交流磁场振幅和频率对J_c不均匀超导体谐波的影响

本文采用Jc不均匀超导体模型来研究多晶超导体的磁性质,运用非线性磁通蠕动模型,通过数值模拟得到交流磁化率基波及谐波随温度的变化关系.系统分析了交流磁场振幅和频率改变对Jc不均匀超导体交流磁化率基波及谐波的影响.结果表明,交流磁场振幅和频率的变化对交流磁化率的影响存在显著差异,并归因为交流磁场振幅和频率的改变引起的磁弛豫时间的改变不同所致.上述结果为分析Jc不均匀超导体交流磁化率的实验现象提供了相关依据.     

高温超导YBCO薄膜中的传输交流损耗

基于Norris方程和Bean临界态模型,考虑薄膜超导体内的磁场和电流密度分布特性,通过解析求解的方法推导出薄膜超导体在传输外加电流时其内部的磁场和电流密度以及传输交流损耗的解析表达式,从定量的角度研究超导体截面几何形状对传输交流损耗的影响.结果表明薄膜超导体边缘处的剧烈变化的磁场和电流的分布以及无场区的电流承载能力是...     

外场因素对高温超导堆叠带材交流损耗的影响

REBCO高温超导带材在传输电流时会产生交流损耗,从而影响超导设备的稳定运行。基于麦克斯韦方程组,结合超导体的非线性E-J关系,使用H方法推导求解超导体交流损耗的数值计算公式,利用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元仿真软件建立二维轴对称模型并进行计算。结果表明,在通入交变电流后,超导带材由于抗磁性会出现部分零磁通区域,随着传输电流幅值、磁通蠕变系数、频率及环境温度的增大,磁通穿透深度逐渐增大,零磁通区域逐渐减小,传输电流主要分布于带材两端。增大传输电流幅值、磁通蠕变系数以及环境温度中任一变量,交流损耗随之增大,而交流损耗随频率的增大而减小。合理选取超导带材参数可有效降低交流损耗,保障超导设备安全运行。     

在交变外磁场作用下处于迈斯纳态的超导体内的电磁场和能量变化（英文）

本文以一个无限大的超导平板为例,分析它在正弦外磁场作用下处于Meissner态时的电磁场以及能量变化的特征,计算结果表明在准静态外磁场作用下超导体内的磁场、电场以及感应电流都随着透入表面的深度迅速衰减而没有滞后现象.根据超导电流和穿透深度的定义以及London方程,分析了超导体内超导电流与感应电场乘积的物理意义.我们计算并分析了流入超导体的电磁能与内部的磁场能、电场能、超导电子动能之间的转化关系,结果表明这四种能量之间的转化是完全可逆的,超导体内不存在任何损耗.     

高温超导体磁通跳跃数值模拟

文中基于超导磁通动力学理论,考虑电磁力与热激活对磁通运动的影响,基本物理模型由等效电阻率随超导体温度和磁场变化的磁通扩散方程,以及比热随超导体温度变化的热传导方程组成。在此基础上,用差分法数值求解了这一复杂非线性系统的磁热耦合控制方程,得到了与实验观测结果基本一致的数值模拟结果。结果还表明：外加磁场变化速度、超导体初始温度以及超导尺寸对于磁通跳跃均产生明显的影响。     

传输交流的Bi2223/Ag高温超导带在不同取向交流外场下的交流损耗

在高温超导的电力应用中，如超导电机、变压器等，多数情况下，高温超导带材在通以交流传输电流的同时还处于交变磁场中。此时，超导体的交流损耗不仅依赖于磁场的大小，还与磁场相对于超导带面的取向有关。本文在77K及工频50Hz情况下，实验研究了单根多芯Bi2223/Ag高温超导带及两带并联时的交流损耗随着外磁场与带面夹角的变化情况；以及交流磁场对临界电流的影响情况；并对单根带及两带并联的实验结果进行了比较与分析。     

交变磁场作用下高温超导体温度变化研究

高温超导体在交变的磁场作用下,由于磁通的运动引起能量损耗,损耗的能量一部分通过超导体表面传递到冷却剂中,另一部分将使得超导体的温度升高。文中用数值的方法研究了外加磁场速度在0.0005T/s—5T/s变化情况下超导体的温度变化;当外磁场的速度由小到大变化时,超导板的状态会发生从稳定→不稳定(磁通跳跃)→稳定的变化;慢变磁场作用下超导体的温度在接近冷却剂温度的温区作微幅的周期性变化,当外加磁场速度比较大时,超导体发生磁通跳跃,温度也呈跳跃性变化,进一步加大外磁场速度,磁通和温度呈准周期的振荡型变化,而且振荡幅值随外磁场速度的增加逐渐减小,最后振荡消失,超导体在更高的温区稳定运行,温度呈周期性变化。     

电流环支承的超导球表面磁场计算

本文基于磁荷模型采用解析方法推证出电流环在超导球表面产生的磁场分布.首先不考虑超导球的抗磁性,由Biot-Savart定律计算出电流环在球面产生的磁场.再根据Meissner态超导体的边界条件,并基于磁荷模型计算出超导球的感应磁场.将电流环产生磁场与超导球的感应磁场叠加得到超导球表面的合磁场.     

