Cussosaponins A-E,triterpene saponins from the leaves of Cussonia racemosa,a Malagasy endemic plant

Five new triterpene saponins, cussosaponins A (2), B (3), C (4), D (5), and E (6), were isolated from the dried leaves of Cussonia racemosa BAKER. The structures of these new compounds were deduced on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence.     

Ent-kaurane diterpenoid glycosides from the leaves of Cussonia racemosa, a Malagasy endemic plant

Six new ent-kaurane diterpenoid glycosides, cussoracosides A (3), B (4), C (5), D (6), E (7), and F (8) were isolated from the dried leaves of Cussonia racemosa, along with two known compounds identified as beta-D-glucopyranosyl ent-16beta,17-dihydroxykauran-19-oate (1) and paniculoside IV (2). The structures of these new compounds were deduced on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence.     

A new ent-kaurane diterpenoid glycoside from the leaves of Cussonia bojeri,a Malagasy endemic plant

A new ent-kaurane diterpene glycoside, beta-D-glucopyranosyl 17-hydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oate-16-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4) was isolated from the dried leaves of Cussonia bojeri SEEM., together with four known compounds identified as 16beta,17-dihydroxy-kauran-19-oic acid (1), beta-D-glucopyranosyl 16beta,17-dihydroxy-(-)-kauran-19-oate (2), paniculoside IV (3), and rutin (5). The structure of 4 was deduced on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence.     

Triterpene glycosides from Cussonia paniculata. III. Structure of glycosides I1, I2, J1a, J1b, J2, K, L1, and L2 from C. paniculata leaves

Structures of eight triterpene glycosides, of which the 28-O-(2-O-acetyl-and 3-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→ 6)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl esters of hederagenin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→ 2)-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (J_1a and J_1b) were new, from Cussonia paniculata (Araliaceae) leaves were established using chemical and NMR spectroscopic methods. __________ Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 149–152, March–April, 2006.     

Triterpene Glycosides from Cussonia paniculata. I. Isolation and Structure Determination of Glycosides A, B1, B2, C, D, G2, H1, and H2 from Leaves of Cussonia paniculata

The 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside of β-sitosterol (1) and the known triterpene glycosides 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosides of oleanolic (2a) and ursolic (2b) acids and hederagenin (3), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosideofoleanolic acid (4), 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranosides of oleanolic (5a) and ursolic (5b) acids and the newglycoside 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside of 23-hydroxyursolic acid (6) were isolated from leaves of Cussonia paniculata (Araliaceae). Their structures were established using chemical methods and NMR spectroscopy.__________Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 160–163, March–April, 2005.     

Antimicrobial pentacyclic triterpenes and glycosides from the stem bark of Cussonia bancoensis

Abstract

The stem bark of Cussonia bancoensis is used traditionally for the treatment of different types of infection and pain. A bioassay guided fractionation of the methanol stem bark extract led to the isolation of five pentacyclic triterpenes and glycosides identified based on spectroscopic data as 23-hydroxyursolic acid (CB1), hederagenin (CB2), 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-echinocystic acid (CB3), 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl- oleanolic acid (CB4) and 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-ursolic acid (CB5). CB2 - CB5 are being reported for the first time from this species. The compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against ten microorganisms using the HT-SPOTi method. CB3 demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, S. pyogens, E. faecalis, S. typhi and C. albicans at MICs between 3.12 and 12.5?µg/mL. Among the studied compounds, it was observed that hydroxylation of position C-16 of the oleanane skeleton may enhance antimicrobial activity. This study gives insight into the anti-infective constituents of the stem bark of C. bancoensis and justifies its use in ethnomedicine.     

Triterpene Glycosides from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cussonia paniculata</Emphasis>. II. Acetylated Glycosides from Leaves

Structures of 13 new acetylated triterpene glycosides from leaves of Cussonia paniculata (Araliaceae) were established as 28-O-(2-O-acetyl- and 3-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β -D-glucopyranosides of 23-hydroxybetulinic acid (1a and 1b) and hederagenin (2a and 2b), 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-(2-O-acetyl- and 3-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→ 4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glycopyranosides of oleanic (3a and 3b) and ursolic (3c and 3d) acids, 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-(4-O-acetyl-, 2-O-acetyl-, and 3-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→ 6)-O-β-D-glucopyranosides of hederagenin (4, d5a and 5b), and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-(2-O-acetyl- and 3-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D- glucopyranosides of oleanic acid (6a and 6b). The structures of the compounds were established using chemical methods and NMR spectroscopy. __________ Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 351–356, July–August, 2005.     

