激光手术喷雾冷却中单液滴蒸发理论模型的比较

制冷剂喷雾可对激光治疗葡萄酒色斑过程进行有效冷却以保护表皮不受热损伤,其瞬态喷雾冷却过程涉及复杂的液滴蒸发、强烈的对流换热和质量传递.本文对描述制冷剂喷雾平衡蒸发阶段单个液滴蒸发的理论模型进行改进,比较了基于各种假设的七个气相传质模型对R-134a喷雾冷却过程中单个液滴蒸发特性的影响,发现考虑过热影响的气相模型所预测的蒸发过程最接近实验结果,用该模型研究了液滴初始直径和速度等参数对液滴蒸发特性的影响.     

高速数字全息测量乙醇喷雾火焰中液滴三维位置、粒径及蒸发率

喷雾蒸发燃烧的研究对指导发动机燃烧系统设计具有重要意义。本文搭建了高速数字全息系统,在线测量乙醇喷雾火焰中液滴的粒径、三维位置、速度及蒸发率。对喷雾火焰中的液滴进行了统计分析,得到液滴粒径及三维空间分布。燃烧喷雾场液滴的平均粒径为68μm;非燃烧火焰测试区液滴数量多且较密集,燃烧火焰测试区液滴数量少且稀疏.追踪单液滴并处理得到湍流火焰中液滴的运动轨迹及速度。通过研究粒径的平方D2随停留时间ts的变化,测得液滴平均蒸发率为-3.343×10-7 m2/s.     

适用于内燃机喷雾的新液滴碰撞模型

本文将直接模拟蒙特卡洛(DSMC)方法中的时间计数器(Time Counter,TC)法按照喷雾领域对液滴碰撞模型的要求,对粒子碰撞频率、碰撞域的划分以及碰撞对的选取等方面进行改进。通过模拟结果与实验值的对比,表明相对O'Rourke模型与Nordin模型,TC模型对喷雾宏观形态的预测以及对场内液体体积分数(液滴的空间分布)的计算更加准确;对下游索特平均直径的预测与实验值亦更加贴近。     

固体表面上流动膜沸腾与液滴蒸发机理研究的新进展

当单个液滴落在温度超过某一临界值的炽热固体表面上时,液滴会像弹性球一样跳跃,并伴随着液滴表面蒸发而滴径逐步缩小.这种现象由J.G.Leidenfrost在1756年所发现,是物理学上著名的“球化态”奇异现象,称为Leidenfrost现象.出现此现象的热表面临界温度则称为 Leidenfrost温度(LFT).不同液体在不同压力下和不同表面状况的LPT是不同的.常压下水在一般平整度的钢铁表面上的LFT大约为300℃.液滴大小不同时所呈现的Leidenfrost现象也会有差异.滴径较大的液滴撞击温度超过LFT的热表面时,将克服表面张力的制约而伸展成圆盘状,悬浮在炽热固体…     

多组分生物燃料液滴蒸发过程研究

生物乙醇和生物柴油是发展迅速且潜力巨大的两种生物燃料,在最近关于生物乙醇、生物柴油与常规柴油掺混的三组分燃料的研究中发现了许多良好的燃烧特性。然而,人们对于这种轻质+中质+重质组成的新燃料的蒸发和燃烧机理尚不清楚,其蒸发特性尚待研究。本文在建立的描述多组分液滴蒸发所需的气相模型、液相模型、气液界面耦合方程基础上,对多组分生物燃料液滴的蒸发过程进行了研究并得到液滴表面以及内部详细的组分和温度分布。     

燃油液滴蒸发的一维导热模型与压力效应

考虑液滴内一维瞬态导热以及液滴,气流热物性随温度与组分的变化,建立了对流热环境中燃油液滴的蒸发计算模型.以柴油液滴为例,通过数值模拟,分析了蒸发过程中液滴内部的瞬态热响应,考察了不同条件下的环境压力效应.结果表明,对流蒸发过程中,燃油液滴内部温度梯度很大,导热作用明显;在温度不同的气流环境中,环境压力效应存在非单调性;压力效应发生转捩的气流温度与液滴初始粒径和气流速度相关.     

