以碳电极为基体的聚氯乙烯膜铋离子选择电极的研制与应用

铋是得乐、胃必治等胃药的主要成分，其含量测定方法有用中国药典法、吸光光度法、等离子体发射光谱法等。本文利用铋离子可与碘离子形成稳定的配合物，且该配合物又能与胺类物质生成沉淀，报道了以六碘合铋配离子与曲马多缔合物为电活性物的涂碳式聚氯乙烯膜铋离子选择电极，并用此电极以标准曲线法对枸橼酸铋钾胶囊进行了测定，此法简便，结果与药典法相符。     

预镀铋膜阳极溶出伏安法测定废水中微量铅和镉

本文采用预镀铋膜法修饰玻碳电极,并用该电极对废水中微量铅和镉同时进行了阳极溶出伏安法测定,研究了预镀铋膜测定铅和镉的条件。实验结果表明:铅和镉在铋膜电极上可得到灵敏的电位溶出峰,峰高和溶出电位与汞膜电极法相近,使用预镀铋膜电极可避免使用汞电极带来的环境污染。     

铅镉重金属离子在铋膜电极上的相互影响

采用原位镀铋电极的方式,以玻碳电极为工作电极,通过改变Cd2+和Pb2+的比例,考察不同Pb2+和Cd2+浓度条件下,两者同时存在时的相互影响。实验发现,Cd2+和Pb2+同时存在时,存在相互的影响,特别是对于Cd2+的检测,由于Pb2+较正的析出电位,对于Cd2+的析出有一定的辅助作用。考察了Cd2+和Pb2+单独存在时的分析性能,Pb2+沉积时间为60 s时,在1~80μg/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限为0.5μg/L;Cd2+的沉积时间为120 s,在1~25μg/L和30~200μg/L范围内有良好的线性关系,检出限为1.0μg/L。考察了铋膜电极在不同实际水样中对Pb2+和Cd2+的分析,获得了较好的一致性。     

预镀铋膜修饰碳糊电极差分脉冲伏安法测定废水中铅和镉

采用预镀铋膜法制得铋膜修饰碳糊电极,当沉积时间为540s得到最优铋膜。采用差分脉冲伏安法(DPV)实现了对痕量Pb2+、Cd2+的同时测定。优化了DPV测定条件,当富集时间为150s、富集电位为-1.25V、HAc-NaAc缓冲底液的pH为4.5时,Pb2+、Cd2+的峰电流最大。在最优的实验条件下,Pb2+和Cd2+的峰电流与其浓度呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数R分别为0.9912和0.9937,线性范围分别为1~10μmol/L和5~50μmol/L,Pb2+和Cd2+的检出限分别为0.32μmol/L和2.01μmol/L。对实际废水样品进行了加标回收实验,其中Pb2+和Cd2+的回收率分别为98.4%~102.6%和95.4%~104.6%。     

铋膜修饰玻碳电极伏安法测定微量铅(Ⅱ)

以铋膜修饰玻碳电极为工作电极,采用阳极溶出伏安法对微量Pb(Ⅱ)进行测定。考察了铋离子浓度、支持电解质pH、沉积时间等因素对测定的影响。实验结果表明,铋膜修饰电极对痕量Pb(Ⅱ)具有良好的电化学响应。在实验选定条件下,Pb(Ⅱ)在10～260!g/L范围内与峰电流呈良好的线性关系,检出限为1.98!g/L。用同一支铋膜电极对50!g/L Pb(Ⅱ)平行测定10次,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.82%。该电极可应用于井水中铅的测定。     

嵌入式超薄碳膜电极的伏安行为及其应用

以镍铬合金为基体,在其表面嵌入碳膜或碳纳米管,制备了超薄碳膜电极,并用于酚磺乙胺(ETA)的测定。超薄碳膜电极对ETA有良好的电催化作用和增敏作用,与玻碳电极相比,氧化峰电位负移120mV,还原峰电位正移160mV,电流响应明显增大。在最优条件下,ETA浓度在5×10-7 ~9×10-6 mol/L和9×10-6~6×10-5 mol/L之间与其氧化峰电流呈良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为0. 9967和0. 9979。该电极制备简便,价格低廉,用于酚磺乙胺的测定结果令人满意。     

铋膜电极伏安法测定硫酸软骨素

硫酸软骨素是一种天然酸性粘多糖,属生物高分子化合物,其结构如下图所示.硫酸软骨素具有许多重要的生理活性和药理作用,如促进冠状动脉循环、降血脂、抗凝血、抗肿瘤和防止血管硬化等[1,2].     

