Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of submonolayer water adsorption in hydrophilic silica aerogel

We report a terahertz time-domain spectroscopy study of the adsorption of water in hydrophilic silica aerogel. The adsorbed water is in submonolayer form and shows properties of index of refraction similar to those of bulk water but different absorption properties.     

Refractive index dispersion law of silica aerogel

This paper presents measurements of the refractive index of a hygroscopic silica aerogel block at several wavelengths. The measurements, performed with a monochromator, have been compared with different parameterisations for n(λ), in order to determine the best chromaticity law for the aerogel. This is an important input for design and operation of RICH detectors with silica aerogel radiator. PACS 29.40.Ka; 78.20.Ci     

金属醇盐法制备Ta2O5气凝胶

以乙醇钽为前驱物,采用金属醇盐溶胶-凝胶技术,获得了Ta2O5湿凝胶,分析了不同条件下的溶胶-凝胶过程,并初步探讨了凝胶过程机理。Ta2O5的溶胶-凝胶过程主要受到水量、催化剂用量及钽源浓度等因素的影响：体系在强酸性条件下凝胶,且随着酸性的增强,体系凝胶时间明显缩短;当水量较少时,凝胶时间随水量的增加而增加,但当水量增加到一定程度时,体系凝胶时间基本不变;实验证明,通过增大溶剂用量,体系凝胶时间延长,气凝胶理论密度降低。通过对溶胶-凝胶过程的控制,结合超临界干燥技术,获得了密度低至44 mg/cm3的Ta2O5气凝胶样品。     

金属醇盐法制备Ta2O5气凝胶

 以乙醇钽为前驱物,采用金属醇盐溶胶-凝胶技术,获得了Ta₂O₅湿凝胶,分析了不同条件下的溶胶-凝胶过程,并初步探讨了凝胶过程机理。Ta₂O₅的溶胶-凝胶过程主要受到水量、催化剂用量及钽源浓度等因素的影响：体系在强酸性条件下凝胶,且随着酸性的增强,体系凝胶时间明显缩短;当水量较少时,凝胶时间随水量的增加而增加,但当水量增加到一定程度时,体系凝胶时间基本不变;实验证明,通过增大溶剂用量,体系凝胶时间延长,气凝胶理论密度降低。通过对溶胶-凝胶过程的控制,结合超临界干燥技术,获得了密度低至44 mg/cm³的Ta₂O₅气凝胶样品。     

Thermal and Flammability Properties of Polypropylene/Silica Aerogel Composites

Polypropylene (PP)/silica aerogel (SA) composites were prepared and their thermal and flammability properties were studied. The PP/SA composites with different weight percent were prepared via melt compounding method using an internal mixer. Their morphology, thermal conductivity, thermal stability and combustion behavior were characterized. The SEM images confirmed the homogenous mixing of the components. The measurement of the thermal conductivities of samples indicated that PP would be a better thermal barrier in the presence of SA. The thermal gravimetric analysis results showed that combining the silica aerogel particles into polypropylene increased the decomposition temperature. The resultant composites displayed improved flame retardancy with a significant reduction in the peak heat release rate and increase of limited oxygen index value. It can be concluded that the flame retardant mechanism of PP/SA composites is associated with two decisive factors: a coat-like char effect and a physical crosslinking effect.     

利用磁共振录井技术定量评价水淹层

产水率是划分水淹级别的关键参数,如何通过含水饱和度计算产水率是进行水淹层评价工作要解决的主要问题. 通过测定油-水相对渗透率的注水实验制备出不同产水率的岩样,分析并研究不同产水率下的磁共振录井谱图特征和分析参数响应特征,可探讨利用磁共振录井资料评价水淹级别的可行性. 该工作根据密闭取心井的试油资料和相渗曲线,提出了利用磁共振含水饱和度计算地层产水率经验公式的方法, 并进行了生产应用. 结果表明,利用磁共振录井技术评价水淹层的符合率达到了86%,证明了该项技术在快速、定量评价水淹层和划分水淹级别的良好应用前景.     

Oxidation activity of Au nanoparticles on aerogel supports

We have prepared titania aerogel and titania-coated silica aerogel incorporating thiol-capped Au nanoparticles. Both composite materials showed high CO oxidation activity after they were calcined at 673 K. Compositional and morphological changes driven by calcination were evaluated with thermogravimetry and X-ray diffractometry. From the results, it was suggested that the nanoparticles transformed from a faulted to a near-regular FCC structure presumably in concert with the formation of firm contacts between the nanoparticles and the gel substrates. While the diameters of the Au particles in the titania aerogel considerably increased upon calcination, those in the titania-coated silica aerogel were almost unchanged. As a consequence, the latter composite aerogel showed higher activity for oxidation of CO.     

