黄土高原地表能量不闭合度与垂直感热平流的关系

地表能量不平衡问题一直是陆面过程研究的一个重要科学难题.本文利用在陇中黄土高原观测的陆面过程资料,分析了气候地表能量不闭合度和短期地表能量不闭合度的分布特征,研究了地表能量不闭合度与垂直速度之间的关系,发现地表能量不闭合与垂直速度具有很好的相关性.并且,估算了近地层垂直感热平流通量,分析了考虑垂直感热平流后的地表能量平衡的特征,发现引入垂直感热平流输送对地表能量不闭合度有明显的改进. 关键词： 黄土高原 非均匀性 垂直感热平流 能量不闭合度     

陇中黄土高原自然植被下垫面陆面过程及其参数对降水波动的气候响应

作为气候敏感区和生态脆弱区,黄土高原地区的陆面物理过程受气候波动影响十分明显.目前,虽然对黄土高原特定气候条件下的陆面物理过程有了一定认识,但对其随气候波动的动态变化规律认识却非常有限.本文利用黄土高原陆面过程观测试验在陇中黄土高原榆中SACOL站5年多的观测资料,系统分析了该地区自然植被下垫面陆面水分收支和能量平衡及地表反照率、土壤热传导率和粗糙度长度等陆面过程参数对气候波动的响应规律,发现陇中黄土高原自然植被下垫面的陆面过程特征及其参数对降水的气候波动十分敏感,不仅对降水量波动响应显著,而且与降水性质也密切相关.土壤湿度并不完全随年总降水量波动,而是随有效降水量增加而增大;陆面水分收支和土壤水分收支也随有效降水量波动变化明显;近地层垂直感热平流通量随年总降水量增加而减弱,地表能量不平衡差额却随年总降水量增加而增大.夏半年平均反照率随有效降水量增加而减小,但全年平均地表反照率却受冬季积雪时数影响十分明显,而且随积雪时数增加而增大;土壤热传导率和粗糙度长度均随年有效降水量增加而增加.并且,降水量越小,陆面过程参数对降水波动的响应就越敏感.不过,陆面过程参数基本在荒漠气候平均值和农田气候平均值之间波动,并没有突破气候约束,能够用拟合关系来表示它们对降水因子波动的响应规律,这种动态参数化关系可用来改善以往数值模拟或微气象分析时由于使用非动态陆面过程参数所带来的误差.     

黄土高原区域气候暖干化对地表能量交换特征的影响

本文将观测试验资料与陆面过程模式模拟资料相结合, 对目前4个流行的陆面过程模式的模拟资料进行了验证分析, 发现通用陆面模式(CLM)模式的模拟资料在黄土高原地区比较可靠. 在此基础上,利用近几十年CLM模式模拟资料和气象站观测资料, 分析了黄土高原地区的区域气候和地表能量交换特征的变化规律, 研究了该地区地表能量交换对降水和温度变化的响应特征, 讨论了该地区气候变化对地表能量交换特征的影响机理. 研究发现,近几十年来黄土高原区域气候表现为明显的暖干化趋势, 从而引起太阳总辐射、地表反射辐射和地表长波向上辐射的增加 及地表长波向下辐射的减小,并由此造成地表净辐射通量减少. 与之相对应,不仅地表潜热通量呈减小趋势,而且地表感热通量和土壤热通量也呈减小趋势, 但地表热量分量的分配比例基本不变.并且发现,地表感热通量的年变化主要由太阳辐射控制, 而潜热通量的年变化则受太阳辐射和降水共同影响;地表热量分量的年际变化均对降水变化响应很敏感, 而对温度变化响应不太敏感,气候干旱化对地表能量平衡的影响比气温变暖的影响更突出. 关键词： 黄土高原 区域气候暖干化 陆面过程模拟 陆面能量交换     

黄土高原地表能量平衡分量年际变化及其对气候波动的响应

本文利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL站)2006—2012年陆面过程观测资料和榆中站气象资料,分析了7年间榆中气温降水的气候变化背景,讨论了陆面地表能量平衡分量的年际变化,研究了波文比、能量闭合度的年际波动,探讨了地表能量平衡分量以及各陆面过程参数对黄土高原气温、降水年际波动的反馈.结果显示,地表各能量分量都对气候背景的波动做出响应,但敏感性各有不同,净辐射与气温相关性最强,感热潜热与降水相关性较好.分为冬夏半年讨论后得出,冬半年地表平衡分量与气候波动的相关性更好.冬半年中,各分量又与气温有着较高的相关,可见该地区地表能量各分量对冬半年气温波动的响应更为敏感.波文比的上升趋势与该地区降水量减少的背景响应,说明干旱程度的加深.能量闭合度的波动变化显示了在气候变化的背景下该地区陆面能量不闭合程度的加深.     

