IP-DSMC method for micro-scale flow with temperature variation

Based on the IP-DSMC method, a simple and effective temperature model is presented. By the developed IP-DSMC method with new temperature model, non-isothermal micro-flow is simulated. Comparing the developed IP results with the DSMC results, the correctness and effectiveness of the new temperature model are validated. Through simulating the orifice flow, it is found that it will cause numerical divergence if the second order central difference scheme of the mass conservation equation is used to update the information density when the local density gradient of the simulated flow is large. So the first order upwind scheme is recommended to update the information density.     

Three dimensional finite element model to study heat flow in dermal regions of elliptical and tapered shape human limbs

In this paper a three-dimensional steady state model has been developed to study heat flow in dermal regions of tapered shape human limbs, which are elliptical in shape. The model incorporates the important biophysical parameters like blood mass flow rate, thermal conductivity and rate of metabolic heat generation. Appropriate boundary conditions have been framed using biophysical conditions. The finite element method has been employed using coaxial elliptical hexahedral elements to solve the problem. MATLAB 7.0 has been used to simulate the model and obtain numerical results.     

Estimation of terrestrial heat flow from temperature measurements in bottom sediments

Under study is the problem of estimation of the terrestrial heat flow from the temperature measurements in the bottom sediments. The problem is divided into the two subproblems: first, we solve the one-dimensional inverse problem of estimating the heat conductivity λ and, second, compute the heat flow value by solving the direct stationary problem using the just-found value of λ. We develop a sweep method for solving the direct problem which differs from the standard. An optimization approach is used for solving the inverse problem, and the explicit formulas are obtained for computing the gradient of the error functional. We analyze the factors that cause errors in estimating the heat flow. We show that the main contribution to the errors is given by the presence of harmonics with the periods exceeding the temperature monitoring time interval. We show that if the parameters of the harmonics are known then we can calculate some corrections for the obtained value of the heat flow. The results were applied to the data of temperature measurements carried out at the bottom of Lake Teletskoye from June of 2008 to September of 2010. For finding the long-period harmonics, we use the meteorological data about the bottom water temperature from 1968 to 2011. This allowed us to estimate the heat flow through the bottom of Lake Teletskoye as well as the thermal diffusivity in the upper layer of the sediments.     

Unsteady state heat flow in epidermis and dermis of a human body

We investigate the unsteady state temperature distribution in human skin where subcutaneous tissues are not present. The mathematical model is employed for a onedimensional unsteady state case, taking the blood mass flow rate and metabolic heat generation variable with respect to the position in the dermis. The metabolic heat generation depends on the tissue temperature. The thermal conductivity is taken constant but different in two layers. The problem has been solved using Laplace transform and Bessel functions. Numerical results for a simple case are discussed.     

A note on distributions of temperature and eddy diffusivity for heat in turbulent flow near a wall

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine theoretische Untersuchung durchgeführt, die auf der Energiegleichung aufgebaut ist, um Auskunft über die Verteilungen der Temperaturen und den Energieaustausch in turbulenter Strömung in der Nähe einer Wand zu geben. Es wurde herausgefunden, dass der turbulente Energieaustausch nahe der Wand mit der dritten Potenz des Wandabstandes variiert.     

Transient magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer

Zusammenfassung Es wird die zeitabhängige Strömung einer elektrisch leitenden Flüssigkeit untersucht, die sich bei Gegenwart eines Quermagnetfeldes einstellt, und zwar wird die freie und die erzwungene Konvektion berechnet. Wenn die Wandtemperatur längs der Kanalachse linear variiert, werden die Grundgleichungen linear, was eine analytische Lösung ermöglicht. Unsteitigkeiten können entstehen durch Variationen des axialen Druckgradienten, der Wandtemperatur oder der inneren Energieerzeugung. Die Einflüsse der thermischen und magnetischen Prandtlzahl, der Hartmannzahl, der Rayleighzahl und der inneren Energieerzeugung auf die Strömung und den Wärmeübergang werden untersucht. Für grosse Werte vonRa undM und fürPr-Werte von der Grössenordnung 1 wird ein Schwingungsverhalten gefunden, dessen Periode stark von den genannten Parametern abhängt.

