空间外差光谱技术与FTS的比较研究

空间外差光谱技术是一种新型的可实现超分辨的光谱技术,它综合光栅和FTS技术于一体。对空间外差光谱技术与传统的傅里叶变换光谱技术(FTS)进行比较研究,介绍了两种光谱技术的光学原理,围绕着仪器的光谱分辨率和光谱范围进行比较分析,给出了一组系统设计参数的比较例子。分析结果表明,空间外差光谱技术可以充分利用探测器的空间频率,在一窄带光谱范围内,获得超高的光谱分辨率。     

Correction for phase-shift deviation in a complex Fourier-transform integrated-optic spatial heterodyne spectrometer with an active phase-shift scheme

We report that a spectrum can be retrieved with a planar waveguide spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS) incorporating an active phase-shift scheme, where the phase shifts are distributed around π/2. This was confirmed experimentally with an SHS that had 32 interleaved Mach-Zehnder interferometers and whose free spectral range was 625 GHz. The phase shifts ranged from 0.71 to 2.2 rad against the target of π/2 rad.     

新型超分辨干涉型光谱仪光谱定标研究

针对综合光栅衍射与空间干涉与一体的新型空间外差光谱(SHS)技术开展了光谱定标技术研究。从SHS干涉机理入手,列举了SHS与传统超光谱仪器光谱定标的差异,开展了仪器线性函数、光谱分辨率和光谱范围等光谱特性数据的定标原理研究,设计可调谐激光积分球光谱定标法,并且针对超光谱数据特点探讨了谱峰定位等数据处理算法。利用上述光谱定标方法对CO2空间外差光谱仪样机开展了光谱定标实验,并利用镁元素灯进行了定标精度验证,结果表明该光谱定标方法能够满足SHS光谱定标要求,样机实测光谱定标数据与理论设计值吻合。     

空间外差光谱仪定标方法研究

空间外差光谱仪(SHS)是近年来迅速发展起来的新型超光谱分析技术,但针对该项技术的定标研究方法还不成熟。本文在分析空间外差仪原理的基础上,探讨了SHS实验室定标方法,内容包括光谱定标和辐射定标。利用可调谐激光器与元素光谱灯,根据光谱带宽内的发射谱线所对应的波长,以及探测器尺寸与系统带宽之间的关系,设计了光谱定标方案。定标结果显示仪器光谱分辨率和光谱范围与理论设计值一致,通过多次光谱稳定性测试,光谱漂移较小。在辐射定标中,利用积分球系统进行了稳定性定标,利用标准灯和漫反射板完成了响应度定标,并利用定标系数进行了实例验证。定标结果显示该方法能够满足空间外差光谱仪定标要求,为获取的光谱数据进行定量反演奠定了基础。     

Brillouin-assisted microwave frequency measurement with adjustable measurement range and resolution

We present a reconfigurable microwave frequency measurement technique with adjustable measurement range and resolution. The key novelty of the technique is the employment of stimulated Brillouin scattering, which results in a tunable amplitude comparison function, leading to an adjustable measurement range and resolution. The proposed technique is switchable between a wideband tunable narrow measurement range (～2 GHz) with high resolution (±0.05 GHz) and a fixed wide measurement range (12 GHz) with moderate resolution (±0.25 GHz).     

High resolution electron spin resonance microscopy

NMR microscopy is routinely employed in fields of science such as biology, botany, and materials science to observe magnetic parameters and transport phenomena in small scale structures. Despite extensive efforts, the resolution of this method is limited (>10 microm for short acquisition times), and thus cannot answer many key questions in these fields. We show, through theoretical prediction and initial experiments, that ESR microscopy, although much less developed, can improve upon the resolution limits of NMR, and successfully undertake the 1 mum resolution challenge. Our theoretical predictions demonstrate that existing ESR technology, along with advanced imaging probe design (resonator and gradient coils), using solutions of narrow linewidth radicals (the trityl family), should yield 64 x 64 pixels 2D images (with z slice selection) with a resolution of 1 x 1 x 10 microm at approximately 60 GHz in less than 1h of acquisition. Our initial imaging results, conducted by CW ESR at X-band, support these theoretical predictions and already improve upon the previously reported state-of-the-art for 2D ESR image resolution achieving approximately 10 x 10 mum, in just several minutes of acquisition time. We analyze how future progress, which includes improved resonators, increased frequency of measurement, and advanced pulsed techniques, should achieve the goal of micron resolution.     

