氨基酸改性聚乳酸

为了改善聚乳酸降解速度慢、细胞亲和性差等方面的不足,氨基酸对聚乳酸的改性工作正在得到人们越来越多的关注.本文综述了氨基酸对聚乳酸改性的各种方法,以及各种氨基酸改性聚乳酸材料的性能与应用.其中,较为常见的改性方法是合成聚(乳酸-氨基酸).展望氨基酸改性聚乳酸类生物降解材料的未来,降低合成成本是广泛应用的关键.因此,虽然目前广泛应用的聚(乳酸-氨基酸)合成途径是氨基酸环状衍生物(尤其是吗啉-2,5-二酮)开环聚合法,但经济有效地以氨基酸、乳酸等为原料的直接聚合法值得关注.     

直接熔融聚合法制备以胆酸为核的星型聚(D,L-乳酸)药物缓释材料及其表征

以廉价的外消旋乳酸(D,L-LA)为原料,胆酸为核,氧化亚锡为催化剂,采用熔融聚合法合成了星型结构的胆酸-聚(D,L-乳酸)共聚物,分别考察了预聚时间、催化剂种类、用量以及熔融共聚时间等的影响,并用FT-IR、1HNMR、GPC等对共聚物进行了表征。当胆酸和乳酸的投料比(以物质的量计)为1∶64、预聚8h、熔融共聚8h、熔融温度160℃、催化剂用量0.3%时,以51.9%的产率生成了重均分子量(Mw)达5600(分散度Mw/Mn=1.37)的共聚物。分析表明,每个星型结构高分子中含有一个胆酸单元核心。本方法步骤少,有利于该类含特殊功能基团的药物缓释材料的廉价、快速合成。     

直接熔融聚合法合成聚(乳酸-缬氨酸)

外消旋乳酸;缬氨酸;聚(乳酸-缬氨酸)共聚物;生物材料;直接合成;表征     

高效液相色谱法测定聚L乳酸中乳酸单体含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定了药用辅料聚L乳酸中乳酸单体的残留量。采用正交试验优化了色谱的条件,以甲醇-0.1mol.L磷酸二氢钾(5+95)混合液为流动相,流量为0.8mL.min-1,柱温为40℃。乳酸的质量浓度在2.00～100mg·L-1范围内与其峰高呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.50mg·L-1。对方法进行了回收率和精密度试验,样品的加标平均回收率为96%;测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.0%。     

聚乙二醇甲醚-聚(D,L-乳酸)嵌段共聚物纳米胶束的制备

聚乙二醇甲醚-聚(D;L-乳酸)嵌段共聚物纳米胶束的制备;聚乙二醇单甲醚;两亲性二嵌段共聚物;纳米沉淀技术     

以季戊四醇为核的星形聚(D,L-乳酸)的合成与表征

以廉价易得的D,L-乳酸和季戊四醇为原料,采用直接熔融聚合法合成了以季戊四醇为核的星形聚(D,L-乳酸)(3,Mw 5 200～20 100),Tg均低于线形聚(D,L-乳酸).3的结构经1H NMR,FT-IR,GPC和XRD表征.     

L(+)-乳酸提取纯化新工艺

发酵制备L(+)-乳酸过程中,发酵醪液分离提纯的时间和成本占到整个生产过程的一半以上,大大限制了乳酸生产工业的发展.针对此种情况,需探索出低成本高效率的分离提纯精制L(+)-乳酸的新工艺,以提高产品收率和纯度.本工艺过程:发酵醪液微波灭菌、高速离心、活性碳除色、膜过滤除蛋白质、柱分离、柱精制、真空浓缩得成品.生产过程不产生硫酸钙废弃物,减少对环境的污染,提取率由原来50%提高到71%以上.     

立构复合PL(D) LA-TMC无规共聚物的制备、结构与性能

以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,通过开环聚合法制备了聚左旋乳酸-三亚甲基碳酸酯(PLLA-TMC)和聚右旋乳酸-三亚甲基碳酸酯(PDLA-TMC)无规共聚物.利用共聚物中PLLA/PDLA链段形成立构复合体,通过溶液浇注法制备了PLLA-TMC/PDLA-TMC立构复合聚乳酸材料(sc-PLA-TMC).研究结果表明,聚合物链中的柔性TMC单元可以增强L(D)LA链段的运动能力,有助于不同旋光性的LA链段形成立构复合晶体,但也使得L(D)LA链段的规整度和序列长度降低.即随着共聚物链段中柔性TMC单元摩尔含量的增加,sc-PLA-TMC中同质结晶能力降低.当TMC含量≥5%时,仅生成熔点200℃的PLLA/PDLA立构复合结晶,表明sc-PLA-TMC的耐热性有所提高.蛋白酶K降解实验表明,PL(D)LA-TMC共聚物的降解速率不但比PLLA高,而且可通过共聚物中TMC含量进行调控.     

