Laser Triggering through Fiber Optics of a Low Jitter Spark Gap

An optical filter is employed to transport a 15-ns light pulse from a high power ruby laser for precise triggering of a gas filed high voltage spark gap. The maximum power density that can be transmitted by the fiber is limited to 6 × 1012 W/m2 above which laser induced damage occurs on the fiber entrance face. The overall throughput efficiency of the optical system was measured as 62 percent. Results are presented for the switching delay time and associated jitter for various mixtures of A and N2 gas, and as a function of the voltage across a pulse-charged Blumlein generator gap. Pulse charging of the Blumlein generator was accomplished by a three-stage Marx generator, resulting in output voltages up to 250 kV. It was conclusively demonstrated that an optical fiber will transport a sufficiently intense laser pulse to evince subnanosecond jitter in the triggering of a pressurized gas switch under the conditions studied.     

大电流两电极气体开关研究

 由于引燃管难以满足现在能源系统对放电开关承受大电流的要求,因此研制了大电荷转移量两电极气体开关。这种新型气体开关电极间距可调,无触发极,采用同轴结构,并将主电极置于金属腔体内,减少了放电对绝缘支撑的污染。主电极为铜钨合金材料,设计为平顶圆柱状,以提高烧蚀均匀度和热传导效率,减少电极材料喷溅,延长其寿命。绝缘支撑采用碗状结构,提高了机械强度,增加了沿面击穿距离。该开关工作电压达25 kV,放电电流超过100 kA（脉冲宽度600 μs）,单次脉冲电荷转移量达50 C。实验结果显示该气体开关触发性能稳定,电极表面烧蚀均匀,多次大电流实验后电极表面保持完好,可应用于强激光能源系统。     

放电泵浦KrF激光放大器的高电压脉冲发生器

描述了一台用于泵浦KrF激光放大器的可重复频率运行的高电压脉冲发生器。该脉冲发生器由恒流充电机、储能电容器、传能开关、低阻抗布鲁姆林脉冲形成线、多通道轨条型输出开关组成。介绍了布鲁姆林线和轨条开关的结构,对充电回路和放电回路特性进行了分析,完成了各部分的调试并给出了实验结果。在储能电容器直流充电电压30kV,布鲁姆林线输出电压脉冲在激光器负载上峰值可达到60kV,脉宽80ns,脉冲上升时间30ns。     

Production of single subnanosecond multi-line 10.6 μm laser pulses by fast optical gating

An electro-optic shutter, activated by a pulse generator switched with a laser triggered spark gap having a risetime of 120 psec, has been used to produce optical pulses of variable duration, as short as 600 psec, from the output of a uv photo-preionized CO₂ laser, which simultaneously oscillates on several rotational transitions.     

高效层叠平行板Blumlein脉冲产生器性能分析

采用时空图和矩量法对单和多平行板Blumlein脉冲产生器的输出特性作了详细分析.数值计算表明, 为了获得良好的系统输出,开关的导通电阻必须尽可能小；为了获得最大的能量输出或最大的电压输出,所需采用的匹配负载电阻不同；多Blumlein层叠结构的电压匹配负载电阻可以通过单Blumlein的电压匹配负载来估计,而能量匹配负载电阻不能直接根据单Blumlein的能量匹配负载电阻来估算；Blumlein传输线的板间距与板宽之比决定了系统的电压匹配负载和能量匹配负载的大小,并显著影响匹配条件下的电压倍增因子和能量输出效率.     

Laser-triggered low timing jitter coaxial Marx generator

A coaxial Marx generator triggered with a UV laser pulse propagating coaxially through multigap switches is constructed. The Marx generator is operated at maximum voltage of 200 kV with a rise time of less than 10 ns. To trigger multigap switches in the Marx generator, the laser pulse is passed through fine metal mesh fitted in the holes formed along the central axis in electrodes of gap switches. Photoelectrons generated from the mesh part of the cathode trigger the discharge and close the switches. Timing jitter of the high voltage pulse with respect to the laser pulse is 800 ps for the case of single gap switch and 1 ns for the Marx generator with two stage gap switches. Since the spark path is always formed from the solid surface of the cathode instead of the metal mesh, the mesh part of the cathode is never damaged for a large number of shots, promising long lifetime of the electrodes     

High-power, repetitive-stacked Blumlein pulsers commutated by asingle switching element