非对称空间外差光谱技术研究

传统空间外差光谱技术存在光谱分辨率、光谱范围与探测器象元数之间的制约关系。非对称空间外差光谱技术相比传统空间外差光谱技术主要区别在于增加单臂光栅到分束器的距离,能够在系统参数不变的情况下大大的增加光谱分辨率。首先阐述了非对称空间外差光谱技术的基本原理,并给出相应的系统参数计算公式推导结果,从理论上推导出单臂光栅偏置量增加和光谱分辨率增加之间的关系。偏置量作为非对称空间外差光谱技术的重要参数,受短双边象元数和光谱分辨率需求的制约。根据实验室现有实验平台参数,给出偏置量选择原则及结果。在元器件参数相同的情况下,分别计算了两种形式的理论光学性能参数,并且进行了仿真验证,得出非对称空间外差光谱仪与传统空间外差光谱仪光谱范围相同,但具有更高的光谱分辨率,并且分辨率提高与偏置量增加关系与理论计算相符。最后通过单色光扫描方法对非对称空间外差光谱仪实验室装置进行光谱范围和光谱分辨率的定标,定标结果与理论计算值吻合较好。     

Generation of a 64-GHz, 3.3-ps transform-limited pulse train from a fiber laser employing higher-order frequency-modulated mode locking

We demonstrate the generation of optical pulses at a repetition rate of 64 GHz directly from a frequency-modulated (FM) mode-locked fiber laser. This is achieved by phase modulation at 16 GHz and by initiating of higher-order FM mode locking by use of an intracavity Fabry-Perot filter with a free spectral range of 64 GHz. This process yielded transform-limited pulses with a width of 3.3 ps. We investigated the operating characteristics of the laser and compared them with the characteristics that were predicted theoretically.     

64单元矩形径向线阵列天线馈电网络的设计

 提出并设计了一种新型耦合探针,研究表明,该探针能有效地扩大耦合调节范围,并基于此探针,研究了中心频率为2.1 GHz的64单元矩形径向线天线阵馈电网络,并进行了优化设计。模拟结果表明:该口径为744 mm×744 mm的馈电网络在中心频率处能达到64路近似等幅馈电,中心频率处的反射系数小于0.1,在2.05～2.15 GHz的频带范围内,反射系数小于0.2。     

Luminescence of zinc selenide obtained by the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

We investigate the photo- and roentgenoluminescence of ZnSe polycrystals obtained by the method of a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). We establish an identity between the spectra of stationary luminescence of the polycrystals investigated and ZnSe single crystals. We show that the long-wave radiation of SHS crystals is due in the main to the presence of uncontrolled oxygen impurities in the crystals as well as to intrinsic defects that form donor-acceptor centers of self-activated luminescence. Investigations of roentgenoluminescence in the mode of its pulse excitation make it possible to isolate short-lived (550, 495, and 452 nm) and long-lived (580 and 630 nm) components of the radiation spectrum. The transformation of the corresponding spectra on a change in the temperature of the crystals is shown. The results demonstrate the possibility of using zinc selenide polycrystals produced by the SHS method in applied luminescence. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 333–337, May–June, 1997.     

32 Phase X 32 amplitude optical arbitrary waveform generation

We describe the precise shaping and mode-resolved amplitude and phase characterization of optical arbitrary waveforms by using a 20 GHz optical frequency comb and integrated 64 x 20 GHz channel arrayed waveguide grating pair. Complex waveforms with large variations in phase and amplitude between adjacent modes were generated and characterized.     

A double pass rapid scanning Fourier transform spectrometer for plasma diagnostics

The construction and the performance of a double pass rapid scanning Fourier transform spectrometer are described. The instrument covers a frequency range below 900 GHz. It has a maximum spectral resolution of 6.6 GHz and a maximum time resolution of 10 msec. The spectrometer has been applied to JIPP T-II device at Institute of Plasma Physics in Nagoya University. Electron cyclotron emission from the device has been measured and the electron temperature of the plasma has been obtained. The results are shown.     

空间外差光谱仪干涉图数据处理

空间外差光谱技术是一种新型的超分辨光谱技术。介绍了空间外差光谱仪的基本原理,并针对其特点提出了干涉图数据处理的方法。首先通过一阶差分对干涉图进行去基线处理,然后使用三角函数作为切趾函数对干涉图进行切趾,并对傅里叶变换光谱进行相位校正,最后采用已知双线光源对空间外差光谱仪原理试验装置进行波长定标。文章以Na双线与Hg谱线进行波长定标,得到了波长定标曲线。通过以上的方法对空间外差光谱仪干涉图数据进行处理,能有效地提高干涉图反演光谱的精度。     

80–360 GHz very wide band millimeter wave network analyzer

An extension to a 20 GHz HP8510C Network Analyzer has been built for wideband measurements between 80 and 360 GHz. Improvements relative to the first version [1], [2] include new harmonic mixers, and an active doubler. Dynamic ranges up to 60 dB in transmission and 50 dB in reflection are obtained up to 280 GHz, with more than 50 GHz instantaneous bandwidth using waveguide calibration. Detection with a 30 dB dynamic range is obtained at 320 – 360 GHz. Time domain measurements give spatial resolution down to 2 mm.     

