Nonlinear surface magneto-optics of ferromagnetic Ni/Cu(001) from first principles

We present first-principles calculations of the nonlinear optical (NLO) response of a Ni/Cu(001) bilayer. The calculations are based on the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method with the additional implementation of spin–orbit coupling (SOC). On the basis of this set of eigenstates the magneto-optical transition-matrix elements are evaluated. Using the surface-sheet model the optical reflection properties are determined for the cases of the magnetization vector perpendicular to the surface (polar magneto-optical configuration (MOC)) and for the in-plane magnetization (longitudinal MOC). The nonlinear optical susceptibility tensor elements χ⁽²⁾ _ijk for different magnetization directions as well as the spectral dependence of χ⁽²⁾ _ijk, the resulting intensities, and Kerr angles are presented for the Ni/Cu(001) bilayer. The results show that the magnetic tensor elements of the χ⁽²⁾ _ijk tensor are smaller than the nonmagnetic ones by only one order of magnitude, confirming the important role of magnetic properties in the NLO response. Received: 16 October 2001 / Revised version: 8 March 2002 / Published online: 29 May 2002     

Xenon-ion Induced Magnetic and Structural Modifications of Ferromagnetic Alloys

Thin polycrystalline films of permalloy (Ni₇₉Fe₂₁) and permendur (Co₅₀Fe₅₀) have been irradiated with Xe-ions to fluences of 10¹⁴–10¹⁶ ions/cm². Ion-induced structural and magnetic modifications have been measured by grazing angle X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering and magneto-optical Kerr effect. In the case of permendur, the Xe-ion implantation first reduced the coercivity, because of stress relaxation, while higher ion fluences increased the coercivity due to pinning centers generated in the film. The ion irradiation aligned the in-plane easy axis of the magnetization along the direction of the external magnetic field during implantation. Phase shifts obtained from magnetic force microscopy confirmed these modifications. The effects of Xe-ion irradiation in permalloy films are much weaker and underline the importance of magnetostriction in the variation of the coercivity and anisotropy.     

Ion-beam induced changes in magnetic and microstructural properties of thin iron films

Changes in magnetic and structural properties of 60–82 nm iron films induced by heavy-ion implantation were studied using the magneto-optical Kerr effect, M?ssbauer spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray absorption fine structure. The influence of ion-beam parameters (ion mass, fluence) and of sample parameters (external magnetic field and stress during implantation) were investigated. The Fe films, some of them containing a thin ⁵⁷Fe marker layer for M?ssbauer spectroscopy, were deposited on Si(100) substrates, by electron-beam and effusion-cell evaporation. The films were irradiated with ²⁰Ne, ⁵⁶Fe, ⁸⁶Kr and ¹³²Xe ions at energies chosen so that the implantation profiles peaked near the middle of the Fe films. The as-deposited films were magnetically isotropic and had a high coercivity. After ion implantation, the coercivity decreased and magnetic anisotropy developed. Both changes correlated with a decrease in the internal film stress. External mechanical stress applied during the irradiation had hardly any influence on the magnetic texture, opposite to an external magnetic field applied during or before ion implantation. The results are compared with those obtained for ion-irradiated polycrystalline Ni films and epitaxial Fe films and discussed with respect to the role of radiation-induced extended defects as pinning centers.     

Ion beam synthesis and investigation of nanocomposite multiferroics based on barium titanate with 3d metal nanoparticles

Samples of nanocomposite multiferroics have been synthesized by implantation of Co⁺, Fe⁺, and Ni⁺ ions with an energy of 40 keV into ferroelectric barium titanate plates to doses in the range (0.5–1.5) × 10¹⁷ ions/cm². It has been found that nanoparticles of metallic iron, cobalt, or nickel are formed in the barium titanate layer subjected to ion bombardment. With an increase in the implantation dose, the implanted samples sequentially exhibit superparamagnetic, soft magnetic, and, finally, strong ferromagnetic properties at room temperature. The average sizes of ion-synthesized 3d-metal nanoparticles vary in the range from 5 to 10 nm depending on the implantation dose. Investigation of the orientation dependence of the magnetic hysteresis loops has demonstrated that the samples show a uniaxial (“easy plane”) magnetic anisotropy typical of thin granular magnetic films. Ferromagnetic BaTiO₃: 3d metal samples are characterized by a significant shift of the ferromagnetic resonance signal in an external electric field, as well as by a large (in magnitude) magnetodielectric effect at room temperature. These results indicate that there is a strong magnetoelectric coupling between the ferroelectric barium titanate matrix and ion-synthesized nanoparticles of magnetic metals.     