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Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.     

Seasonal temperature variation of soil

The surface temperature of the ground is a periodic function of time. The summer temperature of the surface can be approximated by a harmonic function, and the winter temperature, due to an insulating layer of snow, can be assumed constant. In this paper the temperature of the ground was determined as a function of depth and time.The ground temperature variation was solved by means of the Laplace transformation; the analytic solution was calculated numerically for different soil types and air temperatures. The results are presented numerically and graphically.     

The anisotropic total variation flow

We prove existence and uniqueness of solutions of the Anisotropic Total Variation Flow when the initial data is an L² function and we give a characterization of such solutions that allows us to find explicit evolutions of sets in the presence of an anisotropy.Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 35k65, 35k55, 35k60     

The heat flow in nonlinear Hodge theory

We study the nonlinear Hodge system dω=0 and δ(ρ(|ω|²)ω)=0 for an exterior form ω on a compact oriented Riemannian manifold M, where ρ(Q) is a given positive function. The solutions are called ρ-harmonic forms. They are the stationary points on cohomology classes of the functional with e′(Q)=ρ(Q)/2. The ρ-codifferential of a form ω is defined as δ_ρω=ρ⁻¹δ(ρω) with ρ=ρ(|ω|²).We evolve a given closed form ω₀ by the nonlinear heat flow system for a time-dependent exterior form ω(x,t) on M. This system is the differential of the normalized gradient flow for E(ω) with ω=ω₀+du. Under a technical assumption on the function 2ρ′(Q)Q/ρ(Q), we show that the nonlinear heat flow system , with initial condition ω(·,0)=ω₀, has a unique solution for all times, which converges to a ρ-harmonic form in the cohomology class of ω₀. This yields a nonlinear Hodge theorem that every cohomology class of M has a unique ρ-harmonic representative.     

Neumann heat content asymptotics with singular initial temperature and singular specific heat

We study the asymptotic behavior of the heat content on a compact Riemannian manifold with boundary and with singular specific heat and singular initial temperature distributions imposing Robin boundary conditions. Assuming the existence of a complete asymptotic series we determine the first three terms in that series. In addition to the general setting, the interval is studied in detail as are recursion relations among the coefficients and the relationship between the Dirichlet and Robin settings.     

Numerical study of partial differential equations to estimate thermoregulation in human dermal regions for temperature dependent thermal conductivity

The paper deals with the temperature distribution in multi-layered human skin and subcutaneous tissues (SST). The model suggests the solution of parabolic heat equation together with the boundary conditions for the temperature distribution in SST by assuming the thermal conductivity as a function of temperature.The model formulation is based on singular non-linear boundary value problem and has been solved using finite difference method. The numerical results were found similar to clinical and computational results.     

Neumann heat flow and gradient flow for the entropy on non-convex domains

For large classes of non-convex subsets Y in \(\mathbb R^n\) or in Riemannian manifolds (M, g) or in RCD-spaces (X, d, m) we prove that the gradient flow for the Boltzmann entropy on the restricted metric measure space \((Y,d_Y,m_Y)\) exists—despite the fact that the entropy is not semiconvex—and coincides with the heat flow on Y with Neumann boundary conditions.     