黄土高原半干旱区地表能量不闭合及其对二氧化碳通量的影响

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University, SACOL) 2008年资料分析了SACOL代表的黄土高原半干旱区稀疏草地下垫面上的能量平衡闭合情况. 不同季节, 白天总体能量平衡比率在0.80左右. 夜间只有0.20左右. 选取不存在局地环流的资料, 考虑土壤热存储和垂直感热平流后, 白天能量平衡比率在85%以上, 春夏秋三季夜间也达到70%, 但冬季夜间能量闭合度仅为29.4%. 白天, 涡动相关系统对湍流热量通量观测的偏差存在季节差异, 冬季低估最多, 秋季次之, 春夏季观测相对较理想; 夜间, 涡动相关系统对湍流热通量严重低估. 湍流热量通量的低估通过空气密度效应修正传递对CO₂通量产生影响, 造成长期净碳交换的不确定性. WPL修正引入的湍流热量误差导致涡动相关系统错误地高估下垫面吸收存储CO₂能力, 全年NEE估计偏高41.2%. 关键词： 黄土高原 涡动相关 能量闭合 密度效应修正     

热学中的新物理量

通过与力学、电学的比拟,在热学中引入了热量的势、势能、速度、动能等新的物理量,从而可建立热量运动的守恒方程组.热量传递是不可逆过程,耗散的是热量的"能量".以耗散最小(热阻最小)为目标函数,就能对传热过程进行优化.傅立叶导热定律是热量运动方程在不计动量变化条件下的简化.在极端(低温、超高速、纳米尺度)条件下不再适用,引入新物理量后,能阐明热波、导热系数尺度效应等"超常"物理现象.     

热质的运动与传递-热波

根据爱因斯坦狭义相对论,热量具有其对应的相对论质量,并且引入了描述热质(热量)运动的连续方程、动量方程.本文根据热质(热量)运动控制方程组,导出了热质(热量)的波动方程,证明了热量具有波动的传递方式,当热质动能与热质的耗散在同一量级时,得到了有限的热波传播速度.分析了热波产生的物理机制.基于热质理论的热波模型与CV模型进行了比较,指出了CV模型在物理上的缺陷.最后对一维热波的传播过程进行了数值模拟,给出了超快速导热过程的物理图像.     

云和降水扰动对黄土高原半干旱草地辐射收支及能量分配的影响

地表辐射收支和能量分配对陆-气系统的反馈是气候模式中最重要的物理过程之一. 认识半干旱地区云和降水的扰动对辐射收支和能量分配的影响规律, 是提高数值模式中评估地表辐射收支和能量平衡参数化效果的关键环节. 利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站2008年的观测资料, 研究了云和降水的扰动对辐射收支各分量的削弱作用及对地表能量平衡的影响规律. 年平均结果表明, 多云状况可以作为年平均的气候背景; 云和降水对短波辐射削弱最强, 大气向下长波辐射随天空云量的增加而增强, 地表向上长波辐射随着云量的增加而减小, 净辐射占总辐射的比率受云和降水的影响较小. 季节平均结果显示, 短波辐射日积分量在生长季和非生长季均随云量的增加而降低, 生长季云和降水对短波辐射的削弱作用明显强于非生长季. 生长季, 晴天、少云和多云时向上长波辐射差异不大, 阴天时向下和向上长波辐射明显减小. 非生长季, 地表向上长波辐射受云和降水的影响较小, 日积分量变化不大, 向下长波辐射随云量的增多而增强. 地表反照率具有明显的日变化和季节变化, 冬季大, 秋季小; 地表反照率日变化呈不对称的“V”形分布. 生长季, 感热通量和土壤热通量随云量增多而减小; 潜热通量在晴天、少云和多云状况下随云量增多而增大; 阴天时受降水影响, 净辐射的严重削弱导致了潜热通量大大降低. 非生长季, 少云时净辐射日积分量最大, 晴天时的净辐射与多云和阴天状况接近; 感热和潜热通量随云量的增多而减小, 土壤热通量日平均积分值在非生长季为负. 生长季, 多云状况的能量闭合度最好, 能量不平衡差额占净辐射的3.9%; 阴天时最差, 不平衡差额占净辐射的16.8%; 晴天和少云状况不平衡差额约占净辐射量的7%. 非生长季受积雪影响, 能量不闭合差额明显大于生长季. 关键词： 半干旱草地 云和降水的扰动 辐射收支 能量平衡     

