利用串并联电阻法实现NTC热敏电阻测温线性化的探究

负温度系数(NTC)热敏电阻由于其灵敏度高、工作温度范围宽、使用方便等优点,在温度测量、温度控制等方面具有广泛的应用。但NTC热敏电阻的R-T特性存在着严重的非线性,在实际使用中,为了能更方便地进行测量,需要对它进行线性化处理。本文针对大学基础物理实验中使用的NTC热敏电阻,探究了用串并联电阻法设计近似线性化NTC热敏电阻R-T特性的方案,给出了一种简单易行的确定串并联电阻阻值的方法,并进行了实验验证。该方法在精度要求不高的情况是一种比较实用的热敏电阻线性化方法。     

实验数据的回归分析──可编程序计算器Fx-702P用于实验教学

回归分析(或 称相关分析)是处 理物理量之间函数关系的一种数学方法.在实验研究中我们往往实际测出两个或两个以上物理量的几组对应数值,根据这些实测数据,再归纳出物理量之间的函数关系,即求出物理量之间的经验公式.这样的数据处理过程就是回归分析.这种分析方法在科学研究和生产实践中非常有用,在实验教学中应教会学生使用这一有效的数据处理方法.随着袖珍机、微型机的日益普及,应在实验教学中教会学生使用现代计算工具来完成这些数学处理.本文使用 FX-702 P可编程序计算器的 BASIC程序,对物理实验中常见的几类数据进行了分析处理.一…     

热敏电阻电桥温度计二步线性化方法的实验研究

结合热敏电阻电桥温度计提出了一种处理非线性问题的二步线性化方法,导出了几种典型的二步线性化方法的线性方程、最大非线性误差及温度测量最大误差的解析式,并指出二步线性化方法的最佳方案,同时给出与几种典型二步线性化方法对应的电桥参数的确定步骤.理论分析与实验结果表明:二步线性化方法是正确的,当测温范围为25～85℃时,其最佳方案的温度测量最大误差比一步线性化方法减少约1.4℃.     

大学物理实验中测量不确定度的分析研究

在大学物理实验中,测量不确定度是实验分析的一个重要内容.根据不确定度的分析过程,再结合具体的实验数据,分别对大学物理实验中弹性模量、液体表面张力系数和平凸透镜的曲率半径这3个具有代表性实验的不确定度进行了分析讨论.通过本文的分析,可以为大学物理实验教学和学生处理实验数据提供一个参考,同时能够锻炼学生处理实验数据的能力,也有助于培养学生的意志品质.     

Origin9.0软件在大学物理实验数据处理中的应用探讨

以单摆法测重力加速度和测定金属导体电阻温度系数实验为例,详细描述了origin9.0软件在实验数据处理中的应用,结果表明在大学物理实验教学中引入origin9.0软件处理数据非常准确高效,并进一步提高大学生学习兴趣和整体素质。     

基于数据同化和差分进化算法的图像融合

针对现有融合方法不易根据后续处理目的对融合规则进行自适应调整,不同方法的优点不易综合的问题,提出一个基于数据同化和差分进化算法的图像融合框架.在该框架下,将基于非采样下的Contourlet变换作为模型算子,离散小波变换作为观测算子,可根据后续处理对图像各个属性指标值的依赖程度确定各个属性指标的权重,构造由图像各个属性评价指标的加权和所组成的目标函数,再利用差分进化算法来优化目标函数,从而获取更合适的图像.二组实验从视觉效果和量化指标(标准方差、平均梯度、熵、空间频率及均方根交叉熵)两方面验证了该框架的有效性.     

电子逸出功测定实验中不等精度测量数据的最小二乘法拟合

金属电子逸出功测定实验中的阳极电流与阳极电压、发射电流与灯丝温度的关系都是非线性的。经对数变换线性化后,这些数据都是不等精度的。本文讨论了对这些不等精度测量数据的最小二乘法处理并比较了两种拟合数据的方法。     

利用Origin处理波尔共振实验数据

介绍了如何利用origin软件处理波尔共振实验数据的方法。     

水下目标辐射噪声的非线性检验

由于非线性是混沌产生的必要条件,所以讨论一个观测时间序列是否具有非线性,对进一步利用混沌时间序列方法分析观测时间序列很有意义。本文讨论水下目标辐射噪声信号中非线性问题,运用替代数据方法,根据实验数据与替代数据之间峭度和自相关两个量的差异性,分析了水下目标辐射噪声信号中的非线性成分,得出结论：水下目标辐射噪声信号中存在非线性成分,且这种非线性不是由于静态测量函数的非线性引起的,为利用非线性时间序列分析方法分析水下目标噪声信号提供了理论依据。     

