LTE and near-LTE lighting plasmas

High-pressure mercury lamps, metal halide arc lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps, xenon short-arc lamps, xenon flashlamps, and microwave-excited metal halide lamps are extremely important commercial applications of LTE and near-LTE plasma physics. The author outlines in very brief form the basic plasma science in such light sources. The factors controlling the power balance and the luminous efficacy of such sources are discussed. Current research in modeling these complex plasma devices is described. This has reached the stage that successful CAD models are available for new-product design in mercury and high-pressure sodium lamps, but not yet for metal halide lamps. The behavior of electrodes is discussed as an important practical determinant of lamp life. Directions of future research and development are briefly discussed     

ITO的表面处理对有机电致发光器件性能的影响

作为有机电致发光器件(OLEDs)的一个主要部分,ITO的表面形貌以及表面性能对整个器件的性能起着决定性的作用。介绍了对ITO的各种处理方法,包括O2Plasma和UV ozone等。这些方法可以改变ITO的表面化学成分以及结构,可以大幅度地提高器件的亮度、寿命以及稳定性,使OLEDs的实用化成为可能。     

载流子色散型硅基CMOS光子器件

为了实现硅基单片光电子集成器件的实用化,介绍了采用P-I-N、双极型场效应晶体管、金属氧化物半导体和PN结结构的载流子色散型硅基CMOS光子器件的发展状况和特点,并汇报了硅基CMOS光子器件的设计和制作方面的工作.利用商业的CMOS工艺线制作的器件获得了较好的结果,光调制器消光比约18 dB,1×2光开关消光比约21 dB,谐振环的消光比8～12 dB.采用CMOS技术研制硅基光子器件,将能使集成光子学的发展上一个新的台阶.     

用于电力系统的光学电流互感器技术进展

介绍了光学电流测量技术的发展情况，描述了目前几种主要的互感器结构及其基本原理，并对各自存在的问题及解决途径进行了讨论。从研究现状来看，块状玻璃型传感器技术相对成熟，已经有商业产品问世；混合型传感器测量精度较高，但传感头有源电路的供电技术复杂，还没有圆满的解决方案；全光纤型是光学电流互感器发展的最终目标，目前存在的主要问题是光纤的固有线性双折射难以处理，有赖于新型光纤材料及集成光学元件的进一步发展。最后综合评述了光学电流互感器技术的发展趋势及产业化前景。     

Atom cooling by white light

The performances of white light cooling are shortly reviewed and discussed. The velocity distributions modified by the cooling laser are calculated under different boundary conditions and a new experimental approach, which permits to obtain a sharp edge laser bandwidth, is taken into consideration. Finally, the preliminary experimental results on a sodium beam cooled by a lamp laser are reported.     

载流子色散型硅基CMOS光子器件

为了实现硅基单片光电子集成器件的实用化,介绍了采用P-I-N、双极型场效应晶体管、金属氧化物半导体和PN结结构的载流子色散型硅基CMOS光子器件的发展状况和特点,并汇报了硅基CMOS光子器件的设计和制作方面的工作.利用商业的CMOS工艺线制作的器件获得了较好的结果,光调制器消光比约18 dB,1×2光开关消光比约21 dB,谐振环的消光比8～12 dB.采用CMOS技术研制硅基光子器件,将能使集成光子学的发展上一个新的台阶.     

Photoenhanced deposition of silicon oxide thin films using a novel windowless internal nitrogen discharge lamp