On the magnetic order in R(57Fe)Mn2

In the present study,⁵⁷Fe is used as a local probe in order to monitor both the development of the Mn moment and its temperature dependence. The different crystal structures present (C15 and C14) were found to only insignificantly influence the hyperfine pattern. Both the simultaneous presence of magnetic and non-magnetic Mn atoms and the specific easy axis of magnetization in a given compound is found to lead to the occurrence of additional subspectra. Within the Mössbauer effect time window, no substantial magnetic correlations could be detected aboveT _C.     

Magneto-optical and micromagnetic simulation study of the current-driven domain wall motion in ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As

We have studied current-driven domain wall motion in modified Ga_0.95Mn_0.05As Hall bar structures with perpendicular anisotropy by using spatially resolved polar magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy and micromagnetic simulation. Regardless of the initial magnetic configuration, the domain wall propagates in the opposite direction to the current with critical current of 1-2×10⁵ A/cm². Considering the spin-transfer torque term as well as various effective magnetic field terms, the micromagnetic simulation results are consistent with the experimental results. Our simulated and experimental results suggest that the spin-torque rather than Oersted field is the reason for current-driven domain wall motion in this material.     

Magnetic behaviour and DCEMS study of SnO2 films implanted with 57Fe

Fe implanted SnO₂ films (5 × 10¹⁶ and 1 × 10^{17 57}Fe ions/cm²) characterized by conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) are reviewed. The substrate temperatures affect the growth of precipitated iron oxides. The Fe ion implanted film at room temperature (RT) shows no Kerr effect and no magnetic sextet in CEM spectra. The SnO₂ film implanted with ⁵⁷Fe at the substrate temperature of 300 °C show a small Kerr effect although the magnetic sextet is not observed, but post-annealing results in the disappearance of the Kerr effect. This magnetism is considered to be due to defect induced magnetism. Some samples were measured by CEMS at 15 K. SnO₂ (0.1 at %Sb and 3 at %Sb) films, implanted at 500 °C and the post-annealed samples, show RT ferromagnetism due to formation of clusters of magnetite and maghemite, respectively. The layer by layer analysis of these films within 100 nm in thickness has been done by depth sensitive CEMS (DCEMS) using a He + 5 % CH₄ gas counter. The structures and compositions of Fe implanted SnO₂ films, and the effects due to post-annealing were investigated.     

Electro-optical Kerr effect of nematic mixtures comprised of 6CHBT and 6BOBT

Static Kerr effect and the pre-transition temperature were investigated for the 6CHBT, 6BOBT and the nematic mixtures, M₁ (40% 6CHBT: 60% 6BOBT), M₂ (30% 6CHBT: 70% 6BOBT) and M₃ (20% 6CHBT: 80% 6BOBT) at temperatures above the nematic-isotropic transition temperature. The linear dependence of (T-T*)⁻¹ on the Kerr constant is found to be in good agreement with the predications of the Landau-De Gennes model. The hypothetical second order phase transition temperatures and susceptibility values were determined for these compounds.     

Magnetic properties of oxalate ligand based molecular materials: NBu4M(II)[Fe(III)(ox)3], Bu4=n-(C4H9)4, M=Co,Cr

The oxalate ligand bridged mixed-metal molecular compounds NBu₄Co(II)[Fe(III)(ox)₃] and NBu₄Cr(II)[Fe(III)(ox)₃] (where NBu₄⁺=tetra-n-butyl ammonium ion, ox²⁻=oxalate ion) are prepared. X-ray powder diffraction profiles are indexed in P6₃ space group to derive unit cell parameters. Their magnetic properties were studied in the temperature range of 5–300 K under different applied magnetic fields in zero-field-cooled as well as field-cooled conditions. The magnetic transition temperatures for these compounds were determined from the temperature dependence of remnant magnetization under a very low field. The compounds are ferrimagnetic in nature and exhibit a disordered structure at temperatures below the magnetic transition temperature.     

Neutron diffraction study of the magnetic ordering in the series R 2 BaNiO 5 (R = Rare Earth)