Matlab在PN结特性研究实验数据处理中的应用

在pn结物理特性研究实验中,为了验证流过pn结的正向电流和加在pn结两端的正向电压满足指数关系,通常的做法是通过测量数据,选择几种函数关系,把数据代入分别验证。本文主要介绍利用matlab工具箱来处理该实验中的数据,比通常的做法简单方便且更直观,能够让实验者对该实验有深一步的认识。     

ZnSe－ZnS量子阱的光学非线性

半导体量子阱及超晶格材料具有室温激子效应以及强的光学非线性从而得到人们广泛的重视。利用半导体量子阱和超晶格可以制备出高速度、低闭值、小尺寸及室温工作的半导体激光器、光双稳器件等一系列光电子器件.     

基于高斯核主成分分析的多通道拉曼光谱重建

针对多通道拉曼成像系统常会受荧光背景、噪声等非线性因素的影响而导致拉曼光谱重建结果一般的问题,提出了一种基于高斯核主成分分析的拉曼光谱重建算法.首先利用相似度因子对标定样本数据集进行预处理,其次通过高斯核函数将标定样本以非线性形式映射至高维特征空间,接着在特征空间中对映射后的数据集提取基函数并通过伪逆法求得与之对应的基函数系数.使用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯作为测试样本,并引入均方根误差来评估拉曼光谱重建结果的准确性.实验结果表明,相比传统的伪逆法与维纳估计法,该算法具有更高的重建精度及抗噪能力,且能有效降低标定样本中不良数据和成像系统中非线性因素对拉曼光谱重建的影响.因此,该算法可以为多通道拉曼快速成像提供一种有效的拉曼光谱重建算法.     

Nonlinear finite element model updating of an infilled frame based on identified time-varying modal parameters during an earthquake

A model updating methodology is proposed for calibration of nonlinear finite element (FE) models simulating the behavior of real-world complex civil structures subjected to seismic excitations. In the proposed methodology, parameters of hysteretic material models assigned to elements (or substructures) of a nonlinear FE model are updated by minimizing an objective function. The objective function used in this study is the misfit between the experimentally identified time-varying modal parameters of the structure and those of the FE model at selected time instances along the response time history. The time-varying modal parameters are estimated using the deterministic–stochastic subspace identification method which is an input–output system identification approach. The performance of the proposed updating method is evaluated through numerical and experimental applications on a large-scale three-story reinforced concrete frame with masonry infills. The test structure was subjected to seismic base excitations of increasing amplitude at a large outdoor shake-table. A nonlinear FE model of the test structure has been calibrated to match the time-varying modal parameters of the test structure identified from measured data during a seismic base excitation. The accuracy of the proposed nonlinear FE model updating procedure is quantified in numerical and experimental applications using different error metrics. The calibrated models predict the exact simulated response very accurately in the numerical application, while the updated models match the measured response reasonably well in the experimental application.     

On Modeling of the Spectral Line Shape of Heavy Neutral Nonhydrogen-Like Emitters

A method of simulating the contour of the asymmetric spectral lines of neutral nonhydrogen-like atoms in a plasma is suggested. The methods of nonlinear regression are used to approximate the experimental data by a model function. The method has been checked on the spectral lines emitted by the electric arc stabilized by the walls. The method makes it possible to evaluate the Stark parameters directly from the experimentally obtained shapes of isolated or overlapping spectral lines.     

Murrell-Sorbie势能参数与双原子分子光谱数据的关系研究

研究了Murrell-Sorbie势能参数与双原子分子光谱数据的关系.根据光谱数据编程计算了卤化氢分子的力常数和Murrell-Sorbie势能参数.反过来,运用ab initio和非线性最小二乘法拟合出了HF分子的Murrell-Sorbie势能函数和势能参数;并由此计算了HF分子的光谱数据,与实验光谱数据符合较好.这对难以获得实验光谱数据的双原子分子和离子的动力学研究有一定的参考价值.     