The stacked Blumlein pulse generators developed at the University of Texas at Dallas consist of several triaxial Blumleins stacked in series at one end. The lines are charged in parallel and synchronously commutated with a single switching element at the other end, In this may, relatively low charging voltages are multiplied to give a higher desired voltage across an arbitrary load. Extensive characterization of the stacked Blumlein pulsers indicates that these devices are capable of producing high-power pulses with rise times and repetition rates in the range of 0.3-50 ns and 1-300 Hz, respectively, using a conventional thyratron, spark gap, or photoconductive switch. This paper presents the progress in the development and use of these novel pulsers. Recent adaptation of the design has enabled the stacked Blumlein to produce 50-70 MW nanosecond pulses with risetimes on the order of 200-300 ps into nominally matched loads. The device has a compact line geometry and is commutated by a single photoconductive switch triggered by a low power laser diode     

石墨型高能两电极气体开关

 为大型激光装置能源模块研制了一种采用石墨电极的两电极气体开关,阐述了石墨应用于高能两电极气体开关的技术关键,对气体开关中气体间隙的最优结构进行了电场强度分析。参考美国国家点火装置(NIF)能源模块中ST-300气体开关的已知参数,对研制成功的石墨型两电极开关进行了电气特性试验,证明了石墨型气体开关能够实现峰值电流达300 kA以上,单次转移电荷量100 C以上,寿命超过1 000次,满足1.2 MJ大型激光装置能源模块的工程技术要求。     

紧凑型长脉冲功率模块研制

设计了基于Blumlein脉冲成形网络(PFN)的紧凑型长脉冲功率模块。该模块将两路阻抗各为20Ω的Blumlein脉冲形成网络对称连接于LTD的初级绕组上,并采用同一个气体开关驱动,以保证两路PFN工作同步。PFN采用直角弯折"L"型结构,这种结构既保证了PFN与开关连接紧凑,又将模块横向尺寸缩减至最短,且对输出脉冲波形影响不大。实验结果表明,研制的长脉冲功率模块在10Ω负载上输出脉冲幅值约为135kV,半高宽约为180ns,前沿约为50ns,平顶约为100ns,重复脉冲频率可达到25Hz。     

CO2激光器高压脉冲触发系统的设计

为了稳定可靠地触发CO2激光器旋转火花开关,设计了一套高压脉冲触发系统并且提出了一种新型的绝缘栅双极晶体管（IGBT）驱动与保护方法。根据CO2激光器中旋转火花开关的触发结构,应用复杂可编程逻辑器件（CPLD）芯片EPM3512开发了可以输出100～500 Hz重频脉冲信号以及单次脉冲信号的触发信号源;应用光耦HCPL-3120设计了具有过流、过压保护功能兼有电磁兼容（EMC）设计的IGBT驱动电路;对高压脉冲变压器进行建模并通过PSPICE软件仿真;搭建了实验平台,进行了联机性能测试。实验结果表明：在500 Hz的重复频率下,高压脉冲触发系统可连续稳定地输出高于38 kV的高压重频脉冲,基本满足CO2激光器的旋转火花开关稳定可靠触发的要求。     

天光一号预放大器电子束产生和传输

 论述了天光一号电子束泵浦KrF准分子激光预放大器电子束产生和传输系统的研制。针对低电压(400kV)和高电流密度(143Acm^-2),重点考虑了二极管真空绝缘界面、电极结构、漂移区长度和主膜支撑等问题并介绍了实验结果：二极管电压在450 kV以上仍能稳定工作,电流上升前沿约20ns,电子束总束能4.2kJ以上。只要开关导通时间选在PFL电压峰值附近,Marx 建立时间抖动小于20 ns,对总束能的影响将小于5%。     

便携式脉冲形成线设计与实验研究

采用聚酯薄膜为绝缘材料,设计了一种小型化便携式层绕Blumlein线,其主要特点是采用S型层绕的方法对薄膜介质平板Blumlein线进行绕制,使形成线的体积小,结构紧凑,有利于脉冲功率源小型化、实用化的发展。其集成了薄膜电容器易卷绕、耐高压、储能强的优势,同时具备了传输线的特点。采用气体火花间隙开关,对S型薄膜介质脉冲形成线的耐压特性及负载输出波形进行了实验研究。结果表明:开关的导通特性对脉冲形成线的负载输出波形有很大的影响,开关电感及开关抖动等因素会影响脉冲波形的前后沿,使输出脉冲方波波形质量变差。采用PSpice软件对实验等效电路进行了模拟,得到了与实验一致的结果。设计的Blumlein线体积为50 cm18 cm12 cm,承载电压50 kV,负载输出脉冲上升沿50 ns,平顶宽度120 ns。     

层叠Blumlein线产生电压波的解析解

采用Laplace变换的方法求解了无损耗情况下层叠Blumlein线输出电压的解析表达式。从传输线两端口网络模型出发,分别求出了负载端短路和开路时传输线特征阻抗的频域表达式。简化了单Blumlein线电路结构,并求出了其输出电压的解析表达式。在此基础上,结合电路叠加原理,求解出了典型的2级层叠Blumlein线输出电压的时域解析表达式。采用递推法,推广得到任意级数情况下的输出电压波解析解。     

