Na||Sb-Pb-Sn液态金属电池电极的价电子结构与热-电性能计算

应用固体与分子经验电子理论系统地研究液态金属池Na||Sb-Pb-Sn电极的价电子结构与热、电性能.研究结果表明:电极合金的价电子结构与其性能密切关联.阴极合金Na_1–xIA_x (IA=K, Rb, Cs)的晶格电子随着掺杂量的增加而减少,诱发合金的熔点、结合能随掺杂量的增加而降低. Na离子输运到阳极,与阳极Sb-Sn-Pb形成产物NaSb_3, NaSn, Na₁₅Sn_4, NaPb.其理论熔点与实验相符. NaSb_3的平均晶格电子数最少,开路电压最高.研究表明:对于Na||Sb-Pb-Sn液态金属电池体系而言,晶格电子扮演重要的角色,可以调控电极的热、电性能.     

稀土在无机晶体中的发光

前言一、晶体中稀土离子的电子跃迁和发光光谱 1.f—f电子跃迁 2.f—d电子跃迁二、基质晶格对稀土离子以及稀土离子之间的相互作用 1.基质晶格对稀土离子发光的影响     

Co3Ti与CoTi的晶体结构与结合能的计算及其脆性

利用余瑞璜的经验电子理论及吕振家-王绍铿的结合能公式,分析了金属间化合物Co_3Ti和CoTi的晶格常数和结合能,晶格常数的计算结果与实验值相当符合,并对金属的脆性与金属中晶格电子和共价电子数量的关系进行了讨论。 关键词：     

Nd4f电子对NdF_xO_(1-x)BiS_2低温电子结构和磁特性影响的第一性原理研究

本文采用第一性原理计算软件包VASP,系统地研究了不同F掺杂比例的新型层状超导体NdFxO1-xBiS2(x=0,0.125,0.25,0.375,0.5)体系的晶格特性和电子结构,并着重研究了将Nd4f电子作为价电子引入对NdF0.5O0.5BiS2电子结构的影响和NdF0.5O0.5BiS2的磁有序结构.结果表明:引入F掺杂会减小晶格参数a的值,但随着掺杂比例的增加,a值又会逐渐增加,晶格参数c的值则保持递减的趋势;F掺杂比例为0.375时,费米能级处出现态密度峰值,意味着最佳掺杂;Nd4f电子作为价电子时会与Nd5d电子一起成为NdO(F)耗尽层中的载流子供体,不会改变BiS2超导层的电子结构;Nd子晶格局域磁矩的C-AFM型磁有序排列会大大增加体系的稳定性,成为最可能的磁性基态.     

稀土元素Ce的特性与4f电子局域磁矩

本文考虑到电声子相互作用以及4f电子与传导电子相互作用的贡献,对稀土Ce中伴随γ-α相变时所发生的变价现象与磁性等物理特性的关系作了研究,分析了当温度、压强、化合价等变化时稀土金属中的电子行为。     

La,Ce,Nd掺杂对单层MoS_2电子结构的影响

为了研究稀土掺杂对单层MoS2电子结构的影响,文章基于密度泛函理论框架下的第一性原理,采用平面波赝势方法分别计算了本征及La,Ce,Nd掺杂单层MoS2的晶格参数、能带结构、态密度和差分电荷密度.计算发现,稀土掺杂所引起的晶格畸变与杂质原子的共价半径大小有关,La杂质附近的键长变化最大,Nd杂质附近的键长变化最小.能带结构分析表明,La掺杂可以在MoS2的禁带中引入3个能级,Ce掺杂可以形成6个新能级,Nd掺杂可以形成4个能级,并对杂质能级属性进行了初步分析.差分电荷密度分布显示,稀土掺杂可以使单层MoS2中的电子分布发生改变,尤其是f电子的存在会使差分电荷密度呈现出反差极大的物理图象.     