密度渐变多层碳气凝胶靶型的制备

以间苯二酚-甲醛为原料,结合自制活动式微模具成型工艺制备不同厚度和密度的碳气凝胶薄片,采用密度为10 mg·cm-3的SiO2溶胶为“粘合剂”,获得单元薄片厚度在100～580 μm,密度在50～400 mg·cm-3范围内变化的5层密度渐变碳气凝胶靶型。重点研究了该特殊靶型内部C/SiO2气凝胶层间界面情况。采用场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）,X射线相衬成像仪等对靶型整体结构及碳气凝胶单元薄片表面和内部微观结构进行了表征。结果表明：胶粘层SiO2气凝胶厚度约为15 μm,厚度一致,远小于碳气凝胶层厚度且与碳气凝胶薄片的胶粘程度较好,界面平整,靶结构均匀。     

Activated carbon aerogel as electrode material for coin-type EDLC cell in organic electrolyte

Carbon aerogel (CA) was prepared by a carbonization of resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) polymer gels, and it was chemically activated with KOH to obtain activated carbon aerogel (ACA) for electrode material for EDLC in organic electrolyte. Coin-type EDLC cells with two symmetrical carbon electrode were assembled using the prepared carbon materials. Electrochemical performance of the carbon electrodes was measured by galvanostatic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry methods. Activated carbon aerogel (20.9 F/g) showed much higher specific capacitance than carbon aerogel (7.9 F/g) and commercial activated carbon (8.5 F/g) at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. This indicates that chemical activation with KOH served as an efficient method to improve electrochemical performance of carbon aerogel for EDLC electrode in organic electrolyte. The enhanced electrochemical performance of activated carbon aerogel was attributed to the high effective surface area and the well-developed pore structure with appropriate pore size obtained from activation with KOH.     

Some comments on superfluid 3He placed in globally deformed aerogel

New experimental results focused on the behavior of the superfluid A-like phase placed in globally deformed aerogel environment are considered. We compare experimental data collected by using optically attested axially stretched silica aerogel, on the one hand, and “nematically ordered” aerogel consisting of nearly parallel Al₂O₃ · H₂O polymer strands, on the other. In the case of axially stretched silica aerogel the point of view was adopted according to which the orbital anisotropy axis l? is long-ranged. The experiments were carried out by pulsed NMR techniques in keeping the direction of an externally applied magnetic field normal to aerogel stretching axis. We have generalized the dipole-locked configuration for arbitrary angle of inclination of the magnetic field with respect to aerogel stretching axis. The experimental data collected in using “nematically ordered” aerogel cannot be reconciled with above-mentioned results.     

Electrochemical properties of Mn-doped activated carbon aerogel as electrode material for supercapacitor

Carbon aerogel (CA) was prepared by a sol-gel polymerization of resorcinol and formaldehyde, and it was activated with KOH to obtain activated carbon aerogel (ACA). Specific capacitance of carbon aerogel and activated carbon aerogel was measured by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge methods in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Activated carbon aerogel showed higher specific capacitance than carbon aerogel (136 F/g vs. 90 F/g). In order to combine excellent electrochemical performance of activated carbon aerogel with pseudocapacitive property of manganese oxide, 7 wt% manganese oxide was doped on activated carbon aerogel by an incipient wetness impregnation method. For comparison, 7 wt% manganese oxide was also doped on carbon aerogel by an incipient wetness impregnation method. It was revealed that 7 wt% Mn-doped activated carbon aerogel (Mn/ACA) showed higher specific capacitance than 7 wt% Mn-doped carbon aerogel (Mn/CA) (168 F/g vs. 98 F/g). The enhanced capacitance of 7 wt% Mn-doped activated carbon aerogel was attributed to the outstanding electric properties of activated carbon aerogel as well as the faradaic redox reactions of manganese oxide.     

Liquid refractive index sensor with three-cascaded microchannels in single-mode fiber fabricated by femtosecond laser-induced water breakdown

Liquid refractive index sensor with three-cascaded microchannels in single-mode fiber was fabricated by femtosecond laser-induced water breakdown. When the liquid is filled in three microchannels across the fiber core, the transmission spectrum of the sensor shows interference peaks. The refractive index of liquid can be sensed accurately based on both the wavelength shift and loss change of interference peaks. The refractive index sensitivities of wavelength shift and loss change reach to as high as ?2,406.1 nm/RIU and ?156.8 dB/RIU, respectively. The sensor is insensitive to the refractive index change of liquid caused by environmental temperature. It can be used for liquid refractive index sensing with high sensitivity, especially for water pollution monitoring.     

密度渐变多层碳气凝胶靶型的制备

 以间苯二酚-甲醛为原料,结合自制活动式微模具成型工艺制备不同厚度和密度的碳气凝胶薄片,采用密度为10 mg·cm^-3的SiO₂溶胶为“粘合剂”,获得单元薄片厚度在100～580 μm,密度在50～400 mg·cm^-3范围内变化的5层密度渐变碳气凝胶靶型。重点研究了该特殊靶型内部C/SiO₂气凝胶层间界面情况。采用场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）,X射线相衬成像仪等对靶型整体结构及碳气凝胶单元薄片表面和内部微观结构进行了表征。结果表明：胶粘层SiO₂气凝胶厚度约为15 μm,厚度一致,远小于碳气凝胶层厚度且与碳气凝胶薄片的胶粘程度较好,界面平整,靶结构均匀。     

Structure of plasmonic aerogel and the breakdown of the effective medium approximation

A method for making aerogel doped with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) produces a composite material with a well-defined localized surface plasmon resonance peak at 520?nm. The width of the extinction feature indicates the GNPs are well dispersed in the aerogel, making it suited to optical study. A simple effective medium approximation cannot explain the peak extinction wavelengths. The plasmonic field extends on a scale where aerogel cannot be considered isotropic, so a new model is required: a 5?nm glass coating on the GNPs models the extinction spectrum of the composite material, with air (aerogel), methanol (alcogel), or toluene filling the pores.     