This paper reviews the production of silicon oxide thin films using a novel photoenhanced deposition technique incorporating a windowless nitrogen discharge lamp contained within the deposition vessel. This process has the potential to produce better semiconductor/insulator interfaces than those produced using conventional RF glow discharge techniques, since there is no damage to the growing film surface from energetic ions produced in the glow discharge plasma. The use of an internal lamp obviates the need for a window between the lamp and reaction chamber and thus overcomes the problems of attenuation of short wavelength ultraviolet radiation by the window. All the ultraviolet output of the lamp can now directly couple into the reaction gases, so the need for sensitising agents is also removed. Thin films of silicon oxide have been deposited onto single crystal silicon wafers from nitrous oxide-silane gas mixtures. The physical properties are comparable to those of high quality insulator films deposited by plasma enhanced techniques. The results of electrical measurements indicate that this material is of sufficiently high quality to be used as a low temperature deposited gate dielectric for thin film devices. To confirm this, thin film transistors (TFTs) have been fabricated using the material (and an active layer of amorphous silicon deposited in the same system) and characteristics of these TFTs are also presented.     

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The interactions between charged particles and wall materials produce dusts in plasma devices. Progress of dust research on the main plasma devices are reviewed, the approaches to measure dusts and the results obtained in main plasma devices in the world are presented. The unsolved problems and possible directions for further advancements are commented.     

等离子体装置中粉尘问题研究进展

等离子体装置中,带电粒子与壁材料相互作用会导致粉尘的产生。综述了主要等离子体装置中粉尘问题的实验研究现状,对主要装置中使用的诊断方法和所得到的实验结果进行了评述。提出了等离子体装置粉尘研究中存在的问题以及未来研究的方向。     

新生儿黄疸治疗仪光源的光生物安全

为了研究不同黄疸治疗仪光源的发光光谱对新生儿产生紫外辐射、热辐射等潜在的光生物安全问题,本文利用光辐射安全测定系统OST-300对传统蓝光荧光灯、普通蓝光LED灯以及经简单遗传算法计算与拟合的蓝光LED灯进行了测试与对比分析。实验结果表明:传统蓝光荧光灯在315,330,365 nm的紫外光处有明显的波峰出现,且峰值波长在365 nm处较为明显;传统蓝光荧光灯在老化后其蓝光光谱光衰严重,且存在大量的红外光线;而基于简单遗传算法计算与拟合的蓝光LED发光光谱与体内胆红素的吸收光谱相吻合,能避免对新生儿的光辐射危害。因此,本文提出的蓝光LED是治疗新生儿黄疸的理想光源。     

Molybdenum,Platinum, and Tantalum Metal Atomizers or Vaporizers in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry

Abstract

The application of metal (tantalum, molybdenum, and platinum) devices in analytical atomic spectrometry is reviewed in this article. These metal devices have been employed in various analytical atomic spectrometric techniques for more than three decades, mainly as electrothermal atomizers or electrothermal vaporizers, in various physical shapes, such as tubes, platforms, loops, and wires (or coils/filaments). Their application spans from atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic emission spectrometry (AES) atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES) to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The analytical figures of merit and the practical applications reported for these metal devices are reviewed, and the atomization mechanism on these metal atomizers is briefly summarized, too. In addition, other applications of the metal devices are discussed, including analyte preconcentration by electrodeposition and sequential metal vapor elution analysis (SMVEA). Furthermore, the application of these metals in graphite furnaces encompasses the schemes with the metals in the form of furnace linings, platforms, or impregnated salts.     

基于扩展DALI总线的智能照明系统设计

针对大型商业照明场合存在的如组网不便、照明效果单一,能源利用率底的问题,设计了一套基于扩展DALI总线的商业智能照明系统,以实现系统的大面积组网和集中控制,获得丰富的照明效果,实现系统的绿色环保运行。测试系统搭建完成后,实现了管理人员对系统的集中管理和远程监控;系统可按照工作日程表、时间表自动运行;具有分区、分组、单灯、场景等多种控制方式,控制灵活,能达到较好的照明效果和节能要求,可满足多种商业照明需求。     

