单缝衍射法测量金属棒杨氏模量的实验研究

介绍了一个用单缝衍射法测量金属棒杨氏模量的综合性实验, 实验中对测量金属棒杨氏模量的传统实 验装置进行了改进, 用单缝衍射法测量微小变化长度, 从而提高了实验的测量精度, 降低了实验误差     

干涉法测量橡胶材料杨氏模量的研究

橡胶材料杨氏模量的常见拉伸测量方法是光杠杆法,本文通过劈尖干涉的方法测量出橡胶条在轴向拉力作用下直径产生的微小变化量,由材料的本身的泊松比、直径变化量与杨氏模量之间的函数关系式,通过多次实验测量数据减少随机误差,并且分析计算了杨氏模量的最佳估计值和不确定度,实验结果表明该方法测量得到的杨氏模量与理论值误差在1.5%左右,最大相对不确定度约为1.2%.     

对液压法测杨氏模量的实验研究

引入了液压法测量杨氏模量,用液压微位移放大原理来表征微小变化量,用液压微位移放大器对传统的实验装置进行改进,通过实验原理、误差分析,结合测量结果,对此实验方法进行分析与讨论,由此给出了一种测量杨氏模量新的方法.     

一种基于单缝衍射的杨氏模量测定方法

简述了杨氏模量的定义,解释了夫琅禾费单缝衍射测量狭缝宽度的原理,设计了一种把金属丝长度变化转化为等量的狭缝宽度变化的简易装置.然后利用单缝衍射测定了金属丝的杨氏模量.实验证明,测量结果准确度较高.     

横梁弯曲衍射法测杨氏模量实验仪的研制

弯曲法测杨氏模量实验中,对测试对象施加稳定的拉力及对横梁挠度变化进行精确的测量是实验能否取得成功的关键.横梁弯曲衍射法测杨氏模量实验仪通过螺旋加力装置配合拉力传感器实现了对拉力的连续、稳定控制并利用单缝衍射原理精确测量横梁挠度的变化,经过反复实验证明具有较高的测量精度.     

基于劳埃德镜的光干涉法测梁的杨氏模量

通过劳埃德镜利用杨氏双缝干涉原理测量横梁的杨氏模量,由梁中心的形变引起劳埃德镜位置变化对干涉条纹间距的影响,给出了梁的杨氏模量与干涉条纹间距变化之间的关系。通过实验证明该方法具有实验现象直观、原理通俗易懂、操作过程简单和测量精度可达纳米量级等优点,实验结果与标准值的相对误差为1.7﹪。     

开尔文电桥电路测量材料杨氏模量系统的实验设计与开发

本实验主要是应用开尔文电桥电路测微小电阻的原理,根据钢丝材料在受力的作用下,钢丝长度发生微小变化时其电阻也随之变化的关系,由相关理论推导出测量钢丝材料杨氏模量的计算公式,并提出了一种测量材料杨氏模量的方法。     

单缝衍射法测量玻璃板的杨氏模量

在弯曲法测量玻璃板的杨氏模量实验中,利用自制单缝装置将玻璃板的微小形变转化为狭峰的缝宽变化,通过测量衍射条纹的变化得到负载不同时的玻璃板的微小形变,进而得出样品的杨氏模量.     

利用微小电阻测量法测量金属丝的杨氏模量

根据弹性模量与金属丝电阻微小变化量之间的关系式以及微小电阻测量原理,本文设计了可以测量并实时在线显示金属丝杨氏模量的实验装置.当金属丝被拉伸而引起电阻微小变化时,经过两级集成运算放大电路放大、模/数转换、单片机采集、计算后,在显示屏上就可以实时显示杨氏模量的大小.利用本装置测量了直径为0.201 mm的钢丝和直径为0.269 mm的康铜丝,其测量数据和数据处理结果表明,此杨氏模量仪测得的金属丝杨氏模量具有不大于0.3%的相对误差,精度高,且操作简单、测量时间短,为快速测量金属丝杨氏模量提供了一个可行的方法.     

