负氢离子源中多峰磁场形态数值模拟

基于磁荷模型,在有限差分法基础上,推导了3维永磁体数值算法,结合全3维PIC/MCC粒子模拟算法,数值分析比较了外置型和“伞状”型两种特殊形态多峰磁场对电子能量沉积的影响。模拟结果表明:二者都能对粒子起到约束作用且能过滤引出负氢离子,同时二者电子能量分布规律基本一致,都呈现了双电子能态,符合等离子体放电基本机理;外置型过滤磁场对粒子的约束能力更强,能明显产生更多的粒子,总粒子数大约是“伞状”型过滤磁场情况下的4倍;“伞状”型过滤磁场能有效地抑制由磁场不均匀所引起的电子漂移,使产生的负氢离子空间分布更均匀。模拟结果与国外实验结果基本一致。     

体积产生负氢离子能量沉积及引出效率数值模拟研究

深入研究了负氢离子输运及能量沉积机理,采用全三维蒙特卡罗碰撞方法处理负氢离子与其他粒子间的碰撞,运用CHIPIC软件平台下的PIC(particle-incell)技术处理粒子的储存和磁场约束作用,在此基础上,对JAEA 10 A离子源中体积产生负氢离子输运和散射情景进行了模拟,并分析和讨论了不同气压和过滤磁场对体积产生负氢离子传输和引出特性的影响.结果显示:气压越大,体积产生负氢离子碰撞损耗越大,体积产生负氢离子达到器壁的数量和被引出的数量都越小;低气压放电环境中,过滤磁场对体积负氢离子的引出影响更强烈,且过滤磁场越大,引出效果越差.     

15～20 mA多峰负氢离子源全三维数值模拟

对自主开发的全三维粒子模拟/蒙特卡罗(PIC/MCC)算法进行了阐述,包括算法流程设计、碰撞处理机制等。采用该算法对中国原子能科学研究院研制的15~20mA负氢离子源进行数值模拟研究,结果显示:该多峰会切离子源能得到空间分布均匀的离子束,采用优化后的虚拟过滤场,不仅能有效过滤高能电子,还将导致离子源下游区域低能电子增多,有效提高负氢离子体积产生效率。     

15~20 mA多峰负氢离子源全三维数值模拟

对自主开发的全三维粒子模拟/蒙特卡罗（PIC/MCC）算法进行了阐述,包括算法流程设计、碰撞处理机制等。采用该算法对中国原子能科学研究院研制的15~20 mA负氢离子源进行数值模拟研究,结果显示：该多峰会切离子源能得到空间分布均匀的离子束,采用优化后的虚拟过滤场,不仅能有效过滤高能电子,还将导致离子源下游区域低能电子增多,有效提高负氢离子体积产生效率。     

基于负氢离子源的全三维PIC/MCC模拟算法研究

在分析负氢离子源中等离子体物理机理基础下, 研究并优化粒子模拟算法, 设计高效的粒子存储方法. 研究并运用粒子碰撞蒙特卡罗方法, 考虑等离子体势以及带电粒子间库仑碰撞, 研制了全三维粒子模拟/蒙特卡罗算法(PIC/MCC). 采用磁荷模型, 运用时域有限差分方法计算多峰磁场, 并结合国外负氢离子源JT-60U, 考虑负氢离子源中主要反应, 对全三维PIC/MCC模拟算法模拟验证.     

Japan Atomic Energy Agency 10 Ampere多峰负氢离子源全三维数值诊断

本文研制了全三维粒子模拟/蒙特卡罗碰撞算法, 并采用该算法对国外研究较热的 Japan Atomic Energy Agency 10 Ampere (JAEA 10A) 离子源进行了全方位的数值诊断, 探索了电子能量沉积过程中电子的横向漂移和能量分布规律, 分析了离子源放电的主要物理参数对电子沉积的影响作用. 模拟及分析结果显示: 电子横向漂移 (-Y方向) 来源于过滤区的磁漂移, 增加过滤磁场, 导致磁漂移增大, 横向漂移加剧, 且电子的利用率增大; 提高放电室气压, 电子的碰撞更频繁, 进而加剧横向非均匀性, 也同时提高电子的利用率. 关键词： Japan Atomic Energy Agency 10 Ampere 多峰负氢离子源 全三维粒子模拟/蒙特卡罗碰撞     

氢原子传输及负氢离子产生全三维数值模拟研究

理论分析了负氢离子源中中性粒子传输特性及引出电极表面产生负氢离子(H^-)的物理过程, 研究了引出孔传输率对氢原子传输的影响,深入剖析了氢原子与不同属性导体壁碰撞以及碰撞后反射的物理情景.基于CHIPIC软件平台,成功研制了全三维 Particle-in-cell with Monte Carlo Collision 氢原子传输及负氢离子产生物理过程的模拟算法,并采用JAEA 10A负氢离子源进行模拟验证.模拟达到稳态后,氢原子平均能量约为0.57 eV, 且H原子呈现+Y漂移,当非均匀氢原子束轰击引出壁时,导致产生的负氢离子空间分布不均匀. 这些模拟结果都与文献符合,验证了算法的可靠性.     

多峰场负氢离子源磁体布局对等离子体特性影响的数值模拟研究

负氢离子源的研究对于响应国家散裂中子源建设和国际热核聚变实验堆计划的开展都具有十分重要的意义. 由于离子源本身的物理特性导致数值模拟成为不可或缺的研究手段, 基于此, 首先对自主研发的全三维粒子模拟/蒙特卡罗碰撞算法进行阐述, 然后对负氢离子体积过程进行描述, 并在此基础上对中国原子能研究中心的多峰质子源进行了系统仿真, 在引出磁体极性相同和相反两种情形下, 分别对多峰质子源放电特性进行了讨论和分析. 结果显示: 在相反极性下, 两引出磁体附近的磁漂移方向相同且数值较大, 即磁漂移剧烈, 导致电子总数较大且高能电子在特定区域活跃, 进而负氢离子体积产率较高, 即负氢离子在空间呈现Y漂移; 反之, 在相同极性下, 电子约束效果相对较差且负氢离子体积产率较低, 但其空间分布均匀.     

15—20mA负氢离子源的设计与加工

离子源是强流质子回旋加速器的核心设备之一, 它的性能指标对最终束流大小和质量都有重大影响. 文章介绍了一种运用于强流质子回旋加速器上的多峰场负氢离子源的设计与加工情况, 该离子源主要是通过深入研究高密度等离子体产生技术、长寿命大直流灯丝电子发射技术、磁约束技术、虚拟过虑技术、残留气体与电子剥离的控制技术, 以及离子引出技术等, 在中国原子能科学研究院原有10mA离子源基础上建立负氢离子源, 实验研究低能、强流束的实验匹配与调试技术, 将平均引出束流提高到15—20mA.     

High accuracy calculation of the hydrogen negative ion in strong magnetic fields

Using a full configuration-interaction method with Hylleraas-Gaussian basis function, this paper investigates the 1¹0⁺, 1¹(–1)⁺ and 1¹(–2)⁺ states of the hydrogen negative ion in strong magnetic fields. The total energies, electron detachment energies and derivatives of the total energy with respect to the magnetic field are presented as functions of magnetic field over a wide range of field strengths. Compared with the available theoretical data, the accuracy for the energies is enhanced significantly. The field regimes 3 < γ < 4 and 0.02 < γ < 0.05, in which the 1¹(–1)⁺ and 1¹(–2)⁺ states start to become bound, respectively, are also determined based on the calculated electron detachment energies.     

多峰离子源的三维数值模拟优化与设计

本文理论计算了多峰离子源永磁体, 采用二体碰撞模型处理电子之间的库仑碰撞, 运用空碰撞方法处理电子与氢元素相关粒子碰撞, 开发了全三维粒子模拟-蒙特卡罗模拟算法, 并采用此软件对热门多峰离子源JET-60U的两种优化设计模型进行数值模拟研究, 探索了两种离子源空间分布特性和体积负氢离子产率相关问题, 提出了负氢离子源设计的基本思想: 适当调整离子源多峰磁场分布情况可以输出均匀离子束; 适当调整引出磁场大小和离子源结构, 可以达到离子束空间均匀性和高产率兼顾的效果.     