稀土掺杂对钴铁氧体电子结构和磁性能影响的理论研究

尖晶石型铁氧体是十分重要的磁性材料之一, 具有独特的物理性质、化学特性、磁学特性和电子特性. 其中尖晶石型钴铁氧体具有较好的电磁性质而被广泛应用. 本文基于密度泛函理论(DFT) 的第一性原理平面波赝势法, 结合广义梯度近似(GGA+U), 研究了CoRE_0.125Fe_1.875O₄ (RE = Nd, Eu, Gd)体系的电子结构和磁性能. 结果表明随着稀土元素从Nd到Gd掺杂体系晶胞的晶格常数呈递减趋势. 磁性能依赖于稀土离子(RE³⁺)4f轨道未配对的电子数, 掺杂Eu和Gd能够提高钴铁氧体体系的磁矩, 主要因为它们3+价态离子具有较多未配对的4f电子, 因而对磁性能的影响较大. 然而Nd 的掺杂对体系磁性能的影响很小, 这是由于它的离子半径较大, 导致晶格发生畸变.     

稀土掺杂对LiFePO_4性能影响的第一性原理研究

掺杂是提高LiFePO_4体相电子电导率,优化其电化学性能的重要方法之一.稀土元素因具有高的电子电荷、大的离子半径以及强的自极化能力,成为掺杂改性的重要选择.本文利用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究了稀土元素(La,Ce,Pr)掺杂的锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO_4的性质.计算结果表明,稀土元素掺杂均不同程度地增加了 LiFePO_4的晶格常数和晶胞体积.在脱锂过程中,稀土掺杂后材料体积变化率明显减小,材料的循环性能提升,但电池能量密度下降.稀土掺杂使LiFePO_4由原来的半导体特性转变为金属特性,增加了材料的电子电导率.力学特性的计算表明稀土显著增加了 LiFePO_4材料的延展性.另外,La和Ce掺杂后的LiFePO_4在Li离子迁移过程中表现出复杂的能垒变化,在远离稀土离子处迁移势垒呈现出不同程度的减小,而在靠近稀土离子处迁移势垒起伏较大.与Ce掺杂相比,La掺杂造成的离子迁移势垒的变化程度更大,表明稀土离子掺杂对体系局域结构产生较大的影响.     

稀土（Y、Ce）掺杂β-FeSi2光电性质的第一性原理研究

基于第一性原理赝势平面波方法,对稀土(Y、Ce)掺杂β-FeSi2的几何结构、电子结构和光学性质进行了计算与分析。几何结构的计算表明,Y 或Ce掺杂后β-FeSi2的晶格常数改变,晶胞体积减小。电子结构的计算表明,掺入稀土后β-FeSi2 费米面附近的能带结构变得复杂,带隙变窄;总电子态密度发生了变化,Y 的4d 轨道电子态密度和Ce的4f轨道电子态密度主要贡献给费米面附近。光学性质的计算结果表明,Y 或Ce 掺杂后β-FeSi2 的静态介电常数明显提高,介电函数虚部ε2 的峰值均向低能方向移动并且减弱,折射率n0 明显提高,消光系数k 的峰值减弱,计算结果为β-FeSi2材料掺杂稀土改性的实验研究提供了理论依据。     

Nd2Fe14B的价电子结构分析和磁性计算

应用固体与分子经验电子理论计算了Nd2Fe14B的价电子结构、磁矩和居里温度,计算结果与实验值相符.计算表明:该合金的磁性与3d磁电子数成正比.从Fe(c)晶位到Fe(k2)晶位磁矩增加,其机理源于价电子、哑对电子和3d磁电子之间的转化,有78%的哑对电子和18%的3d共价电子转化成了磁电子.居里温度和磁矩与Fe原子配位数成正比,与加权等同键数Iσ成反比,Nd原子和B原子通过调节原子间键距影响Nd2Fe14B合金的居里温度.     