间苯三酚-甲醛气凝胶及其碳气凝胶的制备与表征

以间苯三酚(P)和甲醛(F)为原料,经溶胶-凝胶、溶剂交换、超临界干燥和碳化等过程制备出了间苯三酚-甲醛气凝胶(PF)及其碳气凝胶(CPF)。测试结果表明气凝胶具有比较高的比表面积、是一种连续nm级3维网络结构的多孔材料;碳化后密度和平均孔径增大,比表面积基本无变化,且仍然维持气凝胶的网络结构。催化剂摩尔比决定气凝胶的微观结构,反应物质量分数控制着气凝胶密度。通过优化制备条件,可以制备出能满足惯性约束聚变(ICF)靶需要的不同结构和不同密度的气凝胶。     

A1 and A2 transitions in superfluid 3He in 98% porosity aerogel

Superfluid 3He in high porosity aerogel is the system in which the effects of static impurities on a p-wave superfluid can be investigated in a systematic manner. We performed shear acoustic impedance measurements on this system (98% porosity aerogel) in the presence of magnetic fields up to 15 T at the sample pressures of 28.4 and 33.5 bars. We observed the splitting of the superfluid transition into two transitions in high fields in both bulk and liquid in aerogel. The field dependence of the splitting in aerogel resembles that of the bulk superfluid 3He caused by the presence and growth of the A1 phase. Our results provide the first evidence of the A1 phase in superfluid (3)He/aerogel.     

间苯三酚-甲醛气凝胶及其碳气凝胶的制备与表征

 以间苯三酚(P)和甲醛(F)为原料,经溶胶-凝胶、溶剂交换、超临界干燥和碳化等过程制备出了间苯三酚-甲醛气凝胶(PF)及其碳气凝胶(CPF)。测试结果表明气凝胶具有比较高的比表面积、是一种连续nm级3维网络结构的多孔材料;碳化后密度和平均孔径增大,比表面积基本无变化,且仍然维持气凝胶的网络结构。催化剂摩尔比决定气凝胶的微观结构,反应物质量分数控制着气凝胶密度。通过优化制备条件,可以制备出能满足惯性约束聚变(ICF)靶需要的不同结构和不同密度的气凝胶。     

碳气凝胶/聚苯乙烯双介质柱状靶的研制

介绍了碳气凝胶/聚苯乙烯（CRF/CH）双介质柱状靶的制备方法。使用溶胶-凝胶法和微模具原位成型法制备了直径为820 μm的间苯二酚-甲醛（RF）气凝胶微柱,在氮气保护下进行高温碳化后得到直径为730 μm、密度为250 mg·cm-3的CRF微柱;采用浸渍提拉法在CRF微柱柱面镀制一层厚度为26 μm 的CH薄膜, 形成CRF/CH双介质结构;采用机械微切割技术制备了长度为1 mm, 内径为730 μm,壁厚为26 μm的CRF/CH双介质柱状靶。实验研究了RF,CRF气凝胶微柱的制备工艺、微观形貌及CRF微柱轴向和径向的密度均匀性,探讨了影响CH薄膜厚度的主要因素,并对CH薄膜的表面形貌和两种材料之间的界面进行了表征。     

无催化法制备低密度三聚氰胺-甲醛气凝胶

以三聚氰胺和多聚甲醛为原料,二甲基亚砜为溶剂制备三聚氰胺-甲醛(MF)气凝胶,湿凝胶经超临界干燥,制备出密度最低可达70 kg/m3的MF气凝胶。采用红外吸收光谱、场发射扫描电镜、N2吸附-脱吸附分析和热失重分析表征了MF气凝胶的组成、微结构以及热性能。结果表明:以二甲基亚砜为溶剂制备的MF气凝胶,虽然其微观结构较以水为溶剂的气凝胶差,比表面积及孔径分布均一性均降低,但是其热稳定性有所提高。     

碳气凝胶薄片的制备及表面密度致密层去除工艺

研究了不同密度和厚度的碳气凝胶薄片的制备及其表面致密层去除工艺。在以间苯二酚、甲醛为原料制备有机及碳气凝胶块体材料的基础上,结合自制活动式微模具成型工艺,制备了厚度在80~350 μm,密度在50~600 mg·cm-3范围内变化的碳气凝胶薄片。采用场发射扫描电镜、X射线相衬成像和表面轮廓仪-台阶仪等手段对其表面和内部微观结构进行了表征。测试结果表明,碳气凝胶薄片与块体的内部结构相同,但薄片表面存在一层和内部结构截然不同的致密层。采用不同粗糙程度的材料对薄片进行了表面微处理,成功去除该致密“皮”层。