二氧化硅负载杂多酸对异丁烷与丁烯烷基化的催化作用Ⅱ.反应机理和催化剂失活的量子化学研究

 以杂多酸为催化剂,应用量子化学计算方法,从分子结构和微观角度研究了异丁烷与丁烯的多相催化反应过程及催化剂失活的原因,比较了液体酸和固体酸催化烷基化反应的差别. 结果表明,固体酸催化剂的失活问题不可避免,因而不可能长时期运转,必须配合催化剂的再生工艺才有可能实现工业化应用. 液体酸的酸中心强度较均匀,有利于催化烷基化反应,开发无毒无污染的新型液体酸烷基化催化剂也是一个良好的努力方向.     

超临界流体状态下的异构烷烃与烯烃烷基化反应

成功地应用固体酸催化剂在超临界反应条件下进行了异构烷烃与丁烯的烷基化反应。在超临界反应条件下,固体酸催化剂在１４００ｈ的反应以后,仍保持１００％的烯烃转化率。探索出一个解决固体酸催化剂在烷基化反应中极易失活的有效方法。探讨了超临界流体抑制固体酸催化剂结炭失活的机制和烷基化反应中选择超临界反应条件的规律。     

固体超强酸在异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应中的再生研究

催化剂再生对于固体酸异丁烷／丁烯烷基化反应是必需的．虽然Broensted-Lewis共轭固体超强酸在温和条件下即对异丁烷／丁烯烷基化反应有良好的反应活性，但它仍象其它所有固体酸催化剂一样，面临着失活的问题．最主要的失活原因是积炭前身物生成并在催化剂表面的沉积，导致催化剂表面活性中心被覆盖．据此进行的再生方法研究集中在消除这些积炭前身物，本文中选择使用的是洗涤再生法，结果表明该方法对于该固体超强酸的再生在一定程度上是有效的。     

二氧化硅负载杂多酸对异丁烷与丁烯烷基化的催化作用Ⅰ.催化剂的制备、表征和失活

 采用浸渍法制备了二氧化硅负载的磷钨酸催化剂,系统考察了催化剂的比表面积、结晶水、结构特征和酸性等物化性质. 将在不同条件下制备的不同结构的杂多酸催化剂用于异丁烷与丁烯烷基化反应,考察了催化剂活性组分、制备方法和反应条件对催化剂性能的影响,分析了催化剂的失活过程和失活机理. 结果表明,当负载量不大于50%时,磷钨酸以单分子层形式均匀分散于载体表面,催化剂表面存在大量的强B酸中心,不存在L酸中心; 经160 ℃活化后的催化剂具有最大的酸量和最强的酸性; 催化剂对烷基化反应具有较高的初活性,但随着反应的进行催化剂迅速失活; 反应产物的组成与催化剂失活程度密切相关,反应初期产物以烷烃为主,之后产物则以烯烃为主; 催化剂的失活原因为积碳.     

催化噻吩类硫化物与烯烃烷基化硫转移反应的固体酸催化剂的失活机理

 催化裂化(FCC)汽油中的硫化物多以噻吩类硫化物的形式存在,而且相对集中在沸程较高的馏分中. 通过固体酸催化剂催化噻吩类硫化物与烯烃的烷基化反应生成多烷基噻吩,可较大程度地提高其沸点,再经精馏将硫化物转移至FCC汽油的重馏分中,从而达到脱硫目的. 考察了AlCl3-CT175树脂催化剂催化模型硫化物如噻吩、2-甲基噻吩及2-乙基噻吩与异丁烯的烷基化反应性能,采用GC-FPD和GC-MS技术研究了AlCl3-CT175树脂催化剂的失活机理. 结果表明,原料中的二烯烃杂质在固体酸催化剂作用下发生聚合反应结焦,覆盖在催化剂表面,堵塞孔道,从而导致催化剂失活.     

碳基磺酸化固体酸材料的制备及其催化性能

以蔗糖为原料,浓硫酸为磺酸化试剂制备了碳基磺酸化固体酸材料,考察了其催化对苯二酚烷基化和乙酸乙酯水解反应的性能.结果表明,该催化剂对这两个反应都具有较高的催化活性.在150℃反应4 h后,对苯二酚转化率和2-叔丁基对苯二酚收率分别达到了91%和60%,在60℃反应12 h,乙酸乙酯达到了平衡转化率94%,但催化剂稳定性较差,尤其在对苯二酚烷基化反应中失活严重,重复使用一次后,催化剂活性下降超过30%.详细考察了反应温度和溶剂对催化剂稳定性的影响,结果表明,该固体酸在低温的水相或非极性溶剂中较为稳定.通过酸碱滴定、红外光谱和紫外可见光谱等表征手段,对催化剂的失活原因进行了探讨,初步认定催化剂的失活是由于表面磺酸基团在反应过程中脱落所致.催化剂活性可以通过再磺酸化得到恢复.     

