径向偏振光下的长焦、紧聚焦表面等离子体激元透镜

表面等离子体激元透镜(plasmonic lens, PL)是一种通过激发和操控表面等离子体激元 (SPPs), 突破衍射极限, 实现亚波长紧聚焦的纳米光子器件. 如何实现高效率的紧聚焦及调控, 一直是研究PL的重点. 如果选取电矢量沿径向振动的径向偏振光作为PL的入射光, 可从各个方向激发SPPs, 提高紧聚焦的能量效率. 本文提出了一种在径向偏振光激发下的长焦深、长焦距、亚波长紧聚焦的表面等离子体激元透镜, 该透镜由中心T 形微孔、阶梯形同心环和同心环结构组成. 本文首先利用有限元方法数值分析了中心微孔-同心环结构透镜的聚焦特性, 结果显示径向偏振光由底部入射可高效激发SPPs, 并且中心微孔透射光与散射至自由空间的SPPs由于多光束干涉形成了紧聚焦. 为进一步压缩焦斑、增加焦距、加深焦深、改善透镜聚焦特性, 本文引入中心T形微孔-阶梯形同心环结构, 从而对阶梯表面的SPPs同时提供了相位调制和传播方向的控制. 经过参数优化, 该透镜结构实现了光斑焦深、半高宽、焦距分别是入射光波长的2.5倍、0.388 倍、3.22倍的亚波长紧聚焦; 而且该透镜具有结构紧凑、尺寸小、易于集成的优点, 满足了纳米光子学对于器件微型化和高度集成化的要求. 该研究结果在纳米光子集成、近场光学成像与探测、纳米光刻等相关领域具有潜在的应用价值.     

Formation of sub-half-wavelength focal spot with ultra long depth of focus

We theoretically demonstrate the creation of sub-wavelength focal spot with ultra long depth of focus (DOF) non-diffracting. To achieve a sub-half-wavelength focal spot (0.4λ) with modulation, extended DOF (over 9.5λ) in vacuum, an integration of amplitude phase encoding, cylindrical polarization and the combination of dual-beams is utilized. Further analysis also predicts that a flattop intensity distribution along z axis can be observed around the ideal focus point.     

Sharper focal spot below λ/4 of azimuthally polarized illumination phase-encoded by the binary 0/π phase plate

The intensity distribution in the focal region for the azimuthally polarized beam phase-encoded by the binary 0/π phase plate is calculated on the basis of the vector diffraction theory. With the annular pupil aperture employed, the resolution of the focal spot will be improved remarkably. We demonstrate a sharper focal spot with full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.223λ (below λ/4), significantly smaller that of linear, circular and radial polarization beam under the same condition. The focusing phenomena for illumination beam with various polarization status and beam shapes are analyzed explicitly. This analysis could have potential applications in confocal microscopy and two-photo microscopy for polarization difference imaging.     

Sharply focusing a radially polarized laser beam using a gradient Mikaelian’s microlens

Focusing a radially polarized annular Gaussian beam with a gradient Mikaelian’s microlens is simulated using a radial version of the FDTD method (finite-difference time domain), in which Maxwell’s equations in the cylindrical coordinates are solved in the MATLAB 7.0 environment. We show that the focal spot size (the area with larger-than half-maximum intensity) can be made as small as 0.126λ², with focal spot diameter being 0.40λ.     

大数值孔径光子筛偏振特性研究

根据角谱理论建立不同偏振照明条件下的光子筛矢量衍射模型。在此基础上,对入射光分别为线偏振光、径向偏振光、切向偏振光三种特殊偏振状态下的光子筛聚焦光强分布进行了模拟分析。研究结果表明,对于大数值孔径光子筛,入射光的偏振特性将对光子筛聚焦光强分布产生巨大影响。线偏振光将使聚焦光斑沿偏振方向拉伸,切向偏振光产生的聚焦光斑具有"中空"结构,而径向偏振光所产生的聚焦光斑呈较为规则的圆形,且其焦深优于线偏照明情况。在激光直写及高分辨成像等光子筛典型应用中采用径向偏振照明将进一步提高系统分辨力。     

利用光斑图像特征确定飞秒激光有效烧蚀焦距

为确定飞秒激光光束对微尺度结构的烧蚀深度,研究了给定功率条件下对应的激光束有效烧蚀焦距。提出采用激光焦点处获得的烧痕阵列图像及在离焦状态下提取烧痕图像特征,通过分析图像特征与离焦距离,获得激光束有效烧蚀焦距范围的方法。在激光束焦点附近的硅晶片表面烧蚀出斑痕阵列,向下逐渐减小焦距,采集硅晶片斑痕图像,提取斑痕平均像素面积及斑痕目标与背景之间的R分量灰度差,获得斑痕像素面积及灰度差随激光束焦距变化的曲线;向上逐渐增大焦距,提取并获得斑痕像素面积及灰度差随激光束焦距变化的曲线。结合激光束向下离焦阈值(633 μm)及向上离焦阈值(993 μm),确定20 mW输出功率条件下,飞秒激光在硅晶片材料表面的有效烧蚀深度为360 μm。采用中位值方法确定了激光束在硅晶片表面聚焦时的焦距为0.823 mm。实验表明,激光烧蚀斑痕像素面积及灰度差与激光束焦距之间的关系能够客观地反映激光束有效烧蚀焦距的变化范围。     

