DEIReconstructor:a software for diffraction enhanced imaging processing and tomography reconstruction

Diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) has been widely applied in many fields, especially when imaging low-Z samples or when the difference in the attenuation coefficient between different regions in the sample is too small to be detected. Recent developments of this technique have presented a need for a new software package for data analysis. Here, the Diffraction Enhanced Image Reconstructor (DEIReconstructor), developed in Matlab, is presented. DEIReconstructor has a user-friendly graphical user interface and runs under any of the 32-bit or 64-bit Microsoft Windows operating systems including XP and Win7. Many of its features are integrated to support imaging preprocessing, extract absorption, refractive and scattering information of diffraction enhanced imaging and allow for parallel-beam tomography reconstruction for DEI-CT. Furthermore, many other useful functions are also implemented in order to simplify the data analysis and the presentation of results. The compiled software package is freely available.     

DEIReconstructor： a software for diffraction enhanced imaging processing and tomography reconstruction

Diffraction enhanced imaging （DEI） has been widely applied in many fields, especially when imaging low-Z samples or when the difference in the attenuation coefficient between different regions in the sample is too small to be detected. Recent developments of this technique have presented a need for a new software package for data analysis. Here, the Diffraction Enhanced Image Reconstructor （DEIReconstructor）, developed in Matlab, is presented. DEIReconstructor has a user-friendly graphical user interface and runs under any of the 32~bit or 64- bit Microsoft Windows operating systems including XP and WinT. Many of its features are integrated to support imaging preprocessing, extract absorption, refractive and scattering information of diffraction enhanced imaging and allow for parallel-beam tomography reconstruction for DEI-CT. Furthermore, many other useful functions are also implemented in order to simplify the data analysis and the presentation of results. The compiled software package is freely available.     

利用X射线相衬显微研究野山参的特征结构

利用X射线的空间相干特性,可实现低Z介质内部结构的高衬度成像.人参主要由碳、氢、氧、氮等轻元素组成,原则上可以利用相衬成像来实现其特征结构的无损成像.由于具有更高的相干通量,利用第三代同步辐射光源成像可获得更高的时间和空间分辨,可用于研究更高分辨的人参特征显微结构.本文利用新建成的上海光源,较为系统地研究了野山参的显微特征结构.作为比较,给出了相应的园参特征结构,并与野山参进行了比对、分析.发现了一种未曾报道过的结构,这很可能是一个新的人参特征结构.研究结果表明,X射线相衬显微有望成为野山参鉴定的一种新的手段. 关键词： X射线相衬显微 同步辐射 显微鉴定 人参特征结构     

同步辐射掠出射X射线荧光分析薄膜膜厚

掠射X射线荧光分析为薄层和多层膜特性分析提供了潜在的可能. 尤其是可以探测膜层厚度、界面形貌和组成. 以北京同步辐射光源作激发光源, 采用掠出射方法测试了Si基片上不同厚度的单层Cr膜样品, 测试结果与理论计算基本符合. 同时观察到一定厚度的薄膜样品产生的掠出射X射线荧光的干涉现象.     

同步辐射计算机断层技术光源误差机理分析

基于同步辐射X射线的优越特性及计算机断层重建技术对材料无损检测等优点,同步辐射计算机断层重建技术被广泛应用于很多领域.本文对光源非均匀、过饱和以及过穿透的三种情形所引起同步辐射计算机断层技术重建误差的形成机理进行了分析研究,给出了三种情形所引起误差的基本形式.在此基础上,对这三种误差进行了数值模拟,模拟结果证实了分析的正确性. 关键词： 同步辐射 计算机断层 光源 误差     

New directions in X-ray microscopy

The development of high brightness X-ray sources and high resolution X-ray optics has led to rapid advances in X-ray microscopy. Scanning microscopes and full-field instruments are in operation at synchrotron light sources worldwide, and provide spatial resolution routinely in the 25–50 nm range using zone plate focusing elements. X-ray microscopes can provide elemental maps and/or chemical sensitivity in samples that are too thick for electron microscopy. Lensless techniques, such as diffraction microscopy, holography and ptychography are also being developed. In high resolution imaging of radiation-sensitive material the effects of radiation damage needs to be carefully considered. This article is designed to provide an introduction to the current state and future prospects of X-ray microscopy for the non-expert.     

X射线荧光全息术中消除光源偏振效应和孪生像的重构新算法

以27个铁原子成立方排列的晶体结构为模型,通过数值模拟和重构,讨论了入射光源的偏振性对原子像的影响.结果表明,入射光源的偏振性对原子像的可观测性有非常重要的影响.为此,提出了一种能同时消除光源偏振性影响和全息成像所固有的孪生像的数字重构新算法,并通过数字模拟及重构,结果证明了这是一种有效的数字重构算法,能够解决实验过程中光源偏振性和孪生像对原子像的影响. 关键词： X射线荧光全息术 同步辐射 偏振性     

Advances in synchrotron hard X-ray based imaging

Modern synchrotron radiation (SR) sources have dramatically fostered the use of SR-based X-ray imaging. The relevant information such as density, chemical composition, chemical states, structure, and crystallographic perfection is mapped in two, or, increasingly, in three dimensions. The development of nano-science requires pushing spatial resolution down towards the nanoscale.The present article describes a selection of hard X-ray imaging and microanalysis techniques that emerged over the last few years, by taking advantage of the flux and coherence of the SR beams, as well as exploiting the advances in X-ray optics and detectors, and the increased possibilities of computers (memory, speed). Examples are given to illustrate the opportunities associated with the use of these techniques, and a number of recent references are provided. To cite this article: J. Baruchel et al., C. R. Physique 9 (2008).     

同步辐射微束荧光CT及其应用新进展

同步辐射微束X射线荧光CT(SR－XFCMT)是将传统的X射线荧光分析法和计算机断层成像（CT）技术有机结合发展起来的一种先进的分析技术.SR-XFCMT可以给出元素在样品内部的分布而不需要对样品进行破坏性的处理, 现已成为很多研究领域的有力工具.文章简要介绍了同步辐射微束荧光CT技术及其应用的最新进展,阐述了同步辐射微束X射线荧光CT的关键问题及其发展的前景.     

北京同步辐射3B3中能束线X射线探测系统性能研究

北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)的3B3中能束线的应用，在国内首次提供了一台能区在2—6keV范围、性能优良的单色X射线光源. 对光源的性能进行了研究，并完成了X射线探测器(XRD)灵敏度、滤片厚度、多种晶体衍射效率以及成像板能量响应等指标的标定.XRD标定的相对不确定度好于7%，滤片厚度的不确定度小于3.6%. 关键词： 中能X射线 同步辐射 标定     

上海光源硬X射线相干衍射成像实验方法初探

相干X射线衍射成像方法是一种先进的成像技术,分辨率可达纳米量级.国际上大多数的同步辐射装置和自由电子激光装置都建立了该成像方法,并有将其作为主要成像技术的趋势.上海光源作为目前国内唯一的一台第三代同步辐射光源,尚未建立基于硬X射线的相干衍射成像实验平台.随着一批以波荡器为光源的光束线站投入使用,使得该方法的建立成为了可能.本文基于上海光源BL19U2生物小角散射线站,通过有效的光路设计,搭建了相干衍射实验平台,在12 keV和13.5 keV能量点均获得了硬X射线相干光束,并基于小孔衍射测量了入射光束的空间相干长度.该平台支持常规和扫描相干衍射实验模式,对小孔衍射图样及波带片扫描衍射图样实现了正确的相位重建,证明了该平台初步具备开展硬X射线相干衍射成像实验的能力.硬X射线相干衍射成像实验平台为国内首次建立,将为国内该实验方法的发展和应用提供有效的软硬件支持.     

同步辐射显微技术在高分子材料结构研究中的应用

高分子材料以其优异的性能广泛应用于人类生活的每个角落,但其发展受限于研究手段.基于同步辐射先进光源的研究方法(如散射、吸收和成像等)具有高的空间、时间和能量分辨的优势,是揭示高分子材料多尺度结构形成和演化动力学最有效的工具之一.文章结合作者和国内外同行的工作,以具体案例的形式介绍了同步辐射技术在高分子材料结构研究中的应用.希望能起到抛砖引玉的作用,吸引更多的从事高分子材料结构研究的同行利用同步辐射开展科学研究,同时希望更多的进行物理学研究的同行来帮助回答高分子物理的一些基本科学问题.     