Correlation between valence electronic structure and magnetic properties in RCo_5(R=rare earth) intermetallic compound

The magnetisms of RCo_5(R = rare earth) intermetallics are systematically studied with the empirical electron theory of solids and molecules(EET).The theoretical moments and Curie temperatures agree well with experimental ones.The calculated results show strong correlations between the valence electronic structure and the magnetic properties in RCo_5 intermetallic compounds.The moments of RCo_5 intermetallics originate mainly from the 3d electrons of Co atoms and 4f electrons of rare earth,and the s electrons also affect the magnetic moments by the hybridization of d and s electrons.It is found that moment of Co atom at 2c site is higher than that at 3g site due to the fact that the bonding effect between R and Co is associated with an electron transformation from 3d electrons into covalence electrons.In the heavy rare-earth-based RCo_5 intermetallics,the contribution to magnetic moment originates from the 3d and 4f electrons.The covalence electrons and lattice electrons also affect the Curie temperature,which is proportional to the average moment along the various bonds.     

Correlation between electronic structure and energy band in Eu-doped CuInTe_2 semiconductor compound with chalcopyrite structure

The Eu-doped Cu(In, Eu)Te_2 semiconductors with chalcopyrite structures are promising materials for their applications in the absorption layer for thin-film solar cells due to their wider band-gaps and better optical properties than those of CuInTe_2. In this paper, the Eu-doped CuInTe_2(CuIn_(1-x)Eu_xTe_2, x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) are studied systemically based on the empirical electron theory(EET). The studies cover crystal structures, bonding regularities, cohesive energies, energy levels,and valence electron structures. The theoretical values fit the experimental results very well. The physical mechanism of a broadened band-gap induced by Eu doping into CuInTe_2 is the transitions between different hybridization energy levels induced by electron hopping between s and d orbitals and the transformations from the lattice electrons to valence electrons for Cu and In ions. The research results reveal that the photovoltaic effect induces the increase of lattice electrons of In and causes the electric resistivity to decrease. The Eu doping into CuInTe_2 mainly influences the transition between different hybridization energy levels for Cu atoms, which shows that the 3d electron numbers of Cu atoms change before and after Eu doping. In single phase CuIn_(1-x)Eu_xTe_2, the number of valence electrons changes regularly with increasing Eu content,and the calculated band gap E_g also increases, which implies that the optical properties of Eu-doped CuIn_(1-x)Eu_xTe_2 are improved.     

Analysis of the valence electronic structures and calculation of the physical properties of Fe,Co, and Ni

The valence electronic structures of Fe, Co and Ni have been investigated with Empirical Electron Theory of Solids and Molecules. The magnetic moments, Curie temperature, cohesive energy and melting point have been calculated according to the valence electronic structure. These calculations fit the experimental data very well. Based on the calculations, the magnetic moments are proportional to the number of 3d magnetic electrons. Curie temperatures are related to the magnetic electrons and the bond lengths between magnetic atoms. Cohesive energies increase with the increase of the number of covalent electrons, and the decrease of the number of magnetic and dumb pair electrons. The melting point is mainly related to the number of covalent electron pairs distributed in the strongest bond. The contribution from the lattice electrons is very small, the dumb pair electrons weaken the melting point; however, the contribution to melting point of the magnetic electrons can be neglected. It reveals that the magnetic and thermal properties are closely related to the valence electronic structures, and the changes or transitions between the electrons obviously affect the physical properties. Supported by the National High Technology Development Program of China (Grant No. 2007AA03Z458)     

价键优选法：二、三周期小团簇的理论研究

使用价键优选法，在较小的计算量下，系统地得到了二、三周期元素团簇体系(直到四原子为止)关键结构的性质.还能得到团簇从双原子到四原子的演化过程.对所有团簇的电子结构进行分析，可以理解特定元素的四原子团簇出现T_d立体结构的原因.更加有趣的是，通过较小团簇结合能和对应元素单质宏观性质( 熔点、沸点等)的相应变化关系，能够理解在熔解、沸腾过程中关键结构的作用. 关键词： 价键优选法 团簇关键结构 团簇 第一原理分子动力学 物质性质     