铋膜电极溶出伏安法测定食品中痕量重金属

以铋膜电极为工作电极,采用微分脉冲阳极溶出伏安法直接测定食品样品中痕量铅、镉和锌。在富集电位-1.4V,富集时间180s,铋膜质量浓度150μg·L-1的条件下,铋膜电极对铅、镉和锌的氧化溶出具有良好的电化学响应。铅(Ⅱ)、镉(Ⅱ)和锌(Ⅱ)的质量浓度在5.0~40μg·L-1的范围内与其阳极溶出峰电流呈线性关系,铅(Ⅱ)、镉(Ⅱ)和锌(Ⅱ)的检出限(3S/N)分别为0.80,0.65,0.58μg·L-1。对25μg·L-1铅(Ⅱ)、镉(Ⅱ)和锌(Ⅱ)溶液用铋膜电极连续测定15次,相对标准偏差分别为6.2%,5.1%,7.1%。方法应用于食品中痕量重金属的测定,测定结果与石墨炉原子吸收光谱法的测定值相符。     

铋膜电极伏安法测定苏丹红Ⅰ号

苏丹红Ⅰ号属于偶氮系列化工合成染色剂[1],颜色鲜艳,主要用于溶剂、油、蜡、汽油增色以及鞋、地板等的增光。研究表明它对人类健康有害,可降解为苯胺等芳香胺类化合物,苯胺对人体具有强烈的致癌、致畸作用,不允许用于食品。然而,仍有一些食品生产企业和不法商人将其作为食用色素,以改变食品色泽,降低成本。因此,建立准确、可靠、简便、快速的检测方法至关重要。目前,有关食品中苏丹红Ⅰ号测定方法的报道较少,国内外大都采用液相色谱法(HPLC)[2,3],我国新颁布的国家标准也是采用高效液相色谱法[4],也有报道用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)和液相…     

铋膜修饰电极测定蕃茄制品中苏丹红Ⅰ

采用预镀法将Bi 3+还原成金属铋固定在玻碳电极表面,制成稳定的铋膜修饰玻碳电极(BFE),利用循环伏安法(CV)、方波伏安法(SWV)研究了苏丹红Ⅰ在该电极上的电化学行为。实验结果表明,在pH=2.0的B-R缓冲溶液、乙醇溶液中,苏丹红Ⅰ在-380mV附近产生一灵敏的还原峰,在优化的实验条件下,苏丹红Ⅰ的峰电流iP与其浓度在1.0×10-7～1.6×10-5 mol/L范围内有良好的线性关系,R=0.9987,检出限为3.3×10-8 mol/L。铋膜电极无毒、无污染,灵敏度高,为检测苏丹红Ⅰ提供了一种安全有效的新方法。     

茜素S复合铋膜电极电催化还原氯霉素

本研究采用电化学法制备茜素S复合铋膜修饰玻碳电极,利用循环伏安法、差示脉冲伏安法(DPV)研究氯霉素在茜素S复合铋膜电极上的电化学行为,并对其电化学测试条件进行优化.在pH 7.0的KH2PO4-Na2HPO4缓冲溶液中,氯霉素在-0.63 V处产生一灵敏的不可逆还原峰,显示出复合铋膜对氯霉素的还原有很好的催化作用.D...     

Catalytic adsorptive stripping determination of trace chromium (VI) at the bismuth film electrode

A sensitive adsorptive stripping voltammetric protocol at a bismuth-coated glassy-carbon electrode for trace measurements of chromium (VI) in the presence of diethylenetriammine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) is described. The new protocol is based on accumulation of the Cr-DTPA complex at a preplated bismuth film electrode held at −0.80 V, followed by a negatively-going square-wave voltammetric waveform. Factors influencing the stripping performance including the film preparation, solution pH, DTPA and nitrate concentrations, deposition potential and deposition time, have been optimized. The resulting performance compares well with that observed for analogous measurements at mercury film electrodes. A preconcentration time of 7 min results in a detection limit of 0.3 nM Cr(VI) and after 2 min a relative standard deviation at 20 nM of 5.1% (n = 25). Applicability to river water samples is demonstrated. The attractive behavior of the new “mercury-free” chromium sensor holds great promise for on-site environmental and industrial monitoring of chromium (VI). Preliminary data in this direction using bismuth-coated screen-printed electrodes are encouraging.     

