黏结剂对铁酸锌脱硫剂在高温煤气中脱硫性能的影响

以硝酸铁、硝酸锌、氨水及黏结剂为主要原料,用共沉淀法制成六种铁酸锌脱硫剂。研究了各种黏结剂的加入对脱硫剂的尖晶石结构、硫容量和脱硫效果的影响,在固定床上对其进行脱硫试验。并用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和气体吸附等测试手段,对脱硫剂的物相组成、结构、比表面积和孔容进行了表征。结果表明,用共沉淀法制备的铁酸锌,具有不受黏结剂影响的尖晶石结构,其颗粒属于微米级;添加高岭土黏结剂的脱硫剂的脱硫效果最好,添加硅藻土的脱硫剂的脱硫效果最差;不同黏结剂对脱硫剂的织构的影响不同;脱硫剂的反应活性和硫容量与其孔容的大小有关。     

Bench-Scale Testing of Zinc Ferrite Sorbent for Hot Gas Clean-up

Advanced integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation systems require the development of high-temperature, regenerable desulfurization sorbents, which are capable of removing hydrogen sulfide from coal gasifier gas to very low levels. In this paper, zinc ferrites prepared by co-precipitation were identified as a novel coal gas desulfurization sorbent at high temperature. Preparation of zinc ferrite and effects of binders on pore volume, strength and desulfurization efficiency of zinc ferrite desulfurizer were studied. Moreover, the behavior of zinc ferrite sorbent during desulfurization and regeneration under the temperature range of 350-400℃are investigated. Effects of binders on the pore volume, mechanical strength and desulfurization efficiency of zinc ferrite sorbents indicated that the addition of kaolinite to zinc ferrite desulfurizer seems to be superior to other binders under the experimental conditions.     

Impact of impregnation pressure on desulfurization performance of Zn-based sorbents supported on semi-coke

High-pressure impregnation, a new preparation method for sorbents to remove H2S from hot coal gas, is introduced in this paper. Semi-coke (SC) and ZnO is selected as the support and active component of sorbent, respectively. The sorbent preparation process includes high-pressure impregnation, filtration, ovendry and calcination. The aim of this research is to primarily study the effects of the impregnation pressure on physical properties and desulfurization ability of the sorbent. The desulfurization experiment was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor at 500°C and a simulated coal gas used in this work was composed of CO (33 vol%), H2 (39 vol%), H2S (300 ppm in volume), and N2 (balance). Experimental results show that the pore structure of the SC support can be improved effectively and ZnO active component can be uniformly dispersed on the support, with the small particle size of 10-500 nm. Sorbents prepared using high-pressure impregnation have better desulfurization capacity and their active components have higher utilization rate. P20-ZnSC sorbent, obtained by high-pressure impregnation at 20 atm, has the best desulfurization ability with a sulfur capacity of 7.54 g S/100g sorbent and a breakthrough time of 44 h. Its desulfurization precision and efficiency of removing H2S from the middle temperature gases can reach <1 ppm and >99.7%, respectively, before sorbent breakthrough.     

Effect of Calcium Oxide Additive on Sorbent for High-Temperature the Performance of Iron Oxide Coal Gas Desulfurization

The effect of calcium oxide additive in iron oxide sorbent for hot gas desulfurization was investigated by XRD and TPR techniques. XRD characterization showed that CaO was highly dispersed after the calcination of sorbents. Calcium sulfate formed in the desulfurization was decomposed and regenerated to CaO by reacting with CO before the next sulfidation process. Calcium participated in every sulfidation/regeneration cycle and contributed to the enhancement of sulfur capacity. The TPR results showed that the reduction temperature of the sorbent increased with the increase of the content of calcium. Calcium played a role of retarding reduction. Therefore, the addition of calcium oxide additive will benefit the utilization of iron oxide sorbent in strongly reducing atmospheres.     

Effect of Calcium Oxide Additive on the Performance of Iron Oxide Sorbent for High-Temperature Coal Gas Desulfurization

The effect of calcium oxide additive in iron oxide sorbent for hot gas desulfurization was investigated by XRD and TPR techniques.XRD characterization showed that CaO was highly dispersed after the calcination of sorbents.Calcium sulfate formed in the desulfurization was decomposed and regenerated to CaO by reacting with CO before the next sulfidation process.Calcium participated in every sulfidation/regeneration cycle and contributed to the enhancement of sulfur capacity.The TPR results showed that the reduction temperature of the sorbent increased with the increase of the content of calcium.Calcium played a role of retarding reduction.Therefore,the addition of calcium oxide additive will benefit the utilization of iron oxide sorbent in strongly reducing atmospheres.     

