hv) as a function of temperature is seen in the LS studies. It is therefore concluded that cocrystallization between the LLDPE and HDPE components occurs. The mechanical and optical α, β, and γ relaxations of these blends are explored by dynamic birefringence. The 50/50 blend displays the intermediate relaxation behavior between those of the components in all α, β, and γ regions. This observation is reminiscent of the characteristic of the typical miscible blends.     

Lattice dynamics of tetracyanoethylene

Lattice dynamics calculations for both crystalline forms of tetracyanoethylene are presented. The comparison of the calculated static and dynamical properties with the experimental data, leads us to suggest an improved parameter set for the “6-exp” potential function for crystals with cyano groups.     

Lattice model of glasses

Glass-forming liquids have been extensively studied in recent decades, but there is still no theory that fully describes these systems, and the diversity of treatments is in itself a barrier to understanding. Here we introduce a new simple model that (possessing both liquid-crystal and glass transition) unifies different approaches, producing most of the phenomena associated with real glasses, without loss of the simplicity that theorists require. Within the model we calculate energy relaxation, nonexponential slowing phenomena, the Kauzmann temperature, and other classical signatures. Moreover, the model reproduces a subdiffusive exponent observed in experiments of dense systems. The simplicity of the model allows us to identify the microscopic origin of glassification, leaving open the possibility for theorists to make further progress.     

Adhesive effect of low-density polyethylene gels on polyethylene moldings

Adhesive effect of low density polyethylene (LDPE) gels in organic solvents such as decalin, tetralin, ando-dichlorobenzene on high density polyethylene (HDPE) moldings has been investigated by shearing tests, electron microscopy, and DSC measurements. When heated at 110°C for 2 h, all of the gels showed strong adhesive strengths around 30 kg/cm², which is sufficiently strong for practical uses. It has been found that the adhesive strength increases with the heating temperature and that the temperature at which the heated gel begins to exhibit the adhesive effect depends upon solvents and is about 30° lower than that of the HDPE gels.     

Deformation band studies of oriented polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate

Deformation bands formed at the yield point in tensile tests on oriented high-density polyethylene have been studied by optical microscopy and wide-angle x-ray (WAXS) diffraction. The observations of the rotation of the optical extinction direction are shown to obey a simple scheme proposed previously by us: the principal directions of the refractive index ellipsoid within the deformation bands are everywhere parallel to the principal axes of the plastic strain ellipsoid, zero strain referring to the isotropic state. This result is similar to that obtained previously for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene despite the much higher crystallinity obtained with polyethylene. Independent measurements of the molecular reorientation in the deformation bands made using wide-angle x-ray scattering broadly confirm the optical measurements. The results taken together suggest that the material within the band, whether crystalline or not, becomes realigned about the new direction of maximum elongation as if controlled by the deformation of an effective molecular network.     

Adhesion of a pair of polyethylene moldings by polyethylene gels

It was found that polyethylene gels in solvents such as benzene, toluene, xylene, decalin, tetralin, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, and chlorobenzene are effective for adhesion of a pair of polyethylene plates. In particular, the adhesion strength of polyethylene gels in decalin, tetralin and tetrachloroethylene was strong enough for practical use.Adhesive effect appears due to local dissolution of the surface of polyethylene plate in contact with the gel with increasing temperature, and subsequent recrystallization.     

Photocrosslinking of polyethylene. II. Properties of photocrosslinked polyethylene

Some properties of photocrosslinked high density polyethylene (2 mm thick sheets) have been studied. The homogeneity of the network is greatly improved by the application of triallylcyanurate (TAC) as crosslinking agent. The role of TAC in promoting the crosslinking is discussed. The crosslinked PE is found to be durable towards immersion in boiling water. Oxygen permeability increases while density and melting point decrease with increasing degree of crosslinking. The network chain density is obtained using conventional swelling method in boiling xylene, which together with data from melting point depression show that contribution of chain entanglement is insignificant to the gel formation of PE in this work.     

Adhesion of polyethylene

Summary Liquid phase oxidation by oxygen gas catalysed with cobalt acetate is employed as effective method for introduction of polar groups to polyethylene. Main polar groups introduced were carbonyl groups in ketone form. Apparent activation energy of liquid phase oxidation 25.6 Kcal/mole is intermediate between these ozone catalyzed oxidation and fuming HNO₃ oxidation. Degradation of polymer during oxidation was also recognized by the decrease of molecular weight.

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Zusammenfassung Die Oxydation durch gasf?rmigen Sauerstoff katalysiert mit Kobalt-Azetat lie? sich als wirksame Methode zur Einführung polarer Gruppen in Poly?thylen anwenden. Die meisten polaren Gruppen wurden als Carbonylgruppen in Ketonform eingeführt. Die scheinbare Aktivierungsenergie der flüssigen Phasen-Oxydation betr?gt 25,6 kcal/mol und liegt etwa zwischen ozon-katalysierter Oxydation und Oxydation durch rauchende Salpeters?ure. Der Abbau der Polymeren w?hrend der Oxydation wurde ebenfalls durch die Abnahme des Molekulargewichts beobachtet.