A mercury-free electrochemical sensor for the determination of thallium(I) based on the rotating-disc bismuth film electrode

A bismuth film electrode was tested and proposed as an environmentally friendly sensor for the determination of trace levels of Tl(I) in non-deoxygenated solutions. Determination of thallium was made by anodic stripping voltammetry at a rotating-disc bismuth film electrode plated in situ, using acetate buffer as the supporting electrolyte. The stripping step was carried out by a square wave potential-time excitation signal. A univariate optimisation study was performed with several experimental parameters as variables. Under the selected optimised conditions, a linear calibration plot was obtained in the submicromolar concentration range, allowing the electrochemical determination of thallium in trace amounts; the calculated detection limit was 10.8 nM and the relative standard deviation for 15 measurements of 0.1 μM Tl(I) was ±0.2%, for a 120 s accumulation time. Interference of other metals on the response of Tl(I) was investigated. Application to real environmental samples was tested. The bismuth film electrode appears to be a promising tool for electroanalytical purposes, ensuring the use of clean methodology.     

Utilising gallium for enhanced electrochemical copper analysis at the bismuth film electrode

A sensitive anodic stripping voltammetric procedure at the bismuth film electrode (BFE) for trace analysis of copper (II) in the presence of gallium is presented. The new protocol circumvents the problems of overlapping stripping signals between copper and bismuth that previously hampered the analysis of copper at the BFE. The results illustrate that the addition of gallium not only improves the reproducibility of the bismuth stripping signal but also facilitates much improved resolution between the stripping signals of bismuth and copper. Investigations into the effect of gallium on the stripping response of copper and bismuth were studied showing a 4:1 gallium:copper mole ratio produces optimum signals from bismuth and copper indicating a possible stoichiometric relationship. Optimisation of other key variables including electrolyte composition, accumulation parameters and appropriate waveform settings were studied and optimised. The optimised procedures show a range of linear calibration plots (R² > 0.994) ranging from 2 to 500 μg L⁻¹ and the relative standard deviation for a solution containing 100 μg L⁻¹ copper was 3.7% (n = 10). Utilising an accumulation time of 300 s the limit of detection was 1.4 μg L⁻¹ (S/N = 3). This technique was successfully applied to the analysis of copper in tap water representing the first successful copper determination in real samples using the BFE.     

Adsorptive stripping voltammetry of nickel with 1-nitroso-2-napthol using a bismuth film electrode

A sensitive procedure is presented for the voltammetric determination of nickel. The procedure involves an adsorptive accumulation of nickel 1-nitroso-2-napthol (NN) complex on a bismuth film electrode prepared ex situ by electrodeposition. The most suitable operating conditions and parameters such as pH, ligand concentration (C_NN), adsorptive potential (E_ads), adsorptive time (t_ads), scan rate and others were selected and the determination of nickel in aqueous solutions using the standard addition method was possible. The adsorbed Ni-NN complex gives a well defined cathodic stripping peak current at −0.70 V, which was used for the determination of nickel in the concentration range of 10.0-70.0 μg L⁻¹ (pH 7.5; C_NN 6.5 μmol L⁻¹; E_ads −0.30 V; t_ads 60 s) with a detection limit of 0.1 μg L⁻¹. The relative standard deviation for a solution containing 10.0 μg L⁻¹ of Ni(II) was 3.5% (n = 4). The proposed method was validated determining Ni(II) in certified reference waste water (SPS-WW1) and Certified Reference Water for Trace Elements (TMDA 51.3) with satisfactory results. Then lake water samples were analyzed.     