环形截面氙灯的放电特性与泵浦效率实验研究

针对脉冲氙灯的结构,探索了一种新型的环形截面氙灯以获得更高的泵浦效率。环形截面氙灯内嵌空气玻璃管,拥有中空的新结构,对脉冲氙灯放电特性产生了新的影响,进一步影响了泵浦效率。实验对比了传统氙灯和环形截面氙灯的放电特性、辐射以及钕玻璃的荧光输出。实验结果表明:新型的环形截面氙灯拥有较高的电阻,较低的放电电流与进灯能量,辐射效率和钕玻璃荧光输出分别提高了3%~4%和2%~3%。     

Applications of liquid crystal polymers

The science and technology of liquid crystal polymers is selectively reviewed with an emphasis on those aspects key to successful commercial utility. The importance of the low viscosity demonstrated by nematic polymers under commercial processing conditions, coupled with the low volume change on cooling and high thermal stability associated with these nematogens, is identified as the major factor behind the success of the thermotropic copolyester as a high-performance molding resin. The developing area of side-chain liquid crystal polymers as electro-optical media is discussed, stressing the importance of combining function and processibility for ultimate commercial viability. Potential markets and projected commercial growth rates are discussed from the point of view of the enabling science needed to successfully define and implement new commercial applications for liquid crystal polymers.     

Powerful wideband amplifier based on hybrid plasma-cavity slow-wavestructure

A powerful beam-plasma amplifier operating under continuous conditions is described. The amplifier is designed on new principles using hybrid plasma-cavity electrodynamic structures. The theory and foundation for calculating slow-wave structures having a plasma filled propagation channel, and the interaction of an electron beam with a hybrid plasma-cavity system, are considered. Considerably increased power of microwave radiation and expansion of the operating pass-band is shown to result when the propagation channel is filled with plasma. The use of new principles makes it possible to create an amplifier with an efficiency and 3 dB operating band width higher than those attained in vacuum devices     

Increase in the efficiency of energy injection into discharge plasma and the luminous efficiency of luminescent lamps during high-frequency pumping

It is experimentally justified for the first time that electrodeless induction pump of plasma of standard cylindrical luminescent lamps provides optimization of the high-frequency inductive–capacitive (HFI) discharge conditions. The acceptable frequency range and the effect of the capacitance between the inductor and plasma on the efficiency of resonant energy injection into discharge plasma are revealed. An increase in the luminous efficiency to 25% in the range of pump powers multiple of the lowest nominal power for the lamp under standard operating conditions is detected. Physics of the found phenomenon and the range of application of the power saving technology for electrodeless pumping of luminescent lamps with increased operation life are discussed.     

Studies of the optogalvanic effect in a commercial caesium hollow cathode lamp and its use for tuning pulsed dye lasers

The use of the optogalvanic effect (OGE) in a hollow cathode lamp for wavelength tuning of dye lasers is an established technique at laser wavelengths longer than 560 nm, corresponding to photon energies less than 2.2 eV. This work describes the first successful optogalvanic studies on caesium at higher photon energies. Once set up, OGE in a standard commercial hollow cathode lamp provides a quick and cheap means of tuning a continuously tunable laser to a chosen atomic transition. The lines in caesium at 455.55 nm and 459.32 nm were resolved. This work is also believed to be the first to describe the detection of any caesium transition using the optogalvanic effect in a commercial hollow cathode lamp, rather than a specially constructed tube. The method used is applicable to other materials which have previously proved difficult.     

A Journey through Statistical Physics. Selecta of Jürg Fröhlich,edited by G. Felder,G.M. Graf and K. Hepp

Current activity in the field of magnetic separation is reviewed in fundamental terms. The diverse subject matter is ordered into four main groupings whose characteristics are described in terms of numerous devices, both of present-day and historical significance. Existing as well as potential areas of scientific and commercial operation are discussed. The basic principles of recent major developments in high intensity magnetic Separation are closely examined.     

Review of the research on heliotrons

A brief history of the heliotron, one of the promising candidates for a commercial fusion reactor, is given. The heliotron device can be operated in steady state, since it has a stable magnetic field with high rotational transform and high shear and without ohmic current in the plasma. The results of experimental and theoretical studies on heliotron devices are reported, and future prospects are given