改性HZSM-5分子筛上噻吩烷基化反应和失活再生性能的研究

采用不同碱单独处理和两种碱不同方式联合处理HZSM-5分子筛,制备微孔-介孔多级孔HZSM-5分子筛催化剂并应用于噻吩烷基化反应中。结果表明,不同碱单独处理和两种碱不同方式联合处理HZSM-5分子筛后,均能够在分子筛上造出介孔孔道且能够调变分子筛的酸性,其中,采用Na₂CO₃溶液和TPAOH溶液分开处理得到的分子筛催化剂织结构最适合噻吩烷基化反应;其次考察具有最佳织结构分子筛催化剂的噻吩烷基化反应稳定性,并分析催化剂失活的原因和再生条件。结果表明,当噻吩烷基化反应进行到1050 h后,催化剂已基本失活,催化剂失活的主要原因是,在反应过程中原料中反应组分间发生烯烃齐聚、环化、脱氢和芳烃烷基化等副反应生成的大分子化合物沉积在催化剂上,堵塞催化剂的孔道和遮盖催化剂的活性中心所致;对失活催化剂进行高温再生,从高温再生的能耗较大以及多次高温再生对催化剂酸性和骨架结构不利的角度考虑,选定催化剂的再生温度为550 ℃。     

稻壳碳基固体酸催化剂的制备及在木糖脱水制备糠醛反应中的催化性能

以工业生产中碱法溶硅剩余的稻壳残渣为碳源,采用硫酸磺化法制备稻壳碳基固体酸催化剂,考察了其催化木糖脱水制备糠醛的性能.采用红外光谱、元素分析及表面酸浓度测定等手段对催化剂进行了表征.对固体酸催化剂的制备条件进行了优化,所得催化剂的表面酸浓度可达1.03 mmol/g.以木糖脱水制备糠醛为模型反应,考察了溶剂类别、反应温度和反应时间对固体酸催化剂催化性能的影响.实验结果表明,以二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为反应溶剂效果优于水,并且随着反应温度的升高和反应时间的延长,反应产率逐渐增加,最高可达75.8%.此外,还对催化剂的循环性能进行了研究,探讨了其失活原因和再生方法.     

苯与丙烯烷基化失活沸石催化剂氢再生机理

对工业中试用于苯与丙烯烷基化失活β－沸石改性催化剂进行了H2再生研究。通过对失活、新鲜和再生后催化剂的TPO、TPD、孔结构测定和活性评价以及失活和再生催化剂样品上炭组成的GC－MS分析，讨论了H2再生后催化剂催化性能的恢复状况。解释了虽然仍有部分炭未被除去，但酸性和活性恢复良好的原因。提出了本文体系失活催化剂H2再生过程的作用机理。     

苯—长链烯烃烷基化催化剂的稳定性和再生性能

对中孔分子筛负载杂多酸催化剂在苯与十二烯烷基化反应中的失活行为及再生方法进行了研究。研究发现:负载型催化剂的活性、稳定性和产物分布均优于HY分子筛催化剂,在烷基化反应过程中,由烯烃聚合物衍生的焦质沉积在催化剂表面上,导致催化剂失活,并且反应温度越高,催化剂粒径越大,催化剂活性稳定性越差;随着催化剂生焦量增加,烯烃转化率递减,线性烷基苯选择性仅在970～998%之间变化,苯基十二烷中2-位异构体的含量提高,6-位异构体的含量降低。对失活催化剂进行烧焦再生或在反应温度以上用苯抽提再生,其活性得到部分恢复。     

Trimerization of Isobutene Over Solid Acid Catalysts

Oligomerization of isobutene is a very promising reaction not only for the production of isobutene oligomers such as trimers but also for the separation of isobutene from C₄ mixtures. Several solid acid catalysts have been applied for the continuous oligomerization of isobutene in liquid phase. This review analyzes the trimerization of isobutene over various solid acid catalysts such as zeolites, oxides (zirconias and titanias) and acid resins. Trimers selectivity increases with increasing isobutene conversion, irrespective of catalysts such as zeolites and acid resins. Very stable operation with high trimers selectivity is accomplished with WO _x /ZrO₂ catalyst having tetragonal zirconia or various zeolite catalysts with high Lewis acid site-to-Brønsted acid site ratio (LA/BA ratio). For a good performance, acid resins should be macroporous and strong acid (sulphonic acid group) with high acid concentration. Inorganic catalysts are superior to acid resins because the deactivated inorganic materials can be regenerated by simple calcination. The WO _x /ZrO₂ catalyst may be applied to a commercial process because about several thousand tons of isobutene can be oligomerized per one ton of zirconia catalyst in a catalytic cycle without regeneration. The oligomerization of isobutene may be improved further because the reaction has been started only recently and no research has been done for the optimization of the reaction and catalysts. It is expected to develop a new inorganic catalyst having suitable acidity, LA/BA ratio and phase, etc. by further research. The isobutene trimers, with or without hydrogenation, may be used for various purposes, and the importance of this trimerization reaction will be increased considering the expected surplus of isobutene due to the banned use of methyl-tert-butyl ether.     