The UCB/MPE cassegrain submillimeter heterodyne spectrometer

The UCB/MPE Submillimeter Heterodyne Spectrometer is a system for ascronomical spectroscopy in the high-frequency atmospheric windows from 500 to 1000 GHz. It contains a molecular laser local oscillator, a cooled Schottky open structure mixer, a quasi-optical coupling system, and an acousto-optical spectrometer. The compact receiver mounts at the Cassegrain focus of large infrared astronomical telescopes. The receiver noise temperature on the telescope is approximately 3500 K (DSB) during observations of the CO J=76 line at 806.652 GHz. The spectrometer's frequency resolution and instantaneous bandwidth (<2 MHz resolution across 1.1 GHz) are well suited for observations of molecular emission lines from a variety of astronomical sources.     

Instantaneous frequency measurement based on transversal microwave filters with high resolution

We propose a novel photonic technique for microwave frequency measurement based on transversal microwave filters with high resolution. Two parallel microwave filters with sine and cosine frequency responses are obtained by cross gain modulation in a single semiconductor optical amplifier, which introduces two different frequency responses to achieve an amplitude comparison function. We also demonstrate a proof- of-concept experiment. The measurement error is less than ±0.04 GHz for the first band range of 0–3.45 GHz and less than ±0.03 GHz for the second band range of 3.45–5.8 GHz. Our scheme is found to be capable of being extended for larger frequency range measurements using a shorter fiber length.     

Compact 10 GHz loopback arrayed-waveguide grating for high-fidelity optical arbitrary waveform generation

We demonstrate a high-performance optical arbitrary waveform shaper based on a single 10 GHz arrayed-waveguide grating with 64 loopback waveguides and integrated amplitude and phase modulators on each waveguide. The design is compact and self-aligning and allows for bidirectional operation. The device's complex transfer function is manipulated and measured over the full 640 GHz passband. To demonstrate optical arbitrary waveform shaping, high-fidelity 15-line shaped waveforms are measured with cross-correlation frequency-resolved optical gating.     

A Highly Accurate Face Recognition System Using Filtering Correlation

The authors previously constructed a highly accurate fast face recognition optical correlator (FARCO) [E. Watanabe and K. Kodate: Opt. Rev. 12 (2005) 460], and subsequently developed an improved, super high-speed FARCO (S-FARCO), which is able to process several hundred thousand frames per second. The principal advantage of our new system is its wide applicability to any correlation scheme. Three different configurations were proposed, each depending on correlation speed. This paper describes and evaluates a software correlation filter. The face recognition function proved highly accurate, seeing that a low-resolution facial image size (64 × 64 pixels) has been successfully implemented. An operation speed of less than 10 ms was achieved using a personal computer with a central processing unit (CPU) of 3 GHz and 2 GB memory. When we applied the software correlation filter to a high-security cellular phone face recognition system, experiments on 30 female students over a period of three months yielded low error rates: 0% false acceptance rate and 2% false rejection rate. Therefore, the filtering correlation works effectively when applied to low resolution images such as web-based images or faces captured by a monitoring camera.     

高时间分辨辐射温度测量技术

 通过对影响测量辐射温度时间分辨因素的研究,得出影响测量时间分辨的主要因素是系统的偏压、电缆的长度与带宽、衰减头的带宽和示波器的带宽与采样率。通过提高系统的偏压（3 kV）、缩短电缆的长度（2 m）、使用高带宽的衰减头（18 GHz）和高带宽（6 GHz）和2×10¹⁰／s采样率的示波器,在Silex-Ⅰ激光装置上进行系统的时间分辨测量,系统的上升时间为130 ps,时间分辨为215 ps。利用该系统,在上海神光Ⅱ装置开展的实验中,时间分辨好于215 ps,观测到了激光脉冲调整后辐射温度随时间的变化。     

ENDOR spectroscopy at 275 GHz

A pulsed ENDOR spectrometer operating at a microwave frequency of 275 GHz is described. The results demonstrate that this type of spectroscopy can now be performed routinely at this high microwave frequency. The advantages compared to conventional EPR frequencies are the high spectral resolution, time resolution, and sensitivity.