两种减少高温超导风机交流损耗的结构优化方法

超导线圈的制冷问题是高温超导(HTS)风力发电机研究中的一个重点,尤其是在使用接触式制冷的超导电机中,现有制冷机的制冷功率普遍较低,这就要求超导线圈的交流损耗不能太大。在超导风力发电机中,为了减少交流损耗,通常将超导线圈放置在转子中作为励磁线圈使用。在定子齿部材料为铁磁材料的旋转电机中,气隙磁场会发生畸变,转子旋转时超导线圈处会出现交变磁场,产生交流损耗。通过有限元软件仿真,以使用接触式制冷系统的2.5MW高温超导风力发电机为研究对象,证明使用铁磁材料的定子齿部结构是造成超导线圈处交变磁场和交流损耗的主要原因。采用均一化模型计算交流损耗,提出两种减小交变磁场和交流损耗的结构优化方法,即定子齿部采用非磁性材料和在气隙处增加磁屏蔽层。     

两种减少高温超导风机交流损耗的结构优化方法北大核心

超导线圈的制冷问题是高温超导(HTS)风力发电机研究中的一个重点,尤其是在使用接触式制冷的超导电机中,现有制冷机的制冷功率普遍较低,这就要求超导线圈的交流损耗不能太大。在超导风力发电机中,为了减少交流损耗,通常将超导线圈放置在转子中作为励磁线圈使用。在定子齿部材料为铁磁材料的旋转电机中,气隙磁场会发生畸变,转子旋转时超导线圈处会出现交变磁场,产生交流损耗。通过有限元软件仿真,以使用接触式制冷系统的2.5MW高温超导风力发电机为研究对象,证明使用铁磁材料的定子齿部结构是造成超导线圈处交变磁场和交流损耗的主要原因。采用均一化模型计算交流损耗,提出两种减小交变磁场和交流损耗的结构优化方法,即定子齿部采用非磁性材料和在气隙处增加磁屏蔽层。     

Finite element analysis of AC loss in non-twisted Bi-2223 tape carrying AC transport current and/or exposed to DC or AC external magnetic field

AC losses in Bi-2223 superconducting tapes carrying AC transport current and/or exposed to DC or AC magnetic field are calculated with a numerical model based on the finite element method. Superconducting property is given by the E–J characteristic represented by a power law using equivalent conductivity. First, transport loss and magnetization loss are calculated numerically and compared with measured values. The calculated losses almost agree with the measured losses. Frequency dependencies of calculated and measured transport losses are compared with each other. Next, the influence of DC external magnetic field on the transport loss is studied. DC external magnetic field reduces n that is an exponent in the power law connecting resistivity and current density. The numerically calculated transport loss increases with increasing DC magnetic field. Finally, the total loss of superconducting tape carrying AC transport current in AC magnetic field is calculated. In the perpendicular magnetic field, the calculated total loss is lager than the sum of the transport loss and the magnetization loss, while they almost agree with each other in the parallel magnetic field.     

Numerical modelings of superconducting wires for AC loss calculations

Superconducting properties of superconducting wires as well as the influence of their composite structure and twisting should be taken into account for their numerical modeling for AC loss calculations. Furthermore, complicated electromagnetic conditions in electrical apparatuses under which superconducting wires are used influence their AC loss properties; superconducting wires carry their transport current and are exposed to the external magnetic field whose direction and magnitude vary spatially. A series of numerical models of superconducting tapes based on the finite element method has been developed. In each model, some of the above-mentioned factors that could influence the AC loss properties are taken into account. The models are formulated with the current vector potential and the scalar magnetic potential (T–Ω method). Superconducting property is given by the E–J characteristic represented by a power law. The current distributions in non-twisted and twisted superconducting tapes carrying their transport current and/or exposed to the external magnetic field are calculated with these models to estimate their AC loss. The current distribution in a short piece of superconducting tape exposed to AC magnetic field is also calculated.     

Influence of DC external magnetic field on AC transport current loss of HTS tape

We measured the AC transport current loss of Bi 2223 multifilament Ag-sheathed tape under DC external magnetic field of 0–0.2 T. There were discrepancies between the measured data and Norris' formula for elliptical model in the range of low value of I_p/I_c (I_p and I_c are peak of the AC transport current and critical current of the tape respectively), while without DC background field, the loss of the tape was close to Norris' formula. Theoretically speaking, even with the DC background field and decreased critical current the AC transport current loss of the tape follows Norris' formula which is derived from the Bean model. When DC background field is applied to the HTS tape, n value of the power law E–J characteristics decreases together with the decrease of J_c. Dependence of the AC transport current loss on the n value was analyzed by numerical calculation. The results show that the loss depends on the n value and that decrease of the n value is one of the causes of the discrepancies between the measured data and Norris' formula.     