积碳失活催化剂的再生

催化反应常伴随着积碳的生成,而积碳又可以通过覆盖催化剂酸性位点或者堵塞催化剂孔道而引起催化剂失活,表现为产物选择性的降低.根据不同的失活机理可以将催化剂失活分为永久性失活和可逆性失活,而积碳失活一般是可逆的,可以通过再生的方式来除去积碳并恢复催化剂活性.对于工业生产而言,为了保证反应的连续运行,失活催化剂的及时再生是非常必要的.尽管前人已经做了大量的研究,并尝试不同的再生方法来除去催化剂积碳,但发展一种操作简单、高效和经济的再生方法仍然是一个巨大的挑战.目前工业催化剂积碳失活后最常用的再生手段是氧化再生,其主要以空气或氧气为再生气体,将积碳转化为一氧化碳、二氧化碳和水等.但空气或氧气氧化再生为强放热反应,放出的大量热量及生成的水蒸气会对催化剂的组分及结构带来一定的影响.虽然以臭氧和氮氧化物为再生气体可以有效降低再生温度,但是作为有毒有害气体,它们的排放受到严格的限制,这也阻碍了其进一步工业化应用.与氧化再生相比,二氧化碳或水蒸气气化再生可以有效降低再生过程中的放热量,并将无价值的积碳转化为高品质的合成气,同时减少二氧化碳的排放.但由于二氧化碳和水蒸气的氧化性较弱,需要较高的再生温度,对催化剂的水热稳定性提出了更高的要求.此外,在氢气气氛下,可以通过加氢裂解除去积碳,但同样需要较高的再生温度或压力.通过添加金属或金属氧化物等添加剂,可以有效降低再生温度并增加再生速率,但也可能会引起催化剂中毒,造成催化剂的永久性失活,所以需要严格控制添加剂的含量.本文分析了目前常用的几种再生方法的优缺点及面临的挑战,并对未来的研究重点及研究方向进行了展望.     

Graphene‐Supported Ultrafine Metal Nanoparticles Encapsulated by Mesoporous Silica: Robust Catalysts for Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

Graphene nanosheet‐supported ultrafine metal nanoparticles encapsulated by thin mesoporous SiO₂ layers were prepared and used as robust catalysts with high catalytic activity and excellent high‐temperature stability. The catalysts can be recycled and reused in many gas‐ and solution‐phase reactions, and their high catalytic activity can be fully recovered by high‐temperature regeneration, should they be deactivated by feedstock poisoning. In addition to the large surface area provided by the graphene support, the enhanced catalytic performance is also attributed to the mesoporous SiO₂ layers, which not only stabilize the ultrafine metal nanoparticles, but also prevent the aggregation of the graphene nanosheets. The synthetic strategy can be extended to other metals, such as Pd and Ru, for preparing robust catalysts for various reactions.     

凹凸棒石在烟气SCR脱硝催化反应中的应用研究进展

选择性催化还原脱硝技术作为当前去除NOx的主要手段,该手段的最主要部分为催化剂。在诸多催化剂载体中,凹凸棒石以其独特的天然一维结构、丰富的表面官能团、热稳定性及成型性好等优势脱颖而出。我们综述了近年来以凹凸棒石为载体在SCR脱硝催化剂制备中的应用,并且论述了影响催化剂SCR脱硝性能的主要因素,同时分析了使此类催化剂失活的原因以及失活催化剂的再生方法,并揭示了此类催化剂可能遵循的SCR反应机理,最后对催化剂未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

Studies on the calcium poisoning and regeneration of commercial De-NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> SCR catalyst

The poisoning effect of calcium on a commercial De-NO _x SCR catalyst (V₂O₅–WO₃/TiO₂) and the regeneration process of deactivated catalysts via water or H₂SO₄ washing were investigated under simulated condition in laboratory. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by SEM–EDX, XRD, BET, TPD and FT-IR measurements, and the deactivation mechanism was discussed. The poisoning of calcium was attributed to the coverage of active sites and the reduction of acid sites on the surface of catalyst. The change of V=O bonds on catalyst surface was an important reason, which plays a significant role in the catalytic cycle of SCR. Due to the suction deliquescence of CaO to Ca(OH)₂, the catalytic activity of deactivated catalyst can be finitely recovered by water washing. Besides, as the result of the re-exposure of active sites by washing CaO off and the promotional effect of surface sulfation, the process of regeneration via sulfuric acid washing has a favorable effect in the experiment.     