MODIS温度变化率与AMSR-E土壤水分的关系的提出与降尺度算法推广

土壤水分参数是陆面过程与水循环的重要影响因素。不同的遥感平台可提供不同时间和空间尺度的土壤水分,它们分别具有各自的优势与不足。利用被动微波辐射计AMSR-E土壤水分和MODIS地表温度、植被指数产品,作者探讨了地表温度变化率和土壤水分的关系,并借鉴地表温度T_s和归一化植被指数NDVI的特征空间理论,构造了温度变化率和土壤水分的三角形特征空间。随着地表温度变化率的增加,土壤水分的分布范围缩小,同时土壤水分的数值降低。作者由此提出了变温植被指数（TVVI）,并指出该指数与土壤水分呈稳定的幂指数函数关系,建立了土壤水分与温度变化率的经验定量模型。之后作者通过上述函数关系和高分辨率MODIS数据,实现了AMSR-E土壤水分数据的降尺度处理。与地面实测数据的比较表明,该降尺度方法的准确性较高。     

干旱区不同下垫面能量分配机理及对微气候反馈的研究

本文利用位于美国新墨西哥州距离接近并且天气背景相同的四种下垫面(沙漠草原、稀疏灌木林、稀树草原和浓密灌木林)站点的通量观测资料, 探讨了几种典型干旱下垫面的能量分配差异, 并分析了其对微气候的反馈机理. 结果表明, 四种下垫面叶面积指数和粗糙度在由沙漠草原指向浓密灌木林的梯度方向上呈现增加的趋势, 低覆盖度下垫面表现出更强的湍流输送阻力. 总体来看, 高覆盖度下垫面的净辐射、感热和潜热相对更高, 尤其在生长季更明显. 利用Penman-Monteith公式以及净辐射结合波文比两种方法诊断了在不同下垫面更替中湍流通量各影响因子的贡献. 随着植被覆盖程度的提高, 净辐射的变化对感热和潜热的变化起着决定作用, 且为正贡献; 地表阻抗和空气动力学阻抗变化引起的贡献相反. 此外, 沙漠草原和稀疏灌木林的地表温度和气温均高于浓密灌木林, 主要源于稀疏植被增大的空气动力学阻抗和波文比引起的增温贡献, 同时抵消了净辐射减小引起的降温效应, 表明在相同气候和天气背景下, 不同下垫面的陆面过程确实会对近地层微气候有明显的反馈作用.     

Micro cooling systems for high density packaging

Future 3D electronics packaging systems will require micro cooling systems that can be integrated and permit the continued use of air as a coolant. To achieve this, new types of silicon micro heat exchangers were made using an anisotropic etching process. Various heat exchanger configurations and sizes were made using sandwich and stacking techniques. They can be used either as a heat exchanger for direct cooling with compressed air or as a heat pipe and thermosyphon for indirect cooling with fan-blown air. The performance characteristics of the various cooling systems are stated. The micro-heat-pipe can be used for power loss densities of up to 3 W·cm⁻², the direct air cooling up to 15 W·cm⁻² and the thermosyphon up to 25 W·cm⁻². Cooling performances are achieved that are otherwise only possible with liquid cooling. The practical application of the micro cooling system is demonstrated using the example of the Pentium processor. With a power loss of 15 W, the high-performance micro cooling system is able to limit the increase in operating temperature to 15 K. The volume of the micro heat exchanger is 2.5 cm³ and therefore considerably smaller than that of standard heat sinks.     

The effect of physical back-diffusion of 13CO2 tracer on the coupling between photosynthesis and soil CO2 efflux in grassland