Nafion/2,2'-bipyridyl-modified bismuth film electrode for anodic stripping voltammetry

This paper describes the fabrication, characterisation and the application of a Nafion/2,2′-bipyridyl/bismuth composite film-coated glassy carbon electrode (NC(Bpy)BiFE) for the anodic stripping voltammetric determination of trace metal ions (Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺). The NC(Bpy)BiFE electrode is prepared by first applying a 2.5 mm³ drop of a coating solution containing 0.5 wt% Nafion and 0.1% (w/v) 2,2′-bipyridil (Bpy) onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode, while the Bi film was plated in situ simultaneously with the target metal ions at −1.4 V. The main advantage of the polymer coated bismuth film electrode is that the sensitivity of the stripping responses is increased considerably due to the incorporation of the neutral chelating agent of 2,2′-bipyridyl (Bpy) in the Nafion film, while the Nafion coating improved the mechanical stability of the bismuth film and its resistance to the interference of surfactants. The key experimental parameters relevant to both the electrode fabrication and the voltammetric measurement were optimized on the basis of the stripping signals. With a 2 min deposition time in the presence of oxygen, linear calibration curves were obtained in a wide concentration range (about 2-0.001 μM) with detection limits of 8.6 nM (0.56 μg dm⁻³) for Zn²⁺, 1.1 nM (0.12 μg dm⁻³) for Cd²⁺ and 0.37 nM (0.077 μg dm⁻³) for Pb²⁺. For nine successive preconcentration/determination/electrode renewal experiments the standard deviations were between 3 and 5% at 1.2 μM for zinc and 0.3-0.3 μM concentration level for lead and cadmium, respectively, and the method exhibited excellent selectivity in the presence of the excess of several potential interfering metal ions. The analytical utility of the stripping voltammetric method elaborated was tested in the assay of heavy metals in some real samples and the method was validated by ICP-MS technique.     

Determination of subnanomolar concentrations of cobalt by adsorptive stripping voltammetry at a bismuth film electrode

Procedures for trace cobalt determinations by adsorptive stripping voltammetry at in situ and ex situ plated bismuth film electrodes are presented. These exploit the enhancement of the cobalt peak obtained by using the Co(II)–dimethylglyoxime–cetyltrimethylammonium bromide–piperazine-N,N-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) system. The calibration graph for an accumulation time of 120 s was linear from 2 × 10^–10 to 2 × 10^–8 mol L^–1. The relative standard deviation from five determinations of cobalt at a concentration of 5 × 10^–9 mol L^–1 was 5.2%. The detection limit for an accumulation time of 300 s was 1.8 × 10^–11 mol L^–1. The proposed procedure was applied to cobalt determination in certified reference materials and in tap and river water samples.     

The usage of a bismuth film electrode as transducer in glucose biosensing

A second generation glucose biosensor was developed by using neutral red (NR) as a mediator and a bismuth film electrode (BiFE) as a transducer along with immobilized glucose oxidase. The linear range was between 0.2 and 2.5 mM, and a correlation coefficient of 0.999 was obtained with this electrode. The standard deviation (at 1 mM glucose for n = 4) and the coefficient of variation were calculated as ±8.07 μM and 3.4%, respectively. The biosensor was used for the determination of glucose in wine samples. Correspondence: ülkü Anık, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Mugla University, TR-48000-K?tekli, Mugla, Turkey     

Determination of cadmium with a sequential injection lab-on-valve by anodic stripping voltammetry using a nafion coated bismuth film electrode

This work exploited a sequential injection lab-on-valve (LOV) system for the determination of cadmium by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). A miniaturized electrochemical flow cell (EFC) was fabricated in LOV, in which a nafion coated bismuth film electrode was used as working electrode. The cadmium was electrodeposited on the electrode surface in bismuth solution, and measured with the subsequential stripping scan. Under optimal conditions, the proposed system responded linearly to cadmium concentrations in a range 2.0-100.0 μg L⁻¹. The detection limit of this method was found to be 0.88 μg L⁻¹. By loading a sample volume of 800 μL, a sampling frequency of 22 determinations h⁻¹ was achieved. The repeatability expressed as relative standard derivation (R.S.D.) was 3.65% for 20 μg L⁻¹ cadmium (n = 11). The established method was applied to analysis of trace cadmium in environmental water samples and the spiked recoveries were satisfactory.     

Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry detection of metallothionein at bismuth film electrodes

As a representation of metalloproteins, metallothionein (MT), which plays important biological and environmental roles such as in the metabolism and detoxification of some metals, was detected at bismuth film electrode (BiFE) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). In pH 2–5.5, two well-defined anodic peaks were produced and attributed to the Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ inherent to MT. The calibration plot of DPASV peak currents for Cd²⁺ inherent to MT versus MT concentrations showed a good linearity with a detection limit of 3.86 × 10⁻⁸ mol/L for MT. As a non-toxic excellent electrode material, BiFE shows good performance for detecting MT, and is expected to find further applications in the studies of many other metalloproteins.