具有迟滞非线性的金属橡胶隔振器参数识别研究

金属橡胶隔振器具有非线性的动力学特性,对这种迟滞阻尼隔振器进行建模研究,建立了参数有物理意义的动力学模型.根据单自由度性能试验,进行了有关参数的试验识别方法研究,应用能量法及最小二乘法将非线性方程组转化为关于参数的线性方程组,从而对金属橡胶隔振器参数进行识别.识别结果与实验结果有较好的一致性,识别结果也说明了结构参数对隔振器性能的影响. 关键词： 金属橡胶隔振器 动力学模型 迟滞非线性 参数识别     

White-light spectral interferometric technique to measure a nonlinear phase function of a thin-film structure

We present a new two-step white-light spectral interferometric technique to measure a nonlinear phase function of a thin-film structure. The technique is based on recording of channeled spectra at the output of a Michelson interferometer and their processing by using a windowed Fourier transform to retrieve the phase functions. First, the phase function including the effect of a thin-film structure is retrieved. Second, the structure is replaced by a reference sample of known phase change on reflection and the corresponding phase function is retrieved. From the two functions, the nonlinear phase function of the thin-film structure is obtained. The feasibility of this simple method is confirmed in processing the experimental data for a SiO₂ thin film on a Si wafer of known optical constants. Four samples of the thin film are used and their thicknesses are determined. The thicknesses obtained are compared with those resulting from reflectometric measurements, and a good agreement is confirmed.     

A statistical method for characterizing the noise in nonlinearly reconstructed images from undersampled MR data: The POCS example

The projection-onto-convex-sets (POCS) algorithm is a powerful tool for reconstructing high-resolution images from undersampled k-space data. It is a nonlinear iterative method that attempts to estimate values for missing data. The convergence of the algorithm and its other deterministic properties are well established, but relatively little is known about how noise in the source data influences noise in the final reconstructed image. In this paper, we present an experimental treatment of the statistical properties in POCS and investigate 12 stochastic models for its noise distribution beside its nonlinear point spread functions. Statistical results show that as the ratio of the missing k-space data increases, the noise distribution in POCS images is no longer Rayleigh as with conventional linear Fourier reconstruction. Instead, the probability density function for the noise is well approximated by a lognormal distribution. For small missing data ratios, however, the noise remains Rayleigh distributed. Preliminary results show that in the presence of noise, POCS images are often dominated by POCS-enhanced noise rather than POCS-induced artifacts. Implicit in this work is the presentation of a general statistical method that can be used to assess the noise properties in other nonlinear reconstruction algorithms.     

Cylindrical electromagnetic waves in a nonlinear nondispersive medium: Exact solutions of the Maxwell equations

The excitation and propagation of cylindrical electromagnetic waves in a nonlinear nondispersive medium are analyzed. It is assumed that the medium lacks a center of symmetry and that the dependence of the electric displacement on the electric field can be approximated by an exponential function. For this case, a method for integrating the system of the Maxwell equations is proposed. Exact solutions to a set of nonlinear electromagnetic field equations are obtained by this method. It is shown that nonlinear effects described by these solutions can become apparent under experimental conditions.     

Correlation dimension: A pivotal statistic for non-constrained realizations of composite hypotheses in surrogate data analysis

Currently surrogate data analysis can be used to determine if data is consistent with various linear systems, or something else (a nonlinear system). In this paper we propose an extension of these methods in an attempt to make more specific classifications within the class of nonlinear systems.

In the method of surrogate data one estimates the probability distribution of values of a test statistic for a set of experimental data under the assumption that the data is consistent with a given hypothesis. If the probability distribution of the test statistic is different for different dynamical systems consistent with the hypothesis, one must ensure that the surrogate generation technique generates surrogate data that are a good approximation to the data. This is often achieved with a careful choice of surrogate generation method and for noise driven linear surrogates such methods are commonly used.

This paper argues that, in many cases (particularly for nonlinear hypotheses), it is easier to select a test statistic for which the probability distribution of test statistic values is the same for all systems consistent with the hypothesis. For most linear hypotheses one can use a reliable estimator of a dynamic invariant of the underlying class of processes. For more complex, nonlinear hypothesis it requires suitable restatement (or cautious statement) of the hypothesis. Using such statistics one can build nonlinear models of the data and apply the methods of surrogate data to determine if the data is consistent with a simulation from a broad class of models. These ideas are illustrated with estimates of probability distribution functions for correlation dimension estimates of experimental and artificial data, and linear and nonlinear hypotheses.