Removal of sulfur compounds from LPG by heteropoly acid‐modified spent FCC catalyst

Modified spent FCC catalysts were prepared and the desulfurization properties of these adsorbents were examined in this paper. The experiment data indicated that the spent FCC catalyst performed well in desulfurization after modification; the sulfur content in the liquified petroleum gas (LPG) dropped down to 5~10 mg.m^?3. X‐Ray Fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, Nitrorms and Fourier transform infrared were applied to characterize these adsorbents. Results showed that the content of various metals in spent FCC catalyst was significantly higher than fresh catalyst; and the metals which deactivated the FCC catalysts became the active sites for desulfurization. In addition, a moderate amount of Lewis acid sites is advantageous to desulfurization while too many Lewis acid sites played a negative role.     

Thermal irradiation of deactivated heterogeneous catalysts

Radiation heating decreases 10–100 — fold the regeneration time of deactivated catalysts, accelerates the removal of carbon and sulfur, affects on phase composition, pore structure and mechanical properties of catalysts and sorbents.     

Photocatalytic water splitting using modified GaN:ZnO solid solution under visible light: long-time operation and regeneration of activity

Overall water splitting using GaN:ZnO solid solution photocatalyst modified with Rh(2-y)Cr(y)O(3) nanoparticles as H(2) evolution cocatalysts under visible light (400 < λ < 500 nm) was examined with respect to long-term durability and regeneration of photocatalytic activity. The rate of visible light water splitting remained unchanged for 3 months (2160 h), producing H(2) and O(2) continuously at a stoichiometric amount. After 6 months of operation, a 50% loss of the initial activity occurred. Regeneration treatment of deactivated catalysts was attempted by reloading the Rh(2-y)Cr(y)O(3) cocatalyst. The degree of activity regeneration depended on the reloading amount. Up to 80% of the initial activity for H(2) evolution could be recovered under optimal treatment conditions. It was also found that deactivation of GaN:ZnO was suppressed to some extent by prior coloading of an O(2) evolution cocatalyst, which helped to suppress oxidative decomposition of GaN:ZnO by valence band holes, thereby improving the durability.     

Enantioselective Organocatalysis

The last few years have witnessed a spectacular advancement in new catalytic methods based on metal-free organic molecules. In many cases, these small compounds give rise to extremely high enantioselectivities. Preparative advantages are notable: usually the reactions can be performed under an aerobic atmosphere with wet solvents. The catalysts are inexpensive and they are often more stable than enzymes or other bioorganic catalysts. Also, these small organic molecules can be anchored to a solid support and reused more conveniently than organometallic/bioorganic analogues, and show promising adaptability to high-throughput screening and process chemistry. Herein we focus on four different domains in which organocatalysis has made major advances: 1) The activation of the reaction based on the nucleophilic/electrophilic properties of the catalysts. This type of catalysis has much in common with conventional Lewis acid/base activation by metal complexes. 2) Transformations in which the organic catalyst forms a reactive intermediate: the chiral catalyst is consumed in the reaction and requires regeneration in a parallel catalytic cycle. 3) Phase-transfer reactions: The chiral catalyst forms a host-guest complex with the substrate and shuttles between the standard organic solvent and the second phase (i.e. a solid, aqueous, or fluorous phase in which the organic transformation takes place). 4) Molecular-cavity-accelerated asymmetric transformations: the catalyst can select between competing substrates, depending on size and structure criteria. The rate acceleration of a given reaction is similar to the Lewis acid/base activation and is the consequence of the simultaneous action of different polar functions. Herein it is shown that organocatalysis complements rather than competes with current methods. It offers something conceptually novel and opens new horizons in synthesis.     

双酸体系下有序介孔SO42-/ZrO2-SiO2材料的合成

采用一锅合成法通过调变自组装过程中硫酸和盐酸的体积比,成功制备了系列介孔SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-SiO₂固体酸材料(Zr/Si物质的量为1.1).XRD、UV-Vis DRS、HR-TEM等表征结果表明,所得材料均具有高度有序的二维介孔结构及四方相氧化锆的晶体结构.氮吸附和FT-IR表征结果进一步发现,通过改变硫酸/盐酸体积比可有效调变材料比表面积、孔容、孔径及表面L酸与B酸的相对强度.与纯硅介孔分子筛SBA-15不同,此系列SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-SiO₂固体酸材料均在正戊烷的异构化反应中表现出较高的催化活性和稳定性.其原因在于,在合成过程中硫酸的加入不仅促使了酸基的形成,而且稳定了催化剂的晶体结构;盐酸的存在则保持了有序的介孔结构.由此可见,混酸合成体系有望制备出结构有序、酸性可调、催化性能优越的新型催化材料,并在众多酸催化反应中取得应用.