溶液液滴在热等离子体射流中的运动和蒸发

为考察溶液注入热等离子体喷涂过程中喷雾参数对涂层质量的影响,本文建立了溶液液滴在热等离子体中运动蒸发的数学模型。模拟了液滴在不同参数下的运动和蒸发的过程,考虑了液滴、热等离子气流及液滴表面气体混合物随温度及组分的物性变化以及斯蒂芬流的影响,得到液滴的运动轨迹,蒸发速率以及半径和表面温度的变化。结果表明在一定范围内增大液...     

加热基底上附壁液滴蒸发动力学实验研究

为了了解液滴表面热流型演变规律及其对蒸发速率的影响,采用稳态蒸发实验研究了加热基底上乙醇和水滴的蒸发过程。液滴半径固定在R=2.5 mm,高度变化范围为0.4至1.4 mm。结果表明,随着液滴高度降低,乙醇液滴表面出现了中心不均匀的温度波动、热流体波及Bénard-Marangoni流胞,而水滴表面则没有明显温度波动。随着基底温度升高,液滴内部热对流增强;随着液滴高度降低,乙醇液滴蒸发速率先减小、后增大,而水滴蒸发速率则无明显变化。实验结果证实热对流对液滴蒸发速率具有明显促进作用。     

小温差喷雾碰壁蒸发的实验研究

本文对小温差下垂直平面的喷雾碰壁蒸发传热特性进行了实验研究,研究了喷嘴在不同的流量和喷距下热流密度、壁温和换热系数之间的关系.实验中,测量范围还扩展到无沸腾区域.实验发现,在常压下,水雾在加热表面开始沸腾的过热度约为10℃,这时的沸腾换热系数将急剧增大,壁温上升的斜率显著下降.本文的研究结果对新型蒸发器的开发有指导作用.     

R134a闪蒸喷雾液滴动力学特征实验研究

闪蒸喷雾是典型的气液两相流动,在能源、化工、航天、医疗生物和食品生产等领域中应用非常广泛,对闪蒸喷雾形成的气液两相流中液滴粒径与速度的分布规律进行研究具有重要意义。本文搭建了闪蒸喷雾实验台,以R134a制冷剂为闪蒸喷雾工质,通过特定喷嘴形成闪蒸喷雾气液两相流。应用PDPA对闪蒸喷雾液滴直径和速度沿喷雾轴向方向和径向方向进行系统测量,拟合出了液滴轴向和径向无量纲速度沿径向无量纲距离变化的经验关联式。     

On the behaviour of organic gel multi-size spray diffusion flames

The recently reported, experimentally observed, unusual behaviour of organic gellant-based fuel droplets which, under appropriate ambient thermal conditions, evaporate and burn in an oscillatory fashion is incorporated in a phenomenological manner in a model of a two-dimensional arbitrary multi-size spray diffusion flame. Non-unity Lewis numbers are permitted for the fuel vapour and oxidant. A combined analytical/numerical solution of the governing equations is presented and used to investigate how a spray's initial polydispersity and the frequency of oscillatory evaporation influence the combustion field. It is demonstrated that the initial droplet size distribution and the frequency of evaporation of the burning gel droplets can have an acute impact both on the homogeneous diffusion flame shape, height and width and on the thermal field downstream of the flame front. Hot spots of individual (or clusters of) burning droplets can be created and under certain operating conditions can lead to hotter temperatures than experienced in the main homogeneous flame. The intensity of these hotspots, their number and location are sensitive to spray related parameters. In realistic combustion chambers there is a danger inherent in the existence of hotspots in undesirable regions as they can damage the structural integrity. Other computed results demonstrate that, in relation to the spray diffusion flames obtained using an equivalent purely liquid fuel spray, the use of a gel fuel spray can lead, under certain operating conditions, to a reduction in flame height and temperature. The latter effect is critical when considering flame extinction.     