What you can see by developing real-time radioisotope imaging system for plants: from water to element and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> gas imaging

Since plants live on inorganic elements, absorbing ions from roots and transferring them to each tissue in a plant is an essential activity. However, little is known about the movement of the elements or water in plant tissue. Though fluorescent imaging is now overwhelmingly used at the microscopic level in biology, especially to visualize chemicals or organelles in a cell, radioisotope imaging has become one of the important methods for human imaging in the medical field. In the case of plant studies, however, real-time radioisotope imaging is little-known among plant researchers. The author has developed radioisotope imaging systems using various radioisotopes to study living plant activity, both for elements and for water. Here we review the real-time radioisotope imaging methods we developed, and show new aspects of plant physiology discovered by live imaging.     

Shear sensitivity of plant cells in suspensions present and future

Plant cells are a source of pharmaceuticals, fragrances, flavors, and dyes that are traditionally produced by extraction of tissues from whole plants. Recent trends in plant product research, transformed cell lines, and conservation policies place increased demand on plant cell culture technology. Unlike processing of microbial and animal cells in bioreactors, no economically viable process based on the suspension culture of plant cells in bioreactors has yet been possible in North America. It is proposed that the suspended-cell bioreactor is the method of choice and that plant cells respond to fluid forces (defined as laminar shear and turbulent eddies-based and bubble-based forces) differently from their animal cell counterparts in bioreactors. Although plant cells produce a tough cell wall, fluid forces, although not lethal within normal range, impact the membrane transport processes and metabolic function of plant cells; these effects are termed sublytic. Previous approaches to shear sensitivity of plant cells are reviewed in the context of these sublytic effects. A model for systematic evaluation of fluid-mechanical causes and physiological mechanisms behind sublytic effects is proposed. It is further proposed that, once understood, the plant cell’s sublytic responses to fluid force can be used advantageously in stirred suspension cultures.     

Determination of Cu, Pb, Fe, and Zn in plant component polymers of a hyperaccumulating plant.

Phytoremediation is an innovative technology that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate hazardous waste sites. For more cost-effective phytoremediation, it is important to utilize a hyperaccumulating plant after phytoremediation, i.e. the recovery of valuable metals and the production of useful materials. In this work, the determination of metals in plant component polymers in a fern, Athyrium yokoscense, as a hyper-accumulating plant was established using steam explosion, Wayman's extraction method, and ICP emission spectrometry. After A. yokoscense plants were treated by steam explosion, the steam-exploded A. yokoscense were separated into four plant component polymers, ie. water-soluble material fraction, holocellulose fraction, methanol-soluble lignin fraction, and residual lignin fraction. The concentrations of Cu, Pb, Fe, and Zn in these plant component polymers and the dry weights of plant component polymers were measured. These analytical process determining metals in the plants will contribute to not only the evaluation and the efforts of phytoremediation using a hyperaccumulating plant, but also to the development of more effective phytoremediation.     

Improved sample preparation for CE-LIF analysis of plant N-glycans

In view of glycomics studies in plants, it is important to have sensitive tools that allow one to analyze and characterize the N-glycans present on plant proteins in different species. Earlier methods combined plant-based sample preparations with CE-LIF N-glycan analysis but suffered from background contaminations, often resulting in non-reproducible results. This publication describes a reproducible and sensitive protocol for the preparation and analysis of plant N-glycans, based on a combination of the 'in-gel release method' and N-glycan analysis on a multicapillary DNA sequencer. Our protocol makes it possible to analyze plant N-glycans starting from low amounts of plant material with highly reproducible results. The developed protocol was validated for different plant species and plant cells.     

植物激素样品前处理方法的研究进展

植物激素是植物中一类含量很低,却对植物生长发育等生命过程起重要调控作用的有机化合物。近年色谱/质谱联用技术不断发展,已成为植物激素分析的常用方法,而样品前处理则是色谱分析过程中的一个关键环节,所以高选择性和高回收率的前处理方法对于植物激素的分析至关重要。根据植物激素的化学性质,本文将其分为酸碱性植物激素、油菜素甾醇、植物多肽3类,并对相应的前处理方法加以综述,特别是近年来发展起来的新方法。内容包括前处理方法的原理、装置、萃取材料以及衍生试剂等,相关内容主要围绕本研究组的痕量植物激素研究工作展开,最后对研究趋势做了简短展望。     

钼及其植物生理生态效应

对广东鼎湖山钼矿区内植物的含钼量、植物群落种类以及植物生理生态效应进行了调查分析。结果表明：(1)植物个体对钼的积累与土壤中钼的含量密切相关,即土壤中钼含量高时植物叶片中的钼也高;(2)土壤中的含钼量影响植物群落种类和植物的生理生态特征;(3)豆目植物是钼的重要指示植物,而鼠刺对钼的有控吸收力最强。     

