电爆金属丝产生纳米粉体

建立了一台用于纳米粉体制备的电爆炸金属丝装置,它可以在不打开放电腔体情况下,依次电爆炸8根金属丝。对电爆炸金属丝进行了电路模拟,电路模拟结果表明,减小放电回路电感,或在保持电容器初始储能不变条件下,提高充电电压的同时减小储能电容可提高能量注入速率。为了理解金属蒸气形成纳米粉体的物理过程,利用马赫-曾德激光干涉方法,研究了丝爆后金属蒸气及等离子体的演化过程,得到了电爆丝的典型物理图像,观察到电爆丝中金属蒸气喷发的"热滞后"现象及金属蒸气的多次喷发现象。并利用电爆丝法制备了氮化钛、二氧化钛、铜氧化物和氧化锌的纳米粉体。     

同轴枪放电等离子体电流片的运动特性研究

同轴枪放电可以产生高速度、高密度的等离子体射流,在天体物理、核物理等研究领域具有广泛的应用.基于同轴枪放电等离子体运动的"雪犁模型"分析,本实验通过对等离子体光电信号和磁信号的测量及放电照片的拍摄,研究了不同放电电流和气压对同轴枪放电等离子体电流片的运动特性、电流通道分布的影响.实验结果发现:一次放电过程中,气压为10 Pa、放电电流为35.7—69.8 kA时,随着放电电流的增加,等离子体喷射速度增加,输运距离与离子携带的轴向动能成正比,大电流条件下,等离子体喷出枪口时易于在枪底端形成新的电流通道;气压为5—40 Pa、放电电流为49.8 kA时,随着气压的增加,等离子体喷射速度减小,输运距离缩短,高气压下,等离子体喷出枪口时在枪底端未产生新的放电通道,这与放电过程中遗留在枪底端的带电粒子和电流片渗漏残留在枪内的中性粒子共同形成的阻抗通道有关;电流反向时,二次放电击穿位置发生在电极头部,放电过程中存在多次放电现象.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体辅助氨制氢研究

在介质阻挡非平衡等离子体放电过程中,通过在电极两端施加电压,流经放电区域的气体被击穿,产生高能电子和激发态组分。这些活性粒子与气体分子发生非弹性碰撞引起分子的电离或离解,促进燃料的转化。本文主要从稀释气体、脉冲电压和燃料浓度三个方面进行研究,探讨不同稀释气体对放电过程中电流和反应区温度的影响、脉冲电压和燃料浓度变化时氨气的转化率及氢气生成的变化规律。     

脉冲放电射流辅助射频辉光放电研究

通过实验研究了脉冲放电射流辅助下大气压氦气射频辉光放电的电学和光学特性。采用组合电极结构,在射频放电前段增加脉冲电极,脉冲放电产生的射流以等离子体子弹形式注入射频放电区域,主要研究脉冲射流辅助射频放电的电流电压曲线、最低放电维持电压、放电强度和空间结构时空分布。研究结果表明:等离子体子弹经过射频放电区域后,由于等离子体子弹引入的活性粒子,会使射频放电区域等离子体强度增强;而射频放电最低维持电压也从0.93 kV降低至0.43 kV。     

大气压介质阻挡放电的光谱研究

使用水电极介质阻挡放电装置,分别在大气压空气和氦气中实现了稳定的高气压放电。通过水电极观察两种气体的放电,发现大气压空气中放电为空间随机分布的微放电丝,等离子体是不均匀的,而在氦气中放电没有微放电丝,空间分布比较均匀。比较而言,这种均匀放电产生的等离子体具有更广泛的工业应用前景。对两种气体中放电的电流波形进行了比较,发现空气中放电的电流脉冲在时间上是随机出现的而氦气中放电的电流脉冲在时间上具有周期性,并且空气中放电脉冲宽度约为几十ns而氦气中放电的电流持续时间较长,脉冲宽度大约为1μs。文章还对两种气体中介质阻挡放电发射光谱进行了研究,结果表明大气压氦气中均匀放电的N+₂(B2Σ+_u→X2Σ+_g)谱线391.4nm很强而在大气压空气放电中此光谱线很弱。这些研究结果对高气压条件下均匀放电的实现和大气压辉光放电的工业应用具有重要意义。     