     

Lattice vibrations of polymethylene crystal

The energy levels of the lattice vibrations of orthorhombic polymethylene crystal was calculated quantum-mechanically. The rotational modes were treated in the same manner as employed for the internal-rotation problem. For the translational modes the energy levels were obtained from perturbation calculations. The results clearly indicated that the anharmonicities have significant effects on the lattice modes, the A_g rotational mode in particular.     

Adhesive effect of high density polyethylene gels on polyethylene moldings

Adhesive effect of polyethylene moldings by use of high density polyethylene gels in organic solvents such as decalin, tetralin, ando-dichlorobenzene was investigated by shearing tests, electron microscope, and DSC measurements. All of the gels showed such a strong adhesive strength over 36 kg/cm² that polyethylene plates of 3 mm in thickness gave rise to necking sufficient for practical use, when heated at 120 °C for 2 h. In particular, the gel in tetralin showed a strong adhesive strength when heated at 110 °C. It was found that adhesive strength increases with the heating temperature; the temperatures at which adhesive strength begins to increase differ depending on the type of polyethylene sample and solvent. It is apparent that polyethylene gels exhibit an adhesive effect when they are heated at higher temperatures than the gel melting temperatures, and that the closer the SP values of solvents used for the gelation are to the molded polyethylene, the stronger the adhesion of the polyethylene molding.     

La—Sm—Ca—Mn—O的晶格效应

在La0.67Ca0.33MnO3氧化物中进行了掺Sm研究,结果发现,随着Sm掺入量的增加,材料的金属-绝缘体相变温度逐渐降低,对应的峰值电阻急剧增大,居里温度逐渐下降,材料的磁电阻比迅速增加。对Sm掺杂的作用可以用晶格效应来解释。     

Lattice models of DNA electrophoresis

This article presents an overview of lattice polymer models used to study DNA electrophoresis. Three commonly used models--the bond fluctuation model, the cage model, and the repton model--are discussed, as well their extension to include electric fields, and simulation results obtained. Physical properties that are shared amongst these models are identified, and differences between the models are discussed.     

Adhesion of molded polyethylene using polyethylene gels by microwave heating

Adhesive effect of polyethylene gels on the molded polyethylene by heating with microwaves has been investigated. Polyethylene gels in polar organic solvents such aso-xylene, chlorobenzene,o-dichlorobenzene,m-dichlorobenzene, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane were used as adhesives. All of these gels showed adhesive effect when heated with microwaves. In particular, the gels in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane showed such strong adhesion that polyethylene plates of 3 mm in thickness and 20 mm in width gave rise to necking by heating for 8 min in a 500 W (2450 MHz) microwave oven.     

Identification and quantification of polyethylene glycol types in polyethylene glycol methyl ether and polyethylene glycol vinyl ether

Quantitative determination of polyethylene glycol (PEG) impurities in two monofunctional polyglycol types, PEG methyl ether (M-PEG) and PEG vinyl ether (V-PEG), has been carried out by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). In addition to optimizing the resolution between PEG and monofunctional PEG peaks, the major focus has been to determine the molecular weights of PEG impurities in M-PEG and V-PEG of diverse molecular weights. The latter is achieved by examining liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) mass spectra of both monofunctional PEG and PEG in several cases, and matching peak retention times with those of available PEG standards for all M-PEG and V-PEG sample types. This information is helpful in selecting the appropriate PEG standard to determine PEG content in each sample type. ELSD response factors for various PEG standards have also been compared. It has been found that PEG standards with molecular weights from 1000 Da to 8000 Da show responses that are within 10% of each other. However, a low molecular weight PEG such as PEG 400, provides approximately 30% less response compared to its higher molecular weight counterparts.     

Lattice imaging of bismuth clusters

Small bismuth clusters with narrow size distribution (2→10 atoms) were generated in an inert gas condensation source and vacuum deposited, at room temperature, on amorphous carbon. The deposit has been characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) which has shown a growth process involving the formation of large particles: diameter from 1.5 to 20 nm. Axial illumination lattice imaging with a high resolution electron microscope has been performed. Particles of about 20 nm diameter have been formed with a single crystalline core edged by an amorphous shell. Cluster images in the \([\bar 220\bar 1]\) direction are presented in detail and compared with simulated images of bismuth single crystal.     

Lattice harmonics for graphite

A general theory for obtaining lattice harmonics of non-symmorphic space groups is presented, and the representation theory for these groups is briefly reviewed, with particular reference to graphite (space groupD _6h ⁴ [P6₃/mmc]). The irreducible matrix representations, compatibilities and lattice harmonics for alll are listed for all symmetry points, lines and planes in the representation domain of the Brillouin zone. The extra degeneracies introduced by time reversal are also considered. An appendix gives full details of the angular momentum conventions used in this paper.