A complementary and synergistic effect of Fe-Zn binary metal oxide in the process of high-temperature fuel gas desulfurization

57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy was used to investigate the evolution of Fe-Zn binary metal oxide sorbent in the process of high-temperature fuel gas desulfurization. The results of phase analyses show that Fe-Zn binary metal oxide sorbent is rapidly reduced in hot fuel gas and decomposed to new phases of highly dispersed microcrystalline elemental iron and zinc oxide, both of which become the active desulfurization constituents. A complementary and synergistic effect between active iron acting as a high sulfur capacity constituent and active zinc oxide acting as a deep refining desulfurization constituent exists in this type of sorbent for hot fuel gas desulfurization.     

炭基载体对超声加压浸渍法制备锌基脱硫剂中温硫化性能的影响

以活性炭(AC)、褐煤半焦(LSC)、烟煤半焦(BSC)和褐煤焦(LC)4种炭基材料作为载体,利用超声辅助加压浸渍法分别制备了氧化锌炭基系列中温煤气脱硫剂。借助固定床硫化反应测试装置、氮气吸附、XRD和SEM等手段对4种脱硫剂的脱硫性能、物相组成、比表面积和孔结构进行了测试和表征。结果表明,超声辅助加压浸渍法能够有效改善炭基材料的孔隙结构,加压水热处理后的褐煤半焦比表面积可增大为原来的11倍;炭基材料种类不会影响氧化锌炭基脱硫剂中活性组分的赋存形态,但直接影响活性组分的上载率及其在载体表面分散的均匀性,进而影响脱硫剂的中温硫化性能。褐煤半焦制备的脱硫剂Zn/LSC中较高的活性组分利用率和丰富的孔隙结构使其脱硫效果最佳,脱硫精度达到99.99%时的穿透时间和实际硫容分别达到11.0 h和5.17%。褐煤半焦孔结构最易于改性,是加压水热合成中温煤气脱硫剂的一种优良的载体材料,这也是资源相对丰富的褐煤有效利用的途径之一。     

Preparation of γ-Al2O3 sorbents loaded with metal components and removal of thiophene from coking benzene

Series sorbents of Cu, Zn, Ni, Ce and Ag metal components supported on γ-Al₂O₃ carrier for removing thiophene from benzene were prepared by conventional and ultrasound-assisted incipient-wetness impregnation method. The static adsorption experiments were carried out in the thiophene-benzene solution with thiophene concentration of 500?mg/L. The results show that the desulfurization activity of all γ-Al₂O₃ sorbents modified by different metal components obviously increase, among which the sorbent modified by silver nitrate has the best performance. The active components of sorbents from Cu, Zn, Ni, Ce nitrates loaded on γ-Al₂O₃ carrier are their oxides. Besides Ag₂O, the products of silver nitrate thermal decomposition in sorbent prepared still have Ag⁰ and Ag–O–Al species. The assistant ultrasound in the process of sorbent preparation can not only shorten the impregnation time, but also enrich the pore structure of sorbent and improve the size and distribution of the Ag species, which is favorable to the removal of thiophene from benzene. The desulfurization capacity of sorbent changes with the Ag content loaded. The sorbent with 15?% quality content of Ag prepared by ultrasound-assisted impregnation method has the highest desulfurization efficiency. It could reduce the thiophene concentration to 1.7?mg/L from 500?mg/L at room temperature and ambient pressure, with the desulfurization efficiency of more than 99?%, when the ratio of sorbent to solution was 1:4?(g/mL).     

Desulfurization of liquid fuels by adsorption on carbon-based sorbents and ultrasound-assisted sorbent regeneration

Several carbon-based adsorbents, CuCl/AC, PdCl2/AC, and Pd/AC (where AC denotes activated carbon), were studied for desulfurization of a model jet fuel by selective adsorption of thiophenic molecules. Comparisons with gamma-Al2O3 support and desulfurization of a commercial jet fuel were also studied. The results showed that the selective sulfur adsorption capacