离子导体薄膜

最近十几年来,发现了一些离子电导率很高的固体材料即超离子导体或快离子导体.然而与液体电解质相比,其离子电导率仍然很低.为了克服这个缺点,在探索电导率更高的离子导体新材料的同时,也开展了离子导体薄膜的研究.本文综述了离子导体薄膜的研究情况. 一、薄膜生长和物理性质1.衬底 通常将薄膜制备在衬底上,以获得适当的机械强度.因而衬底材料的选择和处理就是离子导体薄膜研究中的重要问题. 在离子导体薄膜器件中通常有几个薄膜叠在一起,除了原始衬底外,每一层薄膜又成为下一层的衬底,这样就涉及到膜与衬底和膜与膜之间的相互作用.薄膜与衬…     

超离子导体

一、引 言 普通的离子晶体,例如岩盐,在窒温下的电导率为 10-15(Ω·c)-1.另一方面,存在一系列的所谓超离子导体(superionic conductor),或称快离子导体(fast ionic conductor)。其离子电导率。可达 1(Ω·cm)-1,与液体电解质相近.在这类超离子导体中,电子电导率只为离子电导率的10-5。 在图1所列出的材料中,除AgBr与ArCl为“正常”的离子导体外.其余在高温下都属于超离子导体.从图1可以看出下列几个特点:(1)与一般离子导体一样,;(2)与一般离子导体相反,在超离子导电相情况下,　随温度的变化较慢,激活能E大约为 0.1eV/粒子,是比较小的;(3…     

用作电致变色器件的LiNbO_3离子导体薄膜的研究

采用射频溅射方法制备用作电致变色器件的ＬｉＮｂＯ３薄膜，利用频率外推法和Ｗａｎｇｎｅｒ极化法对所沉积的ＬｉＮｂＯ３离子导体薄膜的离子电导率进行了测试和计算，给出了薄膜的光谱特性，分析和讨论了薄膜制备工艺对薄膜结构和离子电导率的影响和作用。     

电磁监测试验卫星离子漂移计探测技术

依据电磁监测试验卫星的任务要求,自主研发了等离子体分析仪,用于探测电离层等离子体的离子密度、温度、成分、漂移速度和密度的涨落.等离子体分析仪由阻滞势分析器、离子漂移计和离子捕获计组成,其中离子漂移计用于探测离子垂直轨道方向的漂移速度.通过分析电离层等离子体的离子漂移速度特性,确定仪器的性能指标.离子漂移计传感器采用多层栅网压紧结构,栅网材料选用铍铜,各层栅网之间采用聚酰亚胺绝缘.依据技术指标,详细设计了离子漂移计传感器的窗口尺寸、传感器几何高度和收集极半径.在电子学电路设计时通过前放电路三个可调量程的设计,保证了电路测量范围和精度,并通过实验进行验证.在此基础上,借助意大利国家天体物理研究院行星际物理研究所的地面等离子体环境,完成了离子漂移计的等离子体环境测试.测试结果表明,离子漂移计垂直轨道方向漂移速度测量结果的变化趋势与转台设定值变化趋势一致,且测试精度指标满足设计要求,能够满足电磁监测试验卫星的任务需求.     

用作电致变色哗啦的LiNbO3离子导体薄膜的研究

采用射频射溅射方法制备用电致变色器件的ＬｉＮｂＯ３薄膜，利用频率外推法和Ｗａｎｇｎｅｒ极化法对所沉积的ＬｉＮｂＯ３离子导体薄膜的离子电导率进行了测试和计算，给出了薄膜的光谱特性，分析和讨论了薄膜制备工艺对薄膜结构和离子电导率的影响和作用。     

电荷投影法在研究无限长导体薄板电荷分布规律中的应用

利用无限长均匀带电圆柱面的电荷分布规律和无限长带电直线的场强公式,采用电荷投影法推导了有限宽无限长带电导体的面电荷分布规律.根据电势叠加原理推导了电势积分式,利用场强与电势之间的关系推导了电场强度两个分量的积分式.将公式无量纲化,通过数值积分计算了电势和场强的分量之值.通过作图,显示了有限宽无限长带电导体薄板的电势和场强,画出了二维等势线和电场线,充分显示了场强的分布规律.     

等离子体中电子弹性散射截面及电导率计算

本文研究了近理想等离子体中的电子弹性散射过程.利用Debye-Hückel模型考虑等离子体环境对电子与离子间相互作用的屏蔽效应.结合分波法计算了不同Debye长度情况下,电子与不同核电荷数离子散射的分波相移和微分散射截面.研究了散射波函数、分波相移和微分截面随等离子体屏蔽参数的变化规律.最后,基于Spitzer公式, 初步讨论了分波法计算的等离子体的电导率与卢瑟福公式计算的电导率之间的区别.     

快离子导体的物理研究

快离子导体(也称为超离子导体或固体电解质)是指那些离子电导率接近或超过熔盐(或电解质溶液)的一类固体材料。 近十几年来,人们对快离子导体进行了相当广泛的研究。日前这种研究的兴趣正在进一步增长。快离子导体物理学或固体离子学将成为凝聚态物理学的一个重要分支。 本文概述了快离子导体物理的研究现状。全文包括基本概念、实验测量和理论研究三部分。 基本概念部分的主要内容有:快离子导体的分类,结构条件,亚晶格熔化,动态特征,热力学讨论和模型哈密顿量。 实验测量部分的主要内容有:结构研究,电导率测量,非弹性光散射,核磁共振研究和其它物理性质的临界行为(如比热和声学性质)。 理论研究部分的主要内容有:晶格气体模型,连续随机模型和快离子导体中的相变。     

快离子导体的物理研究

快离子导体(也称为超离子导体或固体电解质)是指那些离子电导率接近或超过熔盐(或电解质溶液)的一类固体材料。 近十几年来,人们对快离子导体进行了相当广泛的研究。日前这种研究的兴趣正在进一步增长。快离子导体物理学或固体离子学将成为凝聚态物理学的一个重要分支。 本文概述了快离子导体物理的研究现状。全文包括基本概念、实验测量和理论研究三部分。 基本概念部分的主要内容有:快离子导体的分类,结构条件,亚晶格熔化,动态特征,热力学讨论和模型哈密顿量。 实验测量部分的主要内容有:结构研究,电导率测量,非弹性光散射,核磁共振研究和其它物理性质的临界行为(如比热和声学性质)。 理论研究部分的主要内容有:晶格气体模型,连续随机模型和快离子导体中的相变。     

正六边形板式换热器的热力学分析

本文提出了一种新型的正六边形球面肋板式换热器,并对该换热器进行了基于熵产数的热力学分析。通过数学推导给出了换热器中局部熵产的计算公式,该公式是数值模拟计算求解换热器中局部熵产和总熵产的通用公式。借助数值分析软件ANSYS CFX 12.0,建立了换热器的三维物理模型,采用有限容积法对流体在球面肋形成的流道中的流动进行了热力学分析。得到了板片上由有限温差导热和阻力引起的熵产的具体分布情况,以及熵产数随雷诺数的变化规律,为后续板片的优化设计工作提供了参考。     

Effect of the electric conductivity on the drift velocity of the cholesteric fingers of the second type in confined geometry

We show that the drift velocity of the cholesteric fingers of the second species in ac electric field strongly depends on the conductivity of the liquid crystal chosen and exponentially vanishes above a cutoff frequency we found to be equal (within a numerical factor close to 1) to the charge relaxation frequency of the sample. We further show that the drift velocity is proportional to the applied electric field, provided that the confinement ratio is kept constant.     

Statistical mechanics of a nonequilibrium steady-state classical particle system driven by a constant external force

A classical particle system coupled with a thermostat driven by an external constant force reaches its steady state when the ensemble-averaged drift velocity does not vary with time. In this work, the statistical mechanics of such a system is derived solely based on the equiprobability and ergodicity principles, free from any conclusions drawn on equilibrium statistical mechanics or local equilibrium hypothesis. The momentum space distribution is determined by a random walk argument, and the position space distribution is determined by employing the equiprobability and ergodicity principles. The expressions for energy, entropy, free energy, and pressures are then deduced, and the relation among external force, drift velocity, and temperature is also established. Moreover, the relaxation towards its equilibrium is found to be an exponentially decaying process obeying the minimum entropy production theorem.     

Effect of small admixtures of N<Subscript>2</Subscript>, H<Subscript>2</Subscript> or O<Subscript>2</Subscript> on the electron drift velocity in argon: experimental measurements and calculations

The electron drift velocity in argon with admixtures of up to 2% of nitrogen, hydrogen or oxygen is measured in a pulsed Townsend system for reduced electric fields ranging from 0.1 Td to 2.5 Td. The results are compared with those obtained by Monte Carlo simulations and from the solution of the electron Boltzmann equation using two different solution techniques: a multiterm method based on Legendre polynomial expansion of the angular dependence of the velocity distribution function and the S _n method applied to a density gradient expansion representation of the distribution function. An almost perfect agreement between the results of the three numerical methods and, in general, very good agreement between the experimental and the calculated results is obtained. Measurements in Ar-O₂ mixtures were limited by electron attachment to oxygen molecules, which contributes to the measured drift velocity. As a result of this attachment contribution, the bulk drift velocity becomes larger than the flux drift velocity if attachment is more probable for electrons with energy below the mean value and smaller in the opposite case. Attachment also contributes to the negative differential conductivity observed in Ar-O₂ mixtures.     

Entropy and ionic conductivity

It is known that the ionic conductivity can be obtained by using the diffusion constant and the Einstein relation. We derive it here by extracting it from the steady electric current which we calculate in three ways, using statistics analysis, an entropy method, and an entropy production approach.     

The Kirkendall effect in single-phase multicomponent systems: dependence on drift and entropy distribution

This paper concerns interdiffusion in a diffusion couple and determination of the Kirkendall plane. The “entropy density” model is proposed in which the entropy is used to predict the position of the Kirkendall plane in a multicomponent system. It is shown that the marker position depends on the drift velocity and pressure field only. Application of the model is presented for ternary CoFeNi diffusion couples of three various initial compositions. The concentration profiles and entropy densities are calculated for each diffusion couple. The positions of the Kirkenadl planes are determined and compared with those obtained by velocity-curve and trajectory methods.     

Entropy decrease in a thermodynamically isolated system: Light-induced drift

A new method is proposed for describing selective excitation as the addition of information to a thermodynamic system of atoms, decreasing the entropy of the system as a result. This information approach is used to calculate the light-induced drift velocity. The computational results are in good agreement with experimental data. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 116, 57–66 (July 1999)     

Strong electric field effect on weak localization

The influence of an electric field on weak localization is studied by a recently proposed generalized quantum Langevin equation approach to the conductivity problem. A general formula for the memory function of the non-interacting electron gas, in the presence of high order impurity scattering and an arbitrary electric field, is derived. In the low field case, a scale and frequency dependent conductivity is obtained, which reduces to the well known scale dependent conductivity in the static limit. In the high field case, the conductivity is field dependent through the drift velocity. It is shown that the presence of strong electric fields tends to delocalize the one and two dimensional electron systems if one adopts the electron heating model. However, if the electron gas does not heat up, the conductivity will be field independent.     

激发光线宽对原子光致漂移速率的影响

在光致漂移效应的研究中,激发光线宽会改变原子激发的速度选择性,进而影响漂移速率的大小.本文以原子光致漂移速率方程理论为基础,利用强碰撞模型描述原子与缓冲气体的碰撞作用,运用数值方法对速率方程进行求解计算,研究了激发光线宽对原子漂移速率的影响.研究结果表明,其他条件相同时,随着线宽的增大,漂移速率的值呈现先增大后减小的趋势.存在一个最佳的激发光线宽,使得原子的漂移速率达到最大值.最佳线宽与激发光功率密度、温度和缓冲气体压强有关.为了获得最佳的光致漂移效果,激发光应工作在最佳线宽条件下.当激发光线宽在最佳线宽附近波动时,设置激发光线宽略大于最佳线宽可减少线宽波动对漂移速率的影响,对获得较大漂移速率更为有利.     

One-Dimensional Steady Transport by Molecular Dynamics Simulation：Non-Boltzmann Position Distribution and Non-Arrhenius Dynamical Behavior

A non-equilibrium steady state can be characterized by a nonzero but stationary flux driven by a static external force. Under a weak external force, the drift velocity is difficult to detect because the drift motion is feeble and submerged in the intense thermal diffusion. In this article, we employ an accurate method in molecular dynamics simulation to determine the drift velocity of a particle driven by a weak external force in a one-dimensional periodic potential. With the calculated drift velocity, we found that the mobility and diffusion of the particle obey the Einstein relation, whereas their temperature dependences deviate from the Arrhenius law. A microscopic hopping mechanism was proposed to explain the non-Arrhenius behavior. Moreover, the position distribution of the particle in the potential well was found to deviate from the Boltzmann equation in a non-equilibrium steady state. The non-Boltzmann behavior may be attributed to the thermostat which introduces an effective "viscous" drag opposite to the drift direction of the particle.