第三代同步辐射光源X射线相干性测量研究

随着高性能第三代同步辐射光源的建成开放,基于X射线相干特性的实验方法得到了快速发展和广泛应用.作为一个典型的例子,X射线相位衬度成像已经成为常规的X射线实验方法并向用户开放.相干散射、相干衍射成像、光子关联谱等X射线实验方法正日益受到重视,在高空间分辨、时间分辨等研究领域已显示出其独特的优越性.因此,研究和测量第三代同步辐射的空间相干特性对进一步发展这些新的实验方法具有重要意义.基于Talbot自成像原理成功测量了上海光源X射线成像线站发射的X射线的空间相干长度,并进而测得了相应光源的空间尺度.光子能量为33.2 keV时,测得的X射线光束垂直方向空间相干长度为8.84μm,对应的光源尺寸为23μm,测量结果与理论分析相符.     

X射线荧光层析成像中消除散射光的方法

介绍了X射线荧光层析成像技术的成像原理及其在微量分析领域中的应用。针对X射线与物质相互作用时，不仅产生荧光，而且会产生各种散射光，为消除这些散射光对成像结果的影响，提出采用在与入射X射线垂直方向放置一个圆环状的晶体单色器，即双聚焦模式晶体单色器，使荧光与各种散射光分离，并聚焦在探测器上。这样不仅大大增强了荧光信号的强度，而且可使荧光探测器小型化。     

基于碳纳米管X射线源的生物医学成像

Although discovered more than 100 years ago, X-ray source technology has evolved rather slowly. The recent invention of the carbon nanotube (CNT) X-ray source technology holds great promise to revolutionize the field of biomedical X-ray imaging. CNT X-ray sources have been successfully adapted to several biomedical imaging applications including dynamic micro-CT of small animals and stationary breast tomosynthesis of breast cancers. Yet their more important biomedical imaging applications still lie ahead in the future, with the development of stationary multi-source CT as a noteworthy example.     

高分辨率X射线显微成像及其进展

介绍了高分辨率X射线显微成像产生背景和发展过程,着重分析了基于光学元件波带片的放大成像的基本原理,并简述了高分辨率三维成像的有关理论。同时给出国内外高分辨率X射线显微成像研究的最新进展,展望了高分辨率X射线显微成像的应用前景。     

用同步辐射X射线衍射技术分析GaN/Si外延膜的结构与应变

选用有AlN和AlGaN缓冲层的GaN/Si作为测试样品,采用同步辐射X射线衍射(SRXRD)技术对样品外延膜(GaN)的几何结构、晶格常量及其应变进行了分析.结果表明,同步辐射X射线衍射实验可以作为一种有效的技术手段,测试固体结构及应变.     

高分辨率X射线显微成像及其进展

介绍了高分辨率X射线显微成像产生背景和发展过程，着重分析了基于光学元件波带片的放大成像的基本原理，并简述了高分辨率三维成像的有关理论。同时给出国内外高分辨率X射线显微成像研究的最新进展，展望了高分辨率X射线显微成像的应用前景。     

Fast synchrotron X-ray tomography study of the packing structures of rods with different aspect ratios

We present a fast synchrotron X-ray tomography study of the packing structures of rods with different aspect ratios. Utilizing the high flux of the X-rays generated from the third-generation synchrotron source, we can complete a high- resolution tomography scan within a short period of time, after which the three-dimensional （3D） packing structure can be obtained for the subsequent structural analysis. The image phase-retrieval procedure has been implemented to enhance the image contrast. We systematically investigated the effects of particle shape and aspect ratio on the structural properties including packing density and contact number. It turns out that large aspect ratio rod packings will have wider distributions of free volume fraction and larger mean contact numbers.     

Beam-induced effects in soft X-ray photoelectron emission microscopy experiments

The beam-induced effects, a consequence of the high photon flux density used in soft X-ray photoelectron emission microscopes in operation at the 3rd generation synchrotron sources, are discussed and illustrated using some representative results obtained with the microscopes at the laboratory Elettra. The focus is on the photon-induced charge potential and chemical degradation, which might be a severe problem for photon-sensible specimens. The possible steps to avoid, reduce or even make use of the beam-induced effects are outlined.