A neutron diffraction study, as a function of temperature, of the title compounds is presented. The whole family (space group Immm, a ≈ 3.8?, b ≈ 5.8?, c ≈ 11.3?) is structurally characterised by the presence of flattened NiO₆ octahedra that form chains along the a-axis, giving rise to a strong Ni-O-Ni antiferromagnetic interaction. Whereas for Y-compound only strong 1D correlations exist above 1.5 K, presenting the Haldane gap characteristic of 1D AF chain with integer spin, 3D AF ordering is established simultaneously for both R and Ni sublattices at temperatures depending on the rare earth size and magnetic moment. The magnetic structures of R₂BaNiO₅ ( R = Nd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Tm) have been determined and refined as a function of temperature. The whole family orders with a magnetic structure characterised by the temperature-independent propagation vector = (1/2, 0, 1/2). At 1.5 K the directions of the magnetic moments differ because of the different anisotropy of the rare earth ions. Except for Tm and Yb (which does not order above 1.5 K), the magnetic moment of the R³⁺ cations are close to the free-ion value. The magnetic moment of Ni²⁺ is around 1.4 , the strong reduction with respect to the free-ion value is probably due to a combination of low-dimensional quantum effects and covalency. The thermal evolution of the magnetic structures from T _N down to 1.5 K is studied in detail. A smooth re-orientation, governed by the magnetic anisotropy of R³⁺, seems to occur below and very close to T _N in some of these compounds: the Ni moment rotates from nearly parallel to the a-axis toward the c-axis following the R moments. We demonstrate that for setting up the 3D magnetic ordering the R-R exchange interactions cannot be neglected. Received 19 July 2001     

Ultrafast nonlinear optical properties of Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 oxide glass

The ultrafast nonlinear optical properties of Bi₂O₃-B₂O₃-SiO₂ oxide glass were investigated using a femtosecond optical Kerr shutter (OKS) at wavelength of 800 nm. The nonlinear response time of this Bi₂O₃-doped glass was measured to be <90 fs. The nonlinear refractive-index n₂ was estimated to be 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁴ cm²/W. Measurements for the dependence of Kerr signals on the polarization angle between the pump and probe beams showed that the Kerr signals induced by 30-fs pulse laser arose mainly from the photoinduced birefringence effect.     

三方晶系的非线性磁光克尔谱及其表面磁化强度取向的效应

本文计算了三方结构不同表面和不同磁化强度取向下的χ⁽²⁾、SHG、MSHG及非线性克尔旋转角Φ_k,a⁽²⁾.结果表明,SHG和Φ_k,a⁽²⁾值非常灵敏地依赖于薄膜的表面及磁化强度的取向;三方结构的SHG、Φ_k,a⁽²⁾与fcc、bcc和hcp结构的相比有很大的差异,这表明结构对非线性磁光效应有重要的影响;当M//X、Y轴时,MSHG信号很明显,这表明可通过A值的测量来研究磁性薄膜表面的磁畴结构以及取向.     

The isotope effect and phase separation in (La0.5Pr0.5)0.7Ca0.3MnO3 films: Optical data

A new approach to the study of phase separation in lanthanum manganites is proposed based on the combined investigation of their optical and magnetooptical characteristics providing information about the conducting and ferromagnetic regions, respectively. Effects of the ¹⁸O isotope substitution for ¹⁶O in the epitaxial films of (La_0.5Pr_0.5)_0.7Ca_0.3MnO₃ (grown on SrTiO₃ or LaAlO₃ substrates) upon the IR absorption spectra and the equatorial Kerr effect measured in the 1.5–3.8 eV range were studied. A giant drop in the temperature of maximum resistance of the film grown on SrTiO₃ and disappearance of the metal-insulator transition in the film on LaAlO₃, observed upon the isotope exchange, are accompanied by a decrease in the contribution of free charge carriers to the absorption spectra, by the appearance of bands due to localized states, and by a decrease in magnitude of the equatorial Kerr effects. Measurements of the Kerr effect and the temperature variation of the optical transmission show evidence of the presence of ferromagnetic metal regions in the ¹⁸O-isotope-substituted (La_0.5Pr_0.5)_0.7Ca_0.3MnO₃/LaAlO₃ film at low temperatures, with a general semiconductor character of the resistivity behavior in the entire temperature range studied. Changes observed in the absorption spectra are explained based on a model of the pseudo-Jahn-Teller polar centers and phase separation. The optical and magnetooptical data show evidence of a percolation nature of the giant isotope effect in manganites.     

Magnetization reversal and domains structures in (Co/Ni/Co/Pt) multilayers

Multilayers of [Co/Ni(t_Ni)/Co/Pt]_×4 are investigated for different Ni insertion layer thicknesses. The resulting magnetic properties and magnetic domain structures are compared with [Co/Ni]_×8 multilayers. As determined by magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy and a vibrating sample magnetometer measurements, all multilayers exhibited a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. It is found that the nucleation field and magnetic coercivity of [Co/Ni(t)/Co/Pt]_×4 multilayers are lower than (Co/Ni)_×8 and decreased with Ni thickness. Magnetization decay measurements reveal that these multilayers did not show an exponential decay behavior as was observed in rare earth transition metal alloys. Very narrow wires will remain stables for several hours even with an applied magnetic field closer to the coercivity. Insertion of very thin Ni in (Co/Pt) multilayers offers a good way to optimize the magnetic properties of the material and adjust the domain size for nanowire-based devices.     