热裂解-气相色谱-质谱法鉴别生物可降解塑料

目前生物可降解塑料主要采用堆肥降解测定其生物降解性能的方法进行鉴别,其检测周期长、费用较高。材料的组成基本决定了其生物降解特性,为了快速鉴别生物可降解塑料,采用热裂解-气相色谱-质谱法(PY-GC-MS)对以聚对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)与不同质量比的其他成分包括生物可降解聚乳酸(PLA)、难降解材料聚苯乙烯(PS)或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)混合样的裂解特征进行了研究。结果显示,PBAT的裂解特征峰明显,未受到PLA的影响;若在PBAT中添加质量分数1%的非降解材质PS和PET也可被检出。方法用于市场上收集到的标识为可降解塑料购物袋样品的分析,结果表明,采用PY-GC-MS可以快速对可降解塑料进行初步鉴别。     

星形聚(D,L-乳酸)的合成

以D,L-丙交酯(1)和季戊四醇(2)为原料,辛酸亚锡为催化剂,采用熔融聚合法合成了以2为核的星形聚(D,L-乳酸)(3),其结构经1H NMR和GPC表征.研究了聚合温度、聚合时间、催化剂用量和2用量对3的外观、特性粘度、分子量及其分布的影响,结果发现提高聚合温度或增加2的用量都会使3的粘均分子量下降.     

Synthesis of a 1α-C-methyl analogue of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3: interaction with a mutant vitamin D receptor Arg274Leu

Vitamin D₃ analogues have been developed for a mutant vitamin D receptor (VDR), Arg274Leu. The mutant VDR has a mutation at Arg274, which forms an important hydrogen bond with 1α-OH of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ to anchor the ligand tightly in the VDR ligand binding pocket. Stereoselective synthesis of the A-ring part of the novel vitamin D analogue, 2α-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α-methyl-25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (4), from d-galactose was accomplished with the key steps of the introduction of the methyl and allyl groups to the chiral building blocks. The new analogue 4 is ca. 7.3-fold more active than the natural hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1).     

维生素D包合物中维生素D的高效液相色谱测定

Vitamin D in the VDHCD inclusion complex was determined by HPLC on a Resolve silica column usingamobile phase of n-hexane:n-amylalcohol=95:5(V/V)and UV detection at 254 nm.The quantitative de-termination was performed with dimethyl phthalate as the internal standard.     

合成氨装置101D堵塞物中晶体定性分析

基于Boentgen、Laue与Ewald、W.H.Bragg及W.L.Bragg、Friedrich和Knipping等前辈X射线及其晶体学的研究与发现,X射线晶体结构分析已成为研究原子或离子在晶体点阵中结合、鉴定晶体化合物空间结构的可靠方法.Debye-Scherrer粉晶X射线衍射法(XRPD)在合成氨装置101D工况技术分析中,比较有意义的实际应用是解决由不同单质或化合物组成的复杂混合堵塞物中晶体的鉴定问题.采用XRPD定性分析了合成氨装置101D堵塞物样品中的主要晶体成分.实验结果表明:本法对合成氨装置101D工况技术分析具有重要的意义.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定维生素D_2和维生素D_3

提出了用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)分离和测定胶囊、油状试剂中维生素D2及维生素D3的含量。样品用甲醇超声提取,提取液用甲醇定容至100mL,经0.45μm滤膜过滤后供HPLC分析。采用Zorbax SB-C18反相色谱柱及C18保护柱作为分离柱,乙腈作为流动相,流量为1.0mL.min-1,在波长265nm处作紫外检测,进样量为20μL。维生素D2和维生素D3的质量浓度在0.50～20mg.L-1范围内与相应的峰面积呈线性关系,测得检出限(3S/N)依次为0.030,0.026mg.L-1。此方法应用于实样分析并在此基础用标准加入法做回收试验,同时进行精密度试验,测得回收率在95.0%～99.4%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.2%～2.6%之间。     

Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging and its use in quantifying organ and pathology volumes

Although ultrasonography is an important cost-effective imaging modality, technical improvements are needed before its full potential is realized for accurate and reproducible monitoring of disease progression or regression. Two-dimensional viewing of three-dimensional anatomy, using conventional ultrasonography, limits our ability to quantify and visualize pathology and is partly responsible for the reported variability in diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. Efforts of investigators have focused on overcoming these deficiencies by developing 3D ultrasound imaging techniques that are capable of acquiring B-mode images using existing conventional ultrasound systems, reconstructing the information into 3D images, and then allowing interactive viewing of the 3D images on inexpensive desktop computers. In addition, the availability of 3D ultrasound images has allowed the development of manual and semi-automated techniques to quantify normal and abnormal anatomical volumes. In this paper we review our semi-automated 3D segmentation approaches for segmenting the surface of the carotid arteries and plaques, and segmenting the prostate. These techniques demonstrate that efficient segmentation techniques can be used with 3D ultrasound images to quantify anatomical organ volumes and morphology.     

Structure determination of Aervins A‐D,new coumaronochromone analogues from Aerva persica,by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy

Aervins A‐D (1‐4), four new coumaronochromone analogues have been isolated from the CHCl₃‐soluble fraction of the MeOH extract of the whole plant of Aerva persica. Their structures were assigned based on ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR spectra, DEPT, and by 2DNMR experiments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GRGDS修饰D,L-丙交酯-β-苹果酸共聚物的生物相容性研究

聚(D,L-丙交酯-β-苹果酸)(P-COOH)进行改性制得GRGDS修饰聚合物(P-GS5),利用红外光谱、元素分析和X射线光电子能谱确定了材料的结构和组成.通过内皮细胞粘附实验发现P-GS5可明显提高内皮细胞粘附(PDLLA,45%;P-GS5,109%),改善材料的细胞亲和性;同时血小板粘附实验结果也表明P-GS5可有效抑制血小板粘附(PDLLA,47%;P-GS5,18%),降低血栓形成的几率.     

Phospholipase D inhibitor enhances radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells

Radiation and drug resistance remain the major challenges and causes of mortality in the treatment of locally advanced, recurrent and metastatic breast cancer. Dysregulation of phospholipase D (PLD) has been found in several human cancers and is associated with resistance to anticancer drugs. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of PLD inhibition on cell survival, cell death and DNA damage after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). Combined IR treatment and PLD inhibition led to an increase in the radiation-induced apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cells. The selective inhibition of PLD1 and PLD2 led to a significant decrease in the IR-induced colony formation of breast cancer cells. Moreover, PLD inhibition suppressed the radiation-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and enhanced the radiation-stimulated phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Furthermore, PLD inhibition, in combination with radiation, was very effective at inducing DNA damage, when compared with radiation alone. Taken together, these results suggest that PLD may be a useful target molecule for the enhancement of the radiotherapy effect.     

Stereoselective synthesis of (22Z)-25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and (22Z)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2

Two new vitamin D₂ analogues, (22Z)-25-(OH)-D₂ and (22Z)-1α,25-(OH)₂-D₂, were serendipitously synthesized from vitamin D₂ and using the Julia-Kocienski olefination.     

0D/1D AgI/MoO3 Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst: Highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst for sulfamethoxazole degradation

Low dimension nano photocatalysts show great potential in the field of treating contaminated water for their large surface area and size effect. In this study, a 0D/1D AgI/MoO₃ Z-scheme photocatalyst with striking photocatalytic performance was constructed successfully. The one-dimensional MoO₃ nanobelts were prepared by a simple hydrothermal method, and then it was modified by AgI nanoparticles in a handy deposition approach. When choosing sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) as the target contaminant, the rate constant value of the optimal 0D/1D AgI/MoO₃ composite could hit up to 0.13 min⁻¹, which is nearly 22.4 times and 32.5 times as that of pure MoO₃ (0.0058 min⁻¹) and AgI (0.0040 min⁻¹), respectively. A series of detailed characterizations give evidences that the charge transfer in the composite followed Z scheme mechanism. Therefore, efficient separation/transfer and the remained high redox activity of photogenerated carriers played a vital role in the sharply enhanced photocatalytic properties. The possible degradation pathways of SMZ were proposed based on the intermediates detected by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Meanwhile, the magnificent cyclic stability makes the material a promising material in the practical application.