宽谱高分辨平场凹面全息光栅光谱仪设计

为了获得宽谱、高分辨的平场凹面全息光栅,将全息凹面光栅理论、遗传算法、衍射级次空间共用和同时消像差思想融合在一起,提出设计宽谱、高分辨平场凹面全息光栅的方法,给出了实际设计步骤。通过Zemax软件光线追迹仿真具体实例,给出了200～800nm波段的点列图变化曲线[均方根(RMS)约为11μm],以10μm×1mm狭缝入射,其光照度光谱图显示光谱分辨率在200～400nm波段为0.25nm,在400～800nm波段为0.5nm。该方法可以用于设计小型化、实用化的宽谱和高分辨平场凹面全息光栅光谱仪光学系统。     

空间插值在功率谱密度计算中的应用

为了提高光学元件波前中频PSD计算的精度和有效频谱宽度,提出了填补波前无效数据的双线性插值法和抑制欠采样噪声的六采样点插值法。模拟计算和实验结果表明:双线性插值法有效地保证了填充数据与真实数据的一致性,抑制了零填充方法引入的虚假中高频信息,使得填补后的PSD与原始PSD较好地吻合;六采样点插值法有效地分离了信号和欠采样噪声,使得有效PSD频谱上限从1/2 Nyquist频率提高到Nyquist频率。     

采用啁啾脉冲堆积的时间束平滑技术

成丝不稳定性是间接驱动靶丸均匀压缩面临的重要问题,10μm到100μm的靶面光强起伏对其影响尤为严重,须采用合理的束平滑措施加以抑制。提出用光纤系统对啁啾脉冲堆积,然后对组合脉冲做光谱角色散,利用焦斑不同时刻对应频谱成分不同形成的束平滑机制,抑制焦斑内的高频起伏。利用傅里叶变换方法推导出了光栅色散后的组合脉冲表达式。模拟结果表明,焦斑尺寸随色循环数和光栅色散方向上基准脉冲带宽的增加而增大。通过计算包含焦斑能量95%范围内的通量衬比度随时间变化的曲线,得出一个色循环、基准脉冲带宽0.3~0.5 nm下可以获得最佳的焦斑平滑效果。这种新型的时间束平滑方法结构简单且焦斑特性可调,这些优点使得它在提高靶面辐照均匀性方面具有重要的应用价值。     

“神光-Ⅱ”装置第九路靶场终端光学组件的研制

 针对“神光-Ⅱ”装置第九路系统主激光瞄准精度小于等于30 μm和大焦斑辐照均匀性优于10％的要求，提出了靶场终端光学组件的设计结构。应用有限元法对组件关键机械元件和ICF靶室整体进行动静态分析，优化了设计参数。同时与聚焦透镜配合进行数值分析列阵透镜，确定了单元数、曲率和厚度以及单元长和宽等参数。经过实验测试，主激光瞄准精度达到28.9 μm，大焦斑辐照的形状为1 000 μm×500 μm，均匀性为12.0％。     

Measurement of spatial resolution of the micro-CT system

The performance test is an important and necessary work for the micro-CT (computed tomography) system. The focal spot size of the micro focus X-ray tube is measured. The method of measuring the spatial resolution of micro-CT is introduced. A line-pair resolution of 28.2 lp/mm at the 10% modulation transfer function (MTF) level can be achieved with 14.7 μm spot size, 12.3 μm voxel size and a 25 mm field of view. In addition, a tungsten wire with the diameter of 5 μm can be detected by the system.     

Improvement of focusing characteristics of a spiral plasmonic lens

We designed and fabricated a spiral plasmonic lens (PL) with multi-circular grooves to increase light intensity in a farfield region via the constructive interference of the light scattered by the multi-circular grooves. To compare the beam focusing characteristics of a spiral PL with multi-circular grooves with those of a conventional spiral PL, we simulated the electric field distribution of the PLs operating at a 405 nm wavelength. We confirmed that the light intensity increased about twofold at 0.75 μm above the PL surface owing to the effect of the multi-circular grooves. Furthermore, the circular grooves negligibly affect the full width at half-maximum of the focal spot, keeping the subwavelength size (～200 nm) of incident light.     

Generating and shifting a spherical focal spot in a 4Pi focusing system illuminated by azimuthally polarized beams

We aim to theoretically investigate the focusing property of a 4Pi configuration under the illumination of azimuthally polarized high-order Bessel–Gaussian beams. The radial component is produced in the focal region through the introduction of a spiral phase plate. The focal region differs from the zero radial intensity component of the azimuthally polarized beams without the spiral phase plate. The spherical focal spot is generated by selecting an appropriate annular obstruction. The position of the focal spot can be shifted.     