Ca5N4高压新相的第一性原理研究

通过在氮中引入杂质离子,利用高压手段获得具有新奇结构的多氮化合物是目前被广泛应用的研究方法.钙氮材料在催化、光电方面有着广泛的应用.具有较低电离能的钙(Ca)元素很容易和氮原子形成离子键钙氮化物.高压为寻找新型钙氮化合物提供了全新的技术途径.因此,利用高压方法,通过改变配比的方式,寻找具有新奇特性的钙氮高压结构,是一项非常有意义的工作.本文利用基于密度泛函理论的结构搜索方法,在100 GPa条件下,通过预测得到了一个稳定的Ca5N4相.该结构内部氮原子之间以N-N共价单键键合,氮原子和钙原子之间是离子键相互作用,且钙氮之间的电荷转移量为1.26 e/N atom.能带结构计算表明P 21/c-Ca5N4是一个直接带隙为1.447 eV的半导体结构.最后,系统地给出了该结构的拉曼振动光谱,并指认了拉曼振动模式,为实验合成该结构提供了理论指导.     

基于能量色散-X射线荧光光谱方法对轻稀土料液配分含量的在线测定

稀土精矿分离出单一稀土元素的工艺过程属于连续流程制造,多采用人工取样-ICP实验室分析测试的方法进行工艺监测与控制,检测结果滞后于生产实际,可能造成产品质量不稳定等后果。实验基于能量色散X射线荧光光谱技术,建立了一种在线测定稀土分离过程中稀土配分含量的方法。通过对北方稀土典型元素镧、铈、镨、钕的能量色散-X射线荧光光谱特征分析,利用多元逐步回归从稀土混合料液中剥离出单一稀土元素信号。依据相对理论偏差对滤光片、管压、管流等条件进行优化,为稀土配分含量在线分析奠定了基础。开发了XOR-50稀土配分在线分析设备和在线检测方法,快速反映稀土分离萃取工艺状况,提供实时的在线萃取数据,为工艺调整提供精准可靠的数据支撑。研究结果显示,采用0.2 mm Al滤光片,25 kV光管激发电压,1 100 μA光管电流的测试条件,同一样品的稀土元素配分含量连续11次测定的相对标准偏差小于1%;现场分析结果与ICP-AES检测结果相符。镧,铈,镨,钕等轻稀土元素的仪器检出限小于5 μg·mL-1,完全满足稀土配分在线监测对准确性和可靠性要求。     

用Fermi-Thomas方法计算金属的结合能

本文用Fermi-Thomas方法计算了金属的结合能。得到初步结果:金属的能量舆晶格常数的关系中,有一极小值。此极小值所对应的原子间距对重金属舆实验值相近,而对单价碱金属则理论值太小。所得结合能的数值较实验值大很多。作者认为这是由於F.T.方法应用到原子上所存在的误差所引起的,而不是在金属内应用的误差所引起的。     

Structural and electronic relationships between the lanthanide and actinide elements

The similarity and difference between the solid state properties of the 4f and 5f transition metals are pointed out. The heavier 5f elements show properties which have direct correspondence to the early 4f transition metals, suggesting a localized behaviour of the 5f electrons for those metals. On the other hand, the fact that Pu metal has a 30% lower volume than its neighbour heavier element, Am, suggests a tremendous difference in the properties of the 5f electrons for this element relative to the heavier actinides. This change in behaviour between Pu and Am can be viewed as a Mott transition within the 5f shell as a function of the atomic number Z. On the metallic 5f side of the Mott transition (i.e., early actinides), the elements show most unusual crystal structures, the common feature being their low symmetry. An analogous behaviour for the lanthanides is found in cerium metal under compression, where structures typical for the light actinides have been observed experimentally. A generalized phase diagram for the actinides is shown to contain features comparable to the individual phase diagram of Ce metal. The crystal structure behaviour of the lanthanides and heavier actinides is determined by the number of 5d (or 6d) electrons in the metallic state, since for these elements the f electrons are localized and nonbonding. For the earlier actinide metals electronic structure calculations - where the 5f orbitals are treated as part of the valence bands - account very well for the observed ground state crystal structures. The distorted structures can be understood as Peierls distortions away from the symmetric bcc structure and originate from strongly bonding 5f electrons occupying relatively narrow 5f states. High pressure is an extremely useful experimental tool to demonstrate the interrelationship between the lanthanides and the actinides. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.