食用植物油中甘油三酯色谱分析方法研究进展

甘油三酯 (TAGs) 是植物油的主要成分(占95%~98%),对植物油的性质有着重要的影响。对其结构组成的分析有助于监控食用植物油质量,保障植物油食用安全。由于甘油骨架上可以结合的脂肪酸很多,导致甘油三酯的种类十分庞大,且一般天然油脂中的甘油三酯不仅物理化学性质非常接近,同时还存在大量的同分异构体和位置异构体。因此甘油三酯的分析是一项非常有挑战性的工作。该文对各类色谱分析技术在食用油中甘油三酯分析方面的应用进行了综述,评述了各方法的优缺点,并对指纹图谱技术和化学计量学方法在植物油鉴定中的应用进行了介绍。     

Recent advances in application and progress of advanced materials as adsorbents in sample preparation for plant growth regulators

Plant growth regulators are a class of physiologically active substances that could modify or regulate basic physiological processes in the plant and defense against abiotic and biotic stresses, including natural plant growth regulators and synthetic ones. Different from natural plant growth regulators with low content and high cost of extraction in plants, synthetic ones can be produced in large-scale production and widely used in agriculture for increasing and securing yield and quality of the harvested produce. However, like pesticides, the abuse of plant growth regulators will have negative impacts on human beings. Therefore, it is important to monitor plant growth regulators residues. Due to the low concentration of plant growth regulators and complex matrices of food, it is necessary to isolate and extract plant growth regulators by appropriate adsorbents in sample preparation for obtaining satisfactory results. In the last decade, several advanced materials as adsorbents have shown superiority in sample preparation. This review briefly introduces the recent application and progress of advanced materials as adsorbents in sample preparation for extraction of plant growth regulators from the complex matrix. In the end, the challenge and outlook about the extraction of plant growth regulators of these advanced adsorbents in sample preparation are presented.     

植物样品中内源性植物激素时空分布的研究进展

内源性植物激素是在植物体中合成，并在整个植物生命周期内调控其生长发育、应对外界刺激等过程中发挥重要作用的一类微量或痕量有机小分子化合物。随着植物激素分析方法的发展，分析样品用量逐渐减少，不同植物组织（或器官）中植物激素的种类和含量差异不断呈现，极大促进了植物激素生理作用的研究。近年来，植物样品中内源性植物激素的时空分布研究已成为植物激素分析的一大热点。该文总结了近五年来，内源性植物激素时空分布的研究进展，主要从分析难点、分析方法、主要植物激素在植物体内的时空分布情况等方面进行讨论和总结，相关内容围绕本研究组在植物激素检测方面的工作展开。最后，展望了植物激素时空分析这一研究领域的未来发展方向。     

Operational experience of a commercial scale plant of electron beam purification of flue gas

A commercial scale plant using electron beam irradiation was constructed to clean the flue gas from a coal fired thermal power plant at Chengdu in China. Operations began in September 1997 and the plant achieved its design performance with the satisfactory recovery of by-product fertilizer for agricultural use. Another commercial plant is now under construction at Nagoya, Japan and the operation will be started in November, 1999.     

Design of experiments on 135 cloned poplar trees to map environmental influence in greenhouse

To find and ascertain phenotypic differences, minimal variation between biological replicates is always desired. Variation between the replicates can originate from genetic transformation but also from environmental effects in the greenhouse. Design of experiments (DoE) has been used in field trials for many years and proven its value but is underused within functional genomics including greenhouse experiments. We propose a strategy to estimate the effect of environmental factors with the ultimate goal of minimizing variation between biological replicates, based on DoE. DoE can be analyzed in many ways. We present a graphical solution together with solutions based on classical statistics as well as the newly developed OPLS methodology.In this study, we used DoE to evaluate the influence of plant specific factors (plant size, shoot type, plant quality, and amount of fertilizer) and rotation of plant positions on height and section area of 135 cloned wild type poplar trees grown in the greenhouse. Statistical analysis revealed that plant position was the main contributor to variability among biological replicates and applying a plant rotation scheme could reduce this variation.     

产酸克雷伯氏菌SG-11生物合成吲哚-3-乙酸的检测

产酸克雷伯氏菌SG-11是从水稻根面分离的植物根际促生细菌,能有效的促进水稻植物的生长和发育,为探索其促生机理,通过色谱 -质谱联用、薄层色谱与高效液相色谱的定性和定量分析,证明了在产酸克雷伯氏菌SG-11的代谢产物中存在着较高浓度的植物生长素吲哚 -3-乙酸。