基于安柏AT810数字电桥的杨氏模量的测定

引入了电桥法测量杨氏模量,用自制平行板电容器对传统的实验装置进行改进,用电容的变化来表征微小位移的变化,使用数字电桥测量仪作为信号采集下位机、PC机作为上位机并使用MATLAB作为信号处理软件,减小了人工测量等因素所产生的误差,由此给出了一种测量杨氏模量更精确的方法。     

掺杂单晶硅纳米薄膜杨氏模量的多尺度理论模型

硅纳米材料物理性能的研究对其在半导体技术中的应用是十分重要的. 而掺杂有利于改善硅纳米材料的物理特性, 提高应用价值, 所以本文基于半连续体模型运用Keating形变势, 通过模型计算, 研究了不同位置及不同掺杂浓度的单晶硅纳米薄膜[100]方向的杨氏模量, 分析了掺杂浓度及掺杂位置不同时硅膜杨氏模量与膜厚关系, 结果表明, 与纯硅膜杨氏模量相比, 不同位置的掺杂对硅膜杨氏模量的影响并不明显, 不同浓度的掺杂对硅膜杨氏模量的影响较小. 而随着硅膜厚度的不断增加, 掺杂硅膜杨氏模量与纯硅膜杨氏模量的变化趋势一致, 特别是较小尺寸时的硅膜杨氏模量变化较大. 说明影响硅膜杨氏模量的主要因素是硅膜厚度. 该计算结果对研究硅纳米材料的其他力学特性有一定的参考价值, 也为进一步研究掺杂对纳米硅材料力学性能的影响提供一种全新思路.     

The influence of defects on the effective Young’s modulus of a defective solid

It is difficult to establish structure-property relationships in a defective solid because of its inhomogeneous-geometry microstructure caused by defects. In the present research, the effects of pores and cracks on the Young’s modulus of a defective solid are studied. Based on the law of the conservation of energy, mathematical formulations are proposed to indicate how the shape, size, and distribution of defects affect the effective Young’s modulus. In this approach, detailed equations are illustrated to represent the shape and size of defects on the effective Young’s modulus. Different from the results obtained from the traditional empirical analyses, mixture law or statistical method, for the first time, our results from the finite element method (FEM) and strict analytical calculation show that the influence of pore radius and crack length on the effective Young’s modulus can be quantified. It is found that the longest crack in a typical microstructure of ceramic coating dominates the contribution of the effective Young’s modulus in the vertical direction of the crack.     

Elastic behavior of a two-dimensional crystal near melting

Using positional data from video microscopy, we determine the elastic moduli of two-dimensional colloidal crystals as a function of temperature. The moduli are extracted from the wave-vector-dependent normal-mode spring constants in the limit q-->0 and are compared to the renormalized Young's modulus of the Kosterlitz-Thouless-Halperin-Nelson-Young theory. An essential element of this theory is the universal prediction that Young's modulus must approach 16 pi at the melting temperature. This is indeed observed in our experiment.     

Processing dependence of Young's modulus of Ti-base nanostructured alloys

The cooling rate and heat treatment dependence of Young's modulus for Ti-base multicomponent nanostructure-dendrite composites exhibits a very different response compared with the monolithic nanostructured or normal grain-sized Ti alloys. With increasing cooling rate, the decrease in the volume fraction of the micrometer-sized β-phase dendrites induces a significant increase in Young's modulus for most of these composites. This increase can cover the decrease in Young's modulus induced by the reduction of grain size of the nanostructured matrix. Heat treatment induces a significant increase in Young's modulus due to the precipitation of intermetallics and/or α-phase in the nanostructured matrix.     

Effect of spraying power on the microstructure and mechanical properties of supersonic plasma-sprayed Ni-based alloy coatings

The aim of this paper was to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of the supersonic plasma-sprayed Ni-Cr-B-Si-C coatings prepared at different spraying powers. The microstructure, phase composition, porosity, Young's modulus, micro-hardness, and residual stresses of the coatings were investigated and determined. The variations of the porosity, Young's modulus and micro-hardness of the coatings were evaluated by using statistical method. Results showed that the variations of porosity, Young's modulus and micro-hardness of the coatings followed the Weibull distributions. With increasing the porosity, the micro-hardness and Young's modulus of the coating decreased. The mean value of the Young's modulus of the coating calculated from Weibull plot was almost proportional to the square root of the micro-hardness of the coating. With increasing the power, Young's modulus of the coating increased, which, in turn, resulted in the increment of the residual stress at the coating surface.     