Tight focusing of circularly polarized beam over high NA lens axicon with a diffractive optical element

We propose to use diffractive optical element in combination with high NA lens axicon to achieve a high depth of focus when illuminated by a circularly polarized beam. With this kind of system, the focal depth is increased to 12.816λ and the magnetic spot size is reduced to 0.3764λ. However, in the conventional lens with same NA, the FWHM of the magnetic spot is found to be 0.4308λ and its corresponding magnetization depth is only 0.888λ. The author expects that such a high focal depth strong longitudinal magnetic field with large magnetization depth can be widely used in high density magneto optic recording, laser machining, laser cutting and the scanning near-field magnetic microscope.     

Focusing a beam beyond the diffraction limit using a hyperlens-based device

A super-focusing device composed of a focusing objective and a hyperlens is proposed to focus an incident plane wave into the deep subwavelength dimension. In the device, the objective converts the incident plane wave into a convergent one. The half cylindrical hyperlens can support high wave vector k modes propagating towards its core. So the convergent wave can be focused into an ultrasmall spot beyond the diffraction limit. The layout is proposed for the super-focusing device and its characteristics are investigated theoretically. Numerical simulations verify that the focused beams are confined in a spot with a diameter of 16.3 nm in the focal plane of the focusing objective with a numerical aperture of 0.6, which corresponds to a super-resolution spot of λ₀/23 (λ₀ is the wavelength in vacuum). The simulations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed device.     

4π Focusing with single paraboloid mirror

Creating small bright or dark focal spots with good spherical symmetry requires 4π focusing, usually achieved by using two counter-propagating beams and two high NA lenses that need to be positioned with interferometric accuracy. We investigate a simple alternative way of focusing light to a small and uniform bright or dark focal spot. It only requires a single parabolic mirror illuminated with a single beam from one direction, resulting in a robust and compact setup. The focal spot distribution is tailored by optimizing the polarization, intensity and helicity of the incoming illumination.     

Demagnifying far field focusing spot to deep subwavelength scale by truncated hyperlens for nanolithography

A truncated hyperlens composed of pairs of metal-dielectric cylindrical multilayers is proposed to demagnify the diffraction limited spot to achieve deep subwavelength imaging. The diffraction limited spot is focused by far field converging cylindrical wave. Numerical simulations demonstrate that full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the image down to 32 nm (∼λ/11) can be achieved from object (∼λ/3) by 365 nm light illumination. It is discussed that the influence of size and focusing shift of the spot on those of the demagnification image on photoresist. It is also demonstrated that multi-objects can be demagnified and projected on the photoresist.     

Nonlinear light absorption and luminescence in silicate glasses

The study of luminescence of high-purity multicomponent silicate glasses excited by radiation of a N₂ laser (λ=337 nm, P≈12kW) showed darkening of a sample and a monotone decrease in luminescence intensity and the transmitted radiation intensity from pulse to pulse. Additional illumination with radiation of an Ar⁺ laser (λ=514.5 nm) caused an increase in luminescence intensity. An increase in absorption and a decrease in luminescence intensity were found to be caused by two-photon absorption and electron-hole pair production.     

Focusing in a largeF-number optical system

The true focal spot of a focusing system may be defined as either the location of the maximum on-axis intensity or the location of the minimum beam diameter that contains a certain fraction of the power. Diffraction causes this true focus to be shifted from the ideal geometrical optics prediction, the effect being greatest at largeF-numbers. Specifically, a theoretical and experimental study is made of the largeF-number focusing properties of a thin lens in contact with a uniformly illuminated aperture. The results are clarified by a comparison to the focal spot shift for a Gaussian beam.     

Detailed characterization of polycapillary focusing x-ray lenses by a charge-coupled device detector and a pinhole

A method to measure the detailed performance of polycapillary x-ray optics by a pinhole and charge coupled device (CCD) detector was proposed in this study. The pinhole was located between the x-ray source and the polycapillary x-ray optics to determine the illuminating region of the incident x-ray beam on the input side of the optics. The CCD detector placed downstream of the polycapillary x-ray optics ensured that the incident x-ray beam controlled by the pinhole irradiated a specific region of the input surface of the optics. The intensity of the output beam of the polycapillary x-ray optics was obtained from the far-field image of the output beam of the optics captured by CCD detector. As an application example, the focal spot size, gain in power density, transmission efficiency, and beam divergence of different parts of a polycapillary focusing x-ray lenses (PFXRL) were measured by a pinhole and CCD detector. Three pinholes with diameters of 500, 1000, and 2000 μm were used to adjust the diameter of the incident x-ray beam illuminating the PFXRL from 500 μm to the entire surface of the input side of the PFXRL. The focal spot size of the PFXRL, gain in power density, transmission efficiency, and beam divergence ranged from 27.1 μm to 34.6 μm, 400 to 3460, 26.70% to 5.38%, and 16.8 mrad to 84.86 mrad, respectively.