流动氩气放电系统中条纹斑图形成的实验研究

采用双水电极介质阻挡放电装置, 在大气压下流动氩气中产生了稳定的条纹斑图, 并采用拍照和电学方法对其产生机理进行了研究. 研究发现, 条纹斑图仅出现在外加电压较低的情况下, 在较高电压下放电会过渡到均匀模式. 低电压下的条纹斑图是由于放电丝沿着气流方向定向移动形成的, 该定向移动速度几乎与电压无关, 主要由气体流量决定. 分析发现放电空间中活性粒子的记忆效应对条纹斑图的形成起决定作用. 电学测量发现放电电流和放电的气隙起始电压都随着气流的增加而减小, 本文对这一现象进行了定性解释. 本文结果对斑图动力学研究和介质阻挡放电的工业应用都具有很重要的意义.     

液体电极上辉光放电丝的运动特性研究

大气压液体电极放电在生物医疗、化学降解、环境保护等众多方面具有广泛的应用前景,引起了研究者的关注.本文利用直流电压激励棒-水电极装置,在6 mm气隙间产生了大气压辉光放电.研究发现,随着电流的增大,放电由锥状转变成柱状,且此过程中水面上放电环的直径先增大后减小.利用高速照相机对放电进行研究,发现锥状放电是由单个放电丝旋转形成的.通过测量放电的伏安特性,表明放电处于正常辉光机理.利用光谱学方法,研究了不同电流下的振动温度、转动温度和谱线强度比I_(391.4)/I_(337.1),发现它们均随电流的增加而增大.根据气体放电理论,分析和解释了放电丝的运动机理,并对水面上放电环直径随电流的变化关系进行了解释.这些结果对于大气压液体电极放电的理论研究和实际应用均具有一定参考价值.     

大气压下绝缘毛细管内等离子体放电及其特性研究

在石英毛细管内利用两个边缘锋利的中空针型电极间的放电形成了63 cm长的大气压弧光等离子体.通过记录放电图片和测量电流-电压特征波形及伏安特性曲线的方法对管内等离子体从反常辉光状态过渡至超长弧光状态的过程做了细致的研究,发现管内等离子体在弧光状态下的电子密度不低于10¹⁴ cm^-3.另外,还进一步考察了两电极的间距和电源工作频率对放电伏安特性的影响以及通过发射光谱法测得的等离子体气体温度随外加电压的变化规律.当活性气体(氧气)按一定比例混合到氩等离子体中时,通过 关键词： 大气压等离子体 反常辉光放电 弧光放电 发射光谱     

大气压氩气射流等离子体的光谱特性研究

等离子体喷枪是一种重要的等离子体源,已成为近几年低温等离子体研究的一个重要课题。本文利用钨针-钨丝网电极制作了直流喷枪装置,在大气压空气中产生了稳定的等离子体羽,并采用发射光谱的方法,对等离子体羽的等离子体参数进行了研究。在钨针电极与钨丝网电极之间放出耀眼的白光,钨丝网电极出口的气流下游有火苗形状的等离子体羽喷出。在电压保持不变的条件下(13.5 kV),等离子体羽长度随气体流量增加而增大;在气体流量保持不变的条件下(10 L·min-1),羽长度随外加电压的增大而增大。在气体流量一定的条件下,放电电压和放电电流呈反比例关系,即电压随着电流的增大而减小,说明放电属于辉光放电。采集了该喷枪在300～800 nm范围内的放电发射光谱,通过玻尔兹曼方法对放电等离子体电子激发温度进行了测量。结果表明,电子的激发温度随外加电压的增大而降低,随着工作气体流量的减小而升高。利用放电的基本理论对上述现象做了解释。这些研究结果对大气压均匀放电等离子体源的研制和工业应用具有重要意义。     

带载丝电爆炸提高沉积能量的研究

在丝电爆过程中,金属丝的沉积能量是决定爆炸效果的关键参数。在研发连续送丝电爆装置的基础上,提出带载丝电爆炸提高金属丝沉积能量的方法。根据金属丝在电爆过程中的相变理论及旁路并联电阻的非线性时变性,建立了金属丝负载的电阻-能量分段模型。使用带载丝和裸丝分别开展电爆炸实验,同步采集丝电爆过程中的放电波形并分析计算,探究带载丝电爆炸相关机理以及沉积能量的变化规律。结果表明,电爆炸前期,由于载丝带具有绝缘性,其旁路并联电阻大于裸丝,从而使得带载丝电阻大于裸丝;随着欧姆加热的进行,带载丝中液态金属沿轴向由两端向中间聚集,加快了电爆炸相变过程,等效电阻减小,延缓了沿面击穿过程,从而获得更多的能量。     

Influence of water conductivity on shock waves generated by underwater electrical wire explosion

The new application of electrical explosion of wire (EEW) used in petroleum industry is to enhance oil recovery (EOR). Because of the complex environment underground, the effect of underground water conductivity on EEW should be considered. This work describes the effect of water conductivities on discharge current, voltage and shock waves. It was found that the effect of water conductivity contains two parts. One is the shunt effect of saline water, which can be considered as a parallel load with the copper wire between the electrodes connected to the discharge circuit. The peak pressure of shock waves are gradually decrease with the increase of water conductivity. The other is the current loss through saline water directly to the ground ends without flowing through the electrodes. The shunt effect is the main factor affecting the wire discharge process. As the charging voltage increased, the energy loss caused by these two parts are all reduced. These indicate that increasing the charging voltage to a certain value will increase the energy efficiency to generate a more powerful shock waves in conductive water.     

Formation of extended directional breakdown channels produced by a copper wire exploding in the atmosphere

Experimental data for switching initiated by the electrical breakdown of air gaps up to 1.9 m long with an arbitrary geometry that are produced by an exploding copper wire 90 μm in diameter are presented. At an initial voltage of 11 kV, the stored energy equals 100–2100 J. Two channel formation conditions are possible: explosion of a wire without electrical breakdown and electrical breakdown in a channel produced by an exploding wire with a delay (current pause) no longer than 250 μs. Current and voltage waveforms across the discharge gap, as well as the resistivity values, under the electrical breakdown conditions are shown. Mechanisms and conditions for streamer initiation at a mean electric field strength in the discharge gap of 5.3–17.0 kV/m are discussed. The geometrical dimensions of plasma objects in the forming channel, the run of the electrical current under breakdown, and the formation mechanism of wire explosion products are found from color microphotographs. The formation mechanism of large aerosols in the form of tiny spherical copper and copper oxide (CuO, Cu₂O) particles under wire explosion conditions is discussed.     

Development of a notch in a conductor in the initial stage of an electrical explosion

In the initial stages of an electrical explosion a notch is created in the exploding wire at its interface with the current leads. This effect occurs even in the case of ideal contact; it is associated with the specific geometry of the experiment when the electrical explosion is initiated by a high-density current.     

并联金属丝提高电爆炸丝沉积能量的数值模拟

对于低气压或真空环境中的电爆炸丝,因丝沿面击穿会过早终止能量沉积过程,使丝中沉积能量(Ed)大大低于金属丝完全汽化时所需能量(Es).本文提出并联金属丝法延缓沿面击穿时刻以提高电爆炸丝沉积能量.对电流上升时间为几十纳秒、幅值约为1 kA级作用下的金属丝电爆炸过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明,在电爆炸丝两端并联一定尺寸的金属丝可降低爆炸丝端电压上升率,从而推迟电压上升过程中沿面击穿时刻,显著提高丝中沉积能量和过热系数.     