Two-dimensional hydrogen negative ion in a magnetic field

Making use of the adiabatic hyperspherical approach, we report a calculation for the energy spectrum of the ground and low-excited states of a two-dimensional hydrogen negative ion H^{-} in a magnetic field. The results show that the ground and low-excited states of H^{-} in low-dimensional space are more stable than those in three-dimensional space and there may exist more bound states.     

Optimization and numerical simulation for the extraction system of the H~- multicusp ion source

A new ion source has been designed and manufactured for the CYCLONE30 accelerator, which has a much advanced performance compared with the original. It is expected that the newly designed ion source extraction system will transport a very large percentage of the beam without deteriorating the beam optics, which is designed to deliver an H^- beam at 30 keV. The accelerator assembly consists of three circular aperture electrodes made of copper. The simulation study was focused on finding parameter sets that raise the beam perveance as large as possible and which reduce the beam divergence as low as possible. Ion beams of the highest quality are extracted whenever the half-angular divergence is minimum, for which the perveance current intensity and the extraction gap have optimum values. The triode extraction system is designed and optimized by using CST software (for Particle Beam Simulations). The physical design of the extraction system is given in this paper. From the simulation results, it is concluded that it is possible to achieve this goal by decreasing the thickness of the plasma electrode, shortening the first gap, and adjusting the acceleration electrode voltage.     

J-PARC多峰离子源体积产生效率三维数值模拟研究

深入阐述了拥有自主知识产权的粒子模拟-蒙特卡罗算法, 并采用该算法数值研究了J-PARC多峰离子源放电特性, 分析了J-PARC离子源的放电机理, 并在单、双校正磁体下讨论了该离子源体积产生效率. 结果显示: 在单校正磁体下, 校正磁体中心与离子源顶端相距50 mm时, 体积产生效率最大; 在双校正磁体且固定顶端磁体下, 两磁体相距越大体积产生效率越低.     

Optimization and numerical simulation for the extraction system of the H- multicusp ion source

A new ion source has been designed and manufactured for the CYCLONE30 accelerator, which has a much advanced performance compared with the original. It is expected that the newly designed ion source extraction system will transport a very large percentage of the beam without deteriorating the beam optics, which is designed to deliver an H- beam at 30 keV. The accelerator assembly consists of three circular aperture electrodes made of copper. The simulation study was focused on finding parameter sets that raise the beam perveance as large as possible and which reduce the beam divergence as low as possible. Ion beams of the highest quality are extracted whenever the half-angular divergence is minimum, for which the perveance current intensity and the extraction gap have optimum values. The triode extraction system is designed and optimized by using CST software （for Particle Beam Simulations）. The physical design of the extraction system is given in this paper. From the simulation results, it is concluded that it is possible to achieve this goal by decreasing the thickness of the plasma electrode, shortening the first gap, and adjusting the acceleration electrode voltage.     

Numerical investigation of radio-frequency negative hydrogen ion sources by a three-dimensional fluid model

A three-dimensional fluid model is developed to investigate the radio-frequency inductively coupled H2 plasma in a reactor with a rectangular expansion chamber and a cylindrical driver chamber, for neutral beam injection system in CFETR. In this model, the electron effective collision frequency and the ion mobility at high E-fields are employed, for accurate simulation of discharges at low pressures(0.3 Pa–2 Pa) and high powers(40 k W–100 k W). The results indicate that when the high E-field ion mobility is taken into account, the electron density is about four times higher than the value in the low E-field case. In addition, the influences of the magnetic field, pressure and power on the electron density and electron temperature are demonstrated. It is found that the electron density and electron temperature in the xz-plane along permanent magnet side become much more asymmetric when magnetic field enhances. However, the plasma parameters in the yz-plane without permanent magnet side are symmetric no matter the magnetic field is applied or not. Besides, the maximum of the electron density first increases and then decreases with magnetic field, while the electron temperature at the bottom of the expansion region first decreases and then almost keeps constant. As the pressure increases from 0.3 Pa to 2 Pa, the electron density becomes higher, with the maximum moving upwards to the driver region, and the symmetry of the electron temperature in the xz-plane becomes much better. As power increases, the electron density rises, whereas the spatial distribution is similar. It can be summarized that the magnetic field and gas pressure have great influence on the symmetry of the plasma parameters, while the power only has little effect.