受限胶体液滴蒸发过程中胶体颗粒沉积过程观察

亲水玻璃基片在掩模板的保护下, 通过喷涂超疏水层, 得到了被疏水层包围的圆形亲水区域. 胶体液滴在这一区域被很好地限制, 并且液滴体积可以在较大范围内变化, 体积的变化可以改变液滴与基片的表观接触角. 通过显微观察手段原位观察了表观接触角为疏水的受限胶体液滴蒸发过程中粒子沉积行为. 在整个蒸发过程中, 受限液滴边界被钉扎在亲疏水交界处. 粒子沉积过程中, 驱动粒子的液滴内部流动会发生变化. 粒子沉积图案形成过程由三种流体行为控制, 最初, Marangoni效应占主导作用, 驱动粒子在液滴表面聚集, 随之沉积到液滴边缘; 随着蒸发进行, 当接触角变小(<60°)时, 由于边界蒸发速度更快导致的毛细补偿流使得粒子直接向边界沉积. 在干燥的最后阶段, 亲水区域内的液层变得很薄, 只有一单层粒子存在于这一薄液层中, 蒸发继续进行时, 薄液层发生失稳使得粒子迅速聚集而形成网络化图案, 由于粒子间距变小, 球间的液桥毛细力也会参与到这一聚集过程中.     

液滴撞击液膜过程的格子Boltzmann方法模拟

本文采用格子Boltzmann方法对液滴撞击液膜过程进行了研究, 主要考察了雷诺数(Re)、韦伯数(We)、相对液膜厚度 (h) 以及表面张力 (σ) 等物理参数对界面运动过程的影响. 首先, 随着Re数和We数的增加, 可以明显观察到液滴撞击液膜过程中形成的皇冠状水花以及卷吸现象; 当Re数较大时, 液体会发生飞溅, 由液体飞溅形成的小液滴则会继续下落, 并与液膜再次发生碰撞. 其次, 当相对液膜厚度较小时, 液滴撞击液膜并最终导致液膜断裂; 然而随着相对液膜厚度的增大, 尽管撞击过程溅起的液体会越来越多, 但是液膜并不会发生断裂. 再次, 随着表面张力的增大, 界面变形阻力增大, 撞击过程中产生的界面形变也逐渐减弱. 最后还发现皇冠(由液滴溅起形成)半径r 随时间满足r/(2R) ≈ α√Ut/(2R), 这一结果与已有结论是一致的.     

液滴溅落问题的光滑粒子动力学模拟

对传统的光滑粒子动力学方法进行了改进, 改进的光滑粒子动力学方法对传统粒子方法中的核近似式和粒子近似式进行了修正, 采用Riemann 算法求解光滑粒子动力学流体控制方程, 添加了表面张力的计算程序, 考虑了表面张力对液滴溅落的影响. 应用改进的光滑粒子动力学方法对液滴静止状态下冲击液面的飞溅过程进行了数值模拟. 计算结果表明, 改进的光滑粒子动力学方法能够有效地描述液滴溅落液面的动力学特性和自由表面变化特征, 能够得到稳定精度的结果.     

液滴冲击液膜问题的光滑粒子动力学模拟

本文对传统的光滑粒子动力学方法进行了改进．改进的光滑粒子动力学方法对传统粒子方法中的核梯度进行了修正,采用了一种新型的耦合边界条件,添加了表面张力和人工应力的计算程序．应用改进的光滑粒子动力学方法对液滴冲击液膜问题进行了数值模拟．得到了不同时刻液滴内部的压力变化特征,精细地捕捉了不同时刻的自由面,从机理上分析了液滴产生飞溅的条件,探讨了韦伯数,表面张力对液滴冲击液膜问题的影响．计算结果表明,改进光滑粒子动力学方法能够有效地描述液滴冲击液膜的动力学特性和自由表面变化特征,能够得到稳定精度的结果．     