A simple electromagnetic method of cyclic loss measurement for superconducting wires in a combined alternating transverse magnetic field and transport current

We measured cyclic losses in a superconducting wire, carrying alternating transport current, simultaneously exposed to an alternating transverse magnetic field. Samples of Bi-2223 Ag-sheathed tapes have configuration of a double-layer non-inductive coil, which itself is a pickup coil to measure the AC losses. Potential taps were attached to both terminals of the sample coil. The external field was applied along the axis of the sample coil. In this procedure, we can estimate an averaged Poynting's vector on a cylindrical surface between the two layers by means of signals from a pair of the potential taps and from pickup coils for the external magnetic field and the transport current. We can also measure a magnetization and an extended transport-current components of AC losses in addition to a total cyclic loss for a combined alternating external field and transport current. Obtained results are compared with numerical predictions of the critical state model taking into account the magnetic field dependence of critical current density.     

Measuring transport current loss of BSCCO/Ag tapes exposed to external AC magnetic field

BSCCO/Ag tape superconductors are developed for electrical power applications at liquid nitrogen temperatures. In these applications, e.g., superconducting transformers and power cables, an AC transport current and an AC magnetic field are present at the same time. A set-up to measure the influence of external AC magnetic field on the transport current loss, i.e., the voltage drop across a sample supplied with an AC transport current, has been developed. The magnetic field can be applied both parallel and perpendicular to the broad side of the tape conductor. An increase of the transport current loss due to the external AC magnetic field is observed. When a DC external magnetic field is applied the increase of the self-field loss can be described well by the decrease of the critical current due to the magnetic field. In the case of an AC external magnetic field this is only a minor effect. For magnetic field amplitudes higher than a certain threshold value the transport current loss is described reasonably well by the self-field loss and a dynamic resistance contribution calculated from the DC voltage–current relation in AC magnetic field.     

AC losses in multifilamentary HTS-composite tapes based on BiPbSrCaCuO

Some results of AC loss measurements are presented for 19, 61, 127-filamentary Bi-2223/Ag tapes prepared by the ‘powder-in-tube' method. All measurements have been made at T=77 K under sinusoidal transport current with frequency in the range of 30–600 Hz and the current amplitude up to 30 A. The measurements have been carried out both in self field conditions and at the external magnetic field applied to the tape at the different angles. The dependencies of the AC losses on current amplitude and frequency have been obtained. It is found that for all tapes the current amplitude dependencies of the AC losses show good agreement with the Norris prediction for an elliptical or strip geometry. The AC loss dependencies on frequency were linear. The measurements of AC losses in external magnetic field show that the change of AC losses is only through the change of the critical current. So the transport AC losses in the tapes are the ‘saturation losses' that is they are different from classic hysteresis losses.     

AC transport current loss of assembled conductor of HTS tapes

We study experimentally and theoretically the AC transport current loss characteristics of a tape in multiple tapes assembled in single layer and subject to external field produced by transport currents of adjacent tapes. We measured the AC transport current losses of a Bi2223 silver-sheathed tape in a single layer arrangement of three tapes using our newly developed potential leads arrangement to avoid spurious loss components caused by the magnetization in the adjacent tapes. In the paper, the influence of the external AC field produced by adjacent tapes on the loss characteristics is studied based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis.     

基于改进电测法的Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带的交流损耗研究

研究了B i-2223/Ag高温超导带材的交流传输损耗与频率及运行电流的关系。采用锁相放大器激励,内参考方式,首先对纯阻性相位进行定标的改良电测法,对带材的交流传输损耗进行测量。实验在温度77K,频率45-200Hz的范围内进行。实验结果显示:当运行电流幅值小于临界电流时,传输损耗与电流的关系式(P-In)中,指数n介于2-3之间,说明这时的损耗除来源于磁滞损耗外,涡流损耗的作用也不可忽略。鉴于电测法测得的交流损耗与Norris模型的理论计算值差别较大,分析了这种差别产生的原因,并与另一种B i系高温超导带的交流损耗情况进行了对比;此外还对实验误差的大小进行了理论估测。     

高温超导YBCO线圈交流损耗的频率特性

YBCO线圈的交流损耗直接关系到YBCO设备的运行成本及稳定性。实现对YBCO线圈交流损耗的快速、准确测量,对于开展YBCO涂层导体的应用研究具有重要的意义。文中采用电测量法,在77K、零场和不同频率条件下,对YBCO线圈通以不同运行电流时产生的交流传输损耗进行测量。构建了YBCO线圈交流损耗的数值计算模型,对YBCO线圈交流损耗进行理论研究,最后将实验数据与理论计算结果进行比较,两者结果基本一致。可以发现,YBCO线圈在频率低于75Hz时,交流传输损耗随频率的增大而减小,当频率从75Hz增加到195Hz时,交流传输损耗随频率的增大而增加。     

Effect of the sheath resistivity and tape geometry on eddy current loss in Bi(2223) tapes

We have made a software electromagnetic simulation of eddy current effects in Bi(2223)Ag sheathed tapes with applied AC transport current in a broad frequency range. We have used simple models of monocore and multicore tapes. Calculated is the power distribution (W/m³) within the metal sheath using the geometry of real tapes. The numerical simulation is carried out with Finite-element-method software. The paper also describes the influence of the tape cross-sectional architecture and the sheath resistivity on the eddy current loss.