不同氩气气压下铝丝电爆炸的二次放电特性

搭建了RLC放电回路,研究了不同氩气气压下铝丝电爆炸二次放电特性。结果表明,随着气压的变化,电爆炸二次放电电压曲线呈U形。为了阐明氩气和铝蒸气在二次放电过程中的作用,利用光谱仪和高速分幅相机分别研究了二次放电等离子体的自辐射光谱特性和空间分布特性,发现:在低气压下氩气会参与放电,放电通道在铝蒸气表面;高气压下主要是铝蒸气放电,氩气基本不参与放电过程,放电通道在铝蒸气内部。     

铜丝水中电爆炸能量沉积特性

对s脉冲电压作用下铜丝水中电爆炸的能量沉积过程进行了实验研究,利用自积分Rogowski线圈和电阻分压器分别测量铜丝电爆炸时的电流和电压。利用测量电压波形确定了熔融起始、熔融结束、汽化起始和击穿时刻点,将铜丝电爆炸划分成熔融、液态和汽化3个阶段。通过数学方法计算了3个阶段和击穿前的沉积总能量。通过实验和计算,分析了电路参数,包括放电电压和回路电感,以及铜丝特性,包括铜丝长度和直径,对铜丝电爆炸过程中3个阶段和击穿前沉积总能量的影响。结果表明:在s脉冲电压作用下,放电电压、回路电感、铜丝长度和直径对熔融阶段能量沉积影响较小,但对液态和汽化阶段能量沉积影响较大,通过调节电路参数提高电流上升速率,可以显著提高汽化和击穿前的沉积能量。     

Homogeneous electrical explosion of tungsten wire in vacuum

Experimental results on Joule energy deposition upon initiation of a fast electrical explosion of 16-μm tungsten wire in vacuum at current densities of more than 10⁸ A/cm² are reported. We have found that explosion with a fast current rise time (～170 A/ns into a short) results in homogeneous and enhanced deposition of electrical energy into the tungsten before surface flashover. The maximum tungsten wire resistivity reaches a value of up to ～185 μΩ cm before surface flashover that significantly exceeds the melting boundary and corresponds to a temperature of ～1 eV. The highest values for light radiation and expansion velocity of wire ～1 km/s were observed for the fast explosion. For the explosion mode with a slower current rise time (～22 A/ns into a short), we observed the existence of an “energy deposition barrier” for tungsten wire. In the slow explosion mode, the current is reconnected to the surface shunting discharge before melting. The maximum tungsten wire resistivity in this case reaches the value of ～120 μΩ cm, which is less than indicative of melting. Also, the energy deposition along the wire is strongly inhomogeneous, and wire is disintegrated into parts. We attribute the early reconnection of the current to the surface discharge for the slow explosion to high electron emission from the wire surface, which starts before melting.     

Electrical characteristics of argon radio frequency glow dischargesin an asymmetric cell

Measurements of the current and voltage at both electrodes of a parallel-plate, capacitively coupled RF discharge cell (the Gaseous Electronics Conference Reference Cell) were combined with measurements of the voltage on a wire inserted into the glow region between the electrodes, for argon discharges at pressures of 1.3-133 Pa and peak-to-peak applied voltages ⩽400 V. Together, these measurements determined the RF voltage, current, impedance, and power of each sheath of the plasma. Simple power laws were found to describe changes in sheath impedances observed as voltage and pressure were varied. An equivalent circuit model for the electrical behavior of the discharge was obtained. The equivalent circuit model can be used to relate the electrical data to plasma properties such as electron densities, ion currents, and sheath widths. The results differ from models previously proposed for asymmetric RF discharges, and the implications of this disagreement are discussed     

The thermal and electrical conductivities of metals at high temperatures

A method of investigating the electrical and thermal conductivities of metals at high temperatures is described. The theory of the method depends upon the application of ideas which are fundamental in the study of electrical contact phenomena. The ratio of the thermal to the electrical conductivity of platinum has been determined from 1200° C to the melting point (1773° C) and from the melting point to 2300° C by making simultaneous observations of electrical potential and maximum temperature in a short wire through which current is passed. The wire terminates in two blocks of the same metal, and the ends of the wire are not assumed to be plane isothermal (and equipotential) surfaces. The wire remains in place when partly molten so that observations are extended well into the molten range. The method is independent of the exact geometrical configuration of the conducting system. The details of the arrangement of the apparatus and of the method of temperature measurement are given. The results are discussed in relation to the properties of the molten metal bridges formed between the electrodes of electrical contacts and to the value of theLorenz factor in theWiedemann-Franz law.