Pulse labelling experiments provide a common tool to study short-term processes in the plant–soil system and investigate below-ground carbon allocation as well as the coupling of soil CO₂ efflux to photosynthesis. During the first hours after pulse labelling, the measured isotopic signal of soil CO₂ efflux is a combination of both physical tracer diffusion into and out of the soil as well as biological tracer release via root and microbial respiration. Neglecting physical back-diffusion can lead to misinterpretation regarding time lags between photosynthesis and soil CO₂ efflux in grassland or any ecosystem type where the above-ground plant parts cannot be labelled in gas-tight chambers separated from the soil. We studied the effects of physical ¹³CO₂ tracer back-diffusion in pulse labelling experiments in grassland, focusing on the isotopic signature of soil CO₂ efflux. Having accounted for back-diffusion, the estimated time lag for first tracer appearance in soil CO₂ efflux changed from 0 to 1.81±0.56 h (mean±SD) and the time lag for maximum tracer appearance from 2.67±0.39 to 9.63±3.32 h (mean±SD). Thus, time lags were considerably longer when physical tracer diffusion was considered. Using these time lags after accounting for physical back-diffusion, high nocturnal soil CO₂ efflux rates could be related to daytime rates of gross primary productivity (R²=0.84). Moreover, pronounced diurnal patterns in the δ¹³C of soil CO₂ efflux were found during the decline of the tracer over 3 weeks. Possible mechanisms include diurnal changes in the relative contributions of autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration as well as their respective δ¹³C values. Thus, after accounting for physical back-diffusion, we were able to quantify biological time lags in the coupling of photosynthesis and soil CO₂ efflux in grassland at the diurnal time scale.     

Thermodynamic Evaluation and Sensitivity Analysis of a Novel Compressed Air Energy Storage System Incorporated with a Coal-Fired Power Plant

A novel compressed air energy storage (CAES) system has been developed, which is innovatively integrated with a coal-fired power plant based on its feedwater heating system. In the hybrid design, the compression heat of the CAES system is transferred to the feedwater of the coal power plant, and the compressed air before the expanders is heated by the feedwater taken from the coal power plant. Furthermore, the exhaust air of the expanders is employed to warm partial feedwater of the coal power plant. Via the suggested integration, the thermal energy storage equipment for a regular CAES system can be eliminated and the performance of the CAES system can be improved. Based on a 350 MW supercritical coal power plant, the proposed concept was thermodynamically evaluated, and the results indicate that the round-trip efficiency and exergy efficiency of the new CAES system can reach 64.08% and 70.01%, respectively. Besides, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the effects of ambient temperature, air storage pressure, expander inlet temperature, and coal power load on the performance of the CAES system. The above work proves that the novel design is efficient under various conditions, providing important insights into the development of CAES technology.     

我国北方不同类型下垫面地表反照率特征

地表反照率反映了地面对太阳辐射的反射能力,在地表能量平衡中起着非常重要的作用,本文利用"中国北方协同观测"的资料,分析了不同下垫面10个站点7-9月的反照率变化特征和对降水的响应,并讨论了榆中、通榆草地、通榆农田、密云、玛曲和锦州站地表反照率与太阳高度角和土壤湿度的关系,结果表明:反照率的相对关系是东北干旱草甸西北高寒草甸西北绿洲农田黄土高原自然植被东北半干旱草甸东北农田东北果林,并且反照率基本上和降水对应,降水量大的站点反照率小,降水量小的站点反照率大,反照率的日变化曲线分为早晚对称型,早上比较大、中午下午比较小和晚上最大、早上最小的不对称型三种,选取的6个观测站反照率的谷值一般出现在降水日,峰值一般出现在没有降水、太阳辐射比较强的日子,地表反照率随着太阳高度角的增大而减小,当太阳高度角大于40°时,地表反照率基本不变,榆中和通榆农田地表反照率随着土壤湿度增大减小较明显,其次是通榆草地,玛曲、密云和锦州地表反照率随着土壤湿度变化不明显。     

Measurement of Fluorescence Quantum Yield of Ultraviolet-Absorbing Substance Extracted from Red Alga: Porphyra yezoensis and its Photothermal Spectroscopy

Optical properties of an ultraviolet-absorbing substance (UVAS) extracted from the marine red alga, Porphyra yezoensis, have been investigated. The substance is excited by UV light, and the emitted fluorescence is detected using an intelligent fluorescence detector. The fluorescence of UVAS is weaker by four orders of magnitude than the fluorescence intensity emitted by anthracene in the same optical system. The absorbed energy is apparently not transferred to the photosynthesis process and is believed to be consumed as heat. Using photothermal spectroscopy, a signal is observed indicating that the absorbed photon energy has transferred to the heat. The waveform of the photothermal signal of UVAS is similar to that of quinoxaline, whose fluorescence quantum yield is known to be zero. It is determined that the fluorescence quantum yield and the energy of the triplet state of UVAS are 1.7 ± 0.7 ± 10⁻⁴ and 21000 ± 1000 cm ⁻¹, respectively. The conclusion is that the excited molecules of UVAS decay by passing through the triplet state and dissipate all absorbed energy as heat.