同轴-三平板型水介质脉冲输出开关实验研究

 设计了用于脉冲功率装置的4 MV水介质同轴 三平板型输出开关。该脉冲功率装置将由24路相同的独立模块组成，每路模块由Marx发生器、中间储能器、激光触发气体开关、脉冲形成线、水介质脉冲输出开关、脉冲传输线等组成。水介质脉冲输出开关是同轴 三平板结构水介质多通道自击穿开关，由输入输出电极、预脉冲屏蔽板和连接部件组成。进行了有预脉冲屏蔽板结构和无预脉冲屏蔽板结构的自击穿水开关实验研究。有预脉冲屏蔽板结构开关的输入、输出电极都是半球电极，直径分别是8 cm和5 cm；无预脉冲屏蔽板结构开关为针 板结构，输入电极为平板电极，输出电极为直径3 cm的电极棒。Marx发生器充电70 kV，开关的击穿电压为3 MV，放电电流为450 kA。在3 MV等级的击穿电压下，有预脉冲屏蔽板结构开关的抖动约6 ns，没有预脉冲屏蔽板结构开关的抖动减小至3 ns。     

Photonically enabled agile rf waveform generation by optical comb shifting

We present a photonically enabled rf arbitrary waveform generator that can rapidly switch between two output waveforms. This method is based on line-by-line shaping of an optical comb and then converting the optical pulses to rf waveforms with a fast photodetector. It uses a single diode laser as the optical source and selects different patterns preprogrammed into an optical pulse shaper by shifting the laser frequency. We demonstrate minimum update delay times of 0.45 ns.     

螺旋型薄膜介质平板Blumlein线实验

 为实现脉冲功率源小型化,设计了一种螺旋形薄膜介质Blumlein线,应用火花隙开关对其进行了放电实验研究,并对负载电压波形进行了分析。结果表明,开关电感会减缓脉冲前沿,电极直流阻抗使得负载输出电压效率显著降低,波形平顶趋于减小,分布电容耦合造成负载电压的预脉冲,而均压层不会影响传输特性,不会对负载电压波形造成影响。     

基于Tesla变压器和Blumlein线的低抖动重频脉冲发生器

为实现MV级多级气体开关精确触发控制, 提出了基于Tesla变压器和Blumlein线的低抖动重频脉冲发生器的电触发方案。完成了Tesla变压器与Blumlein线一体化设计;优化了初级回路结构及绝缘栅双极型晶体管触发控制电路, 减小了初级杂散电感, 缩短了变压器次级高电压建立时间及时延抖动;优化了百kV级自击穿气体开关工作参数, 研制出一套多级低抖动电晕稳定开关;将传统Blumlein线绝缘介质由变压器油更换成高介电常数的MIDEL7131新油, 增加了输出脉冲宽度, 进一步提高触发能力。最终研制出一台输出电压130 kV、脉冲宽度大于5 ns、重复频率50 Hz、连续工作时间1 min、输出抖动小于10 ns的紧凑型脉冲发生器。     

火花通道长度对激光触发开关特性的影响

利用超高速相机,在曝光时间100 ns时,对不同能量下激光在氮气气体开关中形成的火花通道进行拍照,得到了不同焦距下激光波长266 nm时激光火花通道长度与激光能量的关系。开展了激光触发气体火花开关的实验研究,激光触发开关延时、抖动随激光能量的增加而减小。将火花通道长度与激光触发开关的特性进行了分析,气体开关的抖动随着激光火花通道长度的增加而减小,当火花通道沿电极间轴向长度达到开关电极间距40%时,开关的抖动为亚ns量级。     

三脉冲功率系统模块

采用基于并联Blumlein脉冲形成线的MHz重复频率脉冲功率技术和基于激光触发气体开关的多级触发系统,设计了脉冲功率系统模块,该模块具备6路输出能力,每路均可以MHz重复频率猝发方式输出三脉冲,幅度可达300 kV。对模块中的Blumlein装置、脉冲汇流、隔离网络、触发系统等部件参数进行了设计。以多脉冲直线感应加速器感应腔作为负载,对该模块的性能进行了分析,结果表明:模块中每个脉冲的输出时间抖动小于2.3 ns（标准差）,脉冲间最小时间间隔大于500 ns时可在负载上获得高品质波形。     

Power scaling of printed-circuit-board preionized TEA CO2 laser up to 3.6 kW

A high average power, high-repetition-rate TEA CO₂ laser employing printed-circuit-board preionizer is described. The power scaling of this preionization configuration has been demonstrated. The average output power reaches 3.6 kW at pulse repetition rate of 180 pps. Furthermore, the scaling-up ability of the rotating spark gap as high-voltage switch for high-average-power gas laser has been validated.