Ultrasonic characterization of ceramic fibres at ambient and elevated temperatures

A non-destructive laser-generated ultrasonic inspection system has been developed to evaluate the elastic properties of ceramic fibres. The approach uses a pulsed Nd:YAG laser to excite ultrasonic signals in fibres. The signal is detected by a piezoelectric acoustic emission transducer to obtain the appropriate frequency response suitable for an elastically one-dimensional sample. By using a differential time-of-flight system, a very accurate measure of the velocity can be obtained in the fibre, with a total scatter of less than 0.5%. This approach has been used to investigate the Young's modulus of polycrystalline carbon and boron fibres as a function of stress. Both types of fibres were found to have a Young's modulus increase as greater applied loads were imposed. The carbon and boron fibres, along with silicon carbide fibres, were evaluated at elevated temperatures up to 700 °C. The carbon fibres were found to have an immediate decrease in the Young's modulus as the temperature was increased, due to oxidation of the carbon. The Young's modulus of the boron fibres decreased only at temperatures higher than 200 °C, probably the result of a microstructural transformation or relaxation. The silicon carbide fibres were found to have no significant change in the elastic properties up to 700 °C. The ultrasonic technique was also applied to polycrystalline alumina fibres and fibre tows between ambient temperature and 1200 °C in a specially designed furnace. Using this technique, it was possible to distinguish the changes in the elasticity of the alumina fibres as they were processed into -alumina. The change in the Young's modulus was readily apparent during phase transformations to -alumina. In addition, the ultrasonic velocity can be used to infer information concerning any coatings that were applied to the alumina fibres. This can be used to aid in the quantification of the coating thickness and uniformity. The application of the ultrasonic inspection system has demonstrated the ability to determine rapidly and non-destructively the elastic properties in ceramic fibres. The information gained from the measurements can be used as a quality assurance technique, or can be modified to be a real-time process control/process monitoring system.     

螺旋测微计在测量金属杨氏模量中的应用

本根据拉伸法测量金属杨氏模量的原理,对利用螺旋测微计测量金属杨氏模量的方法做了可行性分析,并在此基础上设计出一套完整的借助螺旋测微计测量金属杨氏模量的方法。     

Influence of static compression on mechanical parameters of acoustic foams

The modification of elastic properties of compressed acoustic foams is investigated. The porous sample is first submitted to a static compression and then to a dynamic excitation of smaller amplitude, corresponding to acoustical applications. The static compression induces the modification of the dynamic elastic parameters of the material. This work focuses on Young's modulus. The variation is measured with two different experimental methods: The classical rigidimeter and an absorption measurement. The effective Young's modulus is directly measured with the first method and is indirectly determined through the quarter-wave length resonance of the frame with the second one. The results of the two measurements are compared and give similar tendencies. The variation of the dynamic Young's modulus as a function of the degree of compression of the sample is shown to be separated in several zones. In the zones associated with weak compression (those usually zones encountered in practice), the variation of the effective Young's modulus can be approximated by a simple affine function. The results are compared for different foams. A simple model of the dependency of the Young's modulus with respect to the static degree of compression is finally proposed for weak compressions.     

氢对纯镍弹性模量的影响

用静电激发调频检测法对比测量了纯镍试样电解充氢和人为部分应力松弛后在室温时效过程中杨氏模量随时间的变化。结果表明:在人为部分应力松弛后的时效过程中,杨氏模量逐渐升高,其稳态值比初始值升高0.87％;而在充氢后的时效过程中,氢不断地从试样中逸出,同时杨氏模量也不断地降低,其稳态值比充氢后的瞬时值低2.87％;即,氢原子能明显地增高纯镍的弹性模量。 关键词：     

Molecular Dynamics Study of Effects of Si-Doping Upon Structure and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube

In this paper, a Si-doped single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) (7,7) and several perfect armchair SWCNTs are investigated using the classical molecular dynamics simulations method. The inter-atomic short-range interaction is represented by empirical Tersoff bond order potential. The computational results show that the axial Young's modulus of the perfect SWCNTs are in the range of 1.099 ± 0.005 TPa, which is in good agreement with the existing experimental results. From our simulation, the Si-doping decreases the Young's modulus of SWCNT, and with the increased strain levels, the effect of Si-doped layer in enhancing the local stress level increases. The Young's modulus of armchair SWCNTs are weakly affected by tube radius.