Anomalous magnetic properties of the complex (ET)2C60

Investigations of the temperature dependences of the magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity in the temperature range 4.2 K⩽T ⩽300 K and the field dependence of the magnetization M(B) in fields B⩽50 T show that the magnetic properties of the complex (ET)₂C₆₀ cannot be described on the basis of the standard model, which assumes that the paramagnetic oxygen impurity makes the dominant contribution. It is found that the magnetism in (ET)₂C₆₀ is due to the diamagnetic properties of the C₆₀ and ET molecules and to specific paramagnetic centers of the type C ₆₀ ⁻ , which possess an anomalously low g factor |g|≈0.14. An experimentum crucis is proposed for checking the oxygen paramagnetic center model for pure C₆₀ films. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 69, No. 10, 733–738 (25 May 1999)     

Temperature behaviour of optical properties of Si+-implanted SiO2

Silicon nanocrystals were prepared by Si⁺-ion implantation and subsequent annealing of SiO₂ films thermally grown on a c-Si wafer. Different implantation energies (20-150 keV) and doses - cm ^-2 ) were used in order to achieve flat implantation profiles (through the thickness of about 100 nm) with a peak concentration of Si atoms of 5, 7, 10 and 15 atomic%. The presence of Si nanocrystals was verified by transmission electron microscopy. The samples exhibit strong visible/IR photoluminescence (PL) with decay time of the order of tens of μs at room temperature. The changes of PL in the range 70-300 K can be well explained by the exciton singlet-triplet splitting model. We show that all PL characteristics (efficiency, dynamics, temperature dependence, excitation spectra) of our Si⁺-implanted SiO₂ films bear close resemblance to those of a light-emitting porous Si and therefore we suppose similar PL origin in both materials. Received 1st September 1998 and Received in final form 7 September 1999     

Nuclear magnetic shielding tensors of207Pb2+ in Pb(NO3)2

The NMR signals of²⁰⁷Pb were observed in a single crystal of Pb(NO₃)₂ and could be assigned to the four different Pb²⁺ sites by the dependence of the linewidths on the orientation. Four different nuclear magnetic shielding tensors with equal principal values but with different characteristic vectors could be determined. The symmetry of the shielding tensors is in agreement with the symmetry at the Pb²⁺ sites. It is shown, that intermolecular contributions can not account for the anisotropy of the nuclear magnetic shielding, which is 3 of the isotropic absolute magnetic shielding.     

Hyperfine interactions in Zr(Fe1−x Al x )2 measured forx≤0.20 by TDPAC and Mössbauer spectroscopy

Mössbauer (⁵⁷Fe) and TDPAC spectroscopy (¹⁸¹Hf) have been used to study quasibinary compounds Zr(Fe_1?x Al _x )₂ forx≤0.20. It has been found that the dependence of the mean values of the hyperfine magnetic field, quadrupole splitting and isomer shift on the Al concentrationx is strong. The dependence of the hyperfine magnetic field on the number of Al atoms as nearest and next-nearest neighbours of⁵⁷Fe has been established. The TDPAC results also indicate a dependence of the hyperfine field on¹⁸¹Ta on Al concentration.     

Optical study of three-dimensional magnetic photonic crystals opal/Fe3O4

Optical and magneto-optical properties of three-dimensional magnetic photonic crystals, based on magnetite Fe₃O₄ embedded into an opal film matrix, are investigated in both transmission and reflection. A strong enhancement of the polar Kerr effect and a modification of the Faraday effect have been found near the photonic band-gap of about 1.8 eV. Unusual changes of hysteresis curves and their dependence on photon energy have been revealed in the spectral region where the magneto-optical effect reverses its sign. This phenomenon has been explained by two types of magnetite particles inside the opal matrix having different coercive fields and spectral behaviour.     

Exponential depletion of neutral dangling bonds density (D) by rare-earth doping in amorphous Si films

In this work we study the effect reduction in the density of dangling bond species D⁰ states in rare-earth (RE) doped a-Si films as a function concentration for different RE-specimens. The films a-Si_1−xRE_x, RE=Y³⁺, Gd³⁺, Er³⁺, Lu³⁺) were prepared by co-sputtering and investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) and Raman scattering experiments. According to our data the RE-doping reduces the ESR signal intensity of the D⁰ states with an exponential dependence on the rare-concentration. Furthermore, the reduction produced by the magnetic rare-earths Gd³⁺ and Er³⁺ is remarkably greater than that caused by Y³⁺ and Lu³⁺, which led us to suggest an exchange-like coupling between the spin of the magnetic REs³⁺ and the spin of silicon neutral dangling bonds.