Electroosmotic flow and heat transfer in a heterogeneous circular microchannel

Asymmetries in boundary condition are inevitable in practice in microfluidic channels, despite being rarely addressed from theoretical perspectives. Here, by arriving at closed form analytical solutions, we bring out a unique coupling between asymmetries in surface charge and heat transfer in electroosmotically driven microchannel flows. For illustration, we assume that the channel is laterally composed of two parts, each having specified values of the zeta potential and the wall heat flux. Considering low zeta potentials, we obtain analytical solutions in terms of infinite series for the dimensionless forms of the electric potential, the velocity, and the temperature distributions. We demonstrate that, by carefully adjusting the governing parameters, a variety of flow patterns may be achieved, a property that is crucial in applications such as liquid-phase transportation and mixing. Moreover, we show that the average velocity is a linear function of both the zeta potential ratio and the coverage factor. We further show that the average Nusselt number increases when part of the channel having the larger heat flux enlarges and the zeta potential of the part having the smaller surface charge increases. Hence, the maximum heat transfer rates are achieved when the boundary conditions are symmetrical.     

The thermistor: A problem in heat and current flow

The thermistor is an electrical device that can be used as a current surge protector. The basis of its operation is the temperature-dependent electrical conductivity that drops by 4 to 5 orders of magnitude over a temperature range of 100–200°C. In the present work the coupled heat and electrical current problems are examined with the conductivity modeled by a step function. A numerical scheme is suggested for the nonlinear coupled problem. Convergence of this scheme for some boundary conditions is demonstrated and some numerical results are given.     

Modelling of heat transfer and fluid flow in laser welding

Axisymmetric 2D heat transfer including solid–liquid phase transitions coupled with surface tension driven flow of molten metals is studied numerically for pulsed laser welding. We show that the pulse modulation in time influences the temperature, melting front and flow velocity which, together with the expected undercooling, may explain the fine–grain structure of the resolidified welds that have better strength and, possibly, no cracks inside. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Square function and heat flow estimates on domains

The first purpose of this note is to provide a proof of the usual square function estimate on L^p(Ω). It turns out to follow directly from a generic Mikhlin multiplier theorem obtained by Alexopoulos, and we provide a sketch of its proof in the Appendix for the reader’s convenience. We also relate such bounds to a weaker version of the square function estimate which is enough in most instances involving dispersive PDEs and relies on Gaussian bounds on the heat kernel (such bounds are the key to Alexopoulos’result as well). Moreover, we obtain several useful L^p(Ω;H) bounds for (the derivatives of) the heat flow with values in a given Hilbert space H.     

Morse homology for the heat flow

We use the heat flow on the loop space of a closed Riemannian manifold—viewed as a parabolic boundary value problem for infinite cylinders—to construct an algebraic chain complex. The chain groups are generated by perturbed closed geodesics. The boundary operator is defined by counting, modulo time shift, heat flow trajectories between geodesics of Morse index difference one. By Salamon and Weber (GAFA 16:1050–138, 2006) this heat flow homology is naturally isomorphic to Floer homology of the cotangent bundle for Hamiltonians given by kinetic plus potential energy.     

Quasi-one-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flow with heat addition

Zusammenfassung Die Gleichungen für die quasi-eindimensionale Strömung einer idealen, reibungslosen, kompressiblen und elektrisch vollkommen leitenden Flüssigkeit unter Wärmezufuhr und dem Einfluss eines quergerichteten Magnetfeldes sind in charakteristischer Form dargestellt. Ist die Untersuchung beschränkt auf kleine Störungen in einer ursprünglich parallelen, isentropen Strömung konstanten Querschnittes, so können die Grundgleichungen linearisiert werden. Hierzu wurden allgemeine Lösungen entwickelt. Die Lösung für das entsprechende Problem aus der konventionellen Gasdynamik ist als Spezialfall enthalten.     

Plane viscous incompressible flow in regions with a free boundary

We consider the deformation of a fluid body under the action of surface tension. The apparatus of hydrodynamic potentials is applied to reduce the problem to integrodifferential equations of second kind. An algorithm is constructed that determines the deformation of the fluid body successively in time. Results of numerical calculations are reported. In particular, the problem of deformation of a fluid ellipse under the action of surface tension is analyzed.Translated from Vychislitel'naya i Prikladnaya Matematika, No. 56, pp. 91–97, 1985.