液滴法制备空心玻璃微球的模拟计算

 通过对液滴法制备空心玻璃微球的成球过程进行分析,建立了成球过程数学模型,定量描述了液滴的形成、液滴的封装、凝胶球壳的形成与干燥,发泡剂的分解,球壳的预热与熔炼、冷却与收集等过程中,液滴/球壳的大小、速率、壁厚、气压等随操作条件的变化,计算了抽气速率、发泡剂浓度、玻璃溶液浓度和初始液滴大小等的改变对成球过程的影响,并进行了初步验证实验。     

Kinetic boundary layers in gas mixtures: Systems described by nonlinearly coupled kinetic and hydrodynamic equations and applications to droplet condensation and evaporation

We consider a mixture of heavy vapor molecules and a light carrier gas surrounding a liquid droplet. The vapor is described by a variant of the Klein-Kramers equation, a kinetic equation for Brownian particles moving in a spatially inhomogeneous background; the gas is described by the Navier-Stokes equations; the droplet acts as a heat source due to the released heat of condensation. The exchange of momentum and energy between the constituents of the mixture is taken into account by force terms in the kinetic equation and source terms in the Navier-Stokes equations. These are chosen to obtain maximal agreement with the irreversible thermodynamics of a gas mixture. The structure of the kinetic boundary layer around the sphere is then determined from the self-consistent solution of this set of coupled equations with appropriate boundary conditions at the surface of the sphere. For this purpose the kinetic equation is rewritten as a set of coupled moment equations. A complete set of solutions of these moment equations is constructed by numerical integration inward from the region far away from the droplet, where the background inhomogeneities are small. A technique developed in an earlier paper is used to deal with the severe numerical instability of the moment equations. The solutions so obtained for given temperature and pressure profiles in the gas are then combined linearly in such a way that they obey the boundary conditions at the droplet surface; from this solution source terms for the Navier-Stokes equation of the gas are constructed and used to determine improved temperature and pressure profiles for the background gas. For not too large temperature differences between the droplet and the gas at infinity, self-consistency is reached after a few iterations. The method is applied to the condensation of droplets from a supersaturated vapor, where small but significant corrections to an earlier, not fully consistent version of the theory are found, as well as to strong evaporation of droplets under the influence of an external heat source, where corrections of up to 40 % are obtained.     

Identification of droplet burning modes in lean, partially prevaporized swirl-stabilized spray flames

Experimental and numerical investigations of single droplet burning modes in a lean, partially prevaporized swirl-stabilized spray flame are reported. In the experiment single droplet flames have been visualized by CH-PLIF and simultaneous recording of the Mie signal. Two single droplet burning modes were identified: the envelope flame is a spherical diffusion flame burning at near-stoichiometric conditions. The wake flame is a potentially lean, partially premixed flame located downstream of the droplet. The droplet burning mode is of practical relevance, since it has significant impact on NO formation due to incomplete prevaporization.The droplet burning mode is determined by the ratio of chemical and convective time scales. The convective time scale is related to the droplet slip velocity. The impact of turbulent gas phase velocity fluctuations on droplet mechanics and droplet burning is discussed, based on a previous numerical investigation. In the present study the droplet slip velocity was measured with the 3D Phase Doppler (3D-PD) technique. For the measured slip velocities and ambient conditions in the hot gas region of the spray flame, simulations of single droplet burning were performed utilizing detailed models for chemical reaction, diffusive transport and vaporization. An agreement between the droplet burning modes predicted by the simulation and the droplet burning modes observed in the experiments was found.     

A theoretical study of the spheroidal droplet evaporation in forced convection

In many applications, the shape of a droplet may be assumed to be an oblate spheroid. A theoretical study is conducted on the evaporation of an oblate spheroidal droplet under forced convection conditions. Closed-form analytical expressions of the mass evaporation rate for an oblate spheroid are derived, in the regime of controlled mass-transfer and heat-transfer, respectively. The variation of droplet size during the evaporation process is presented in the regime of shrinking dynamic model. Comparing with the droplets having the same surface area, an increase in the aspect ratio enhances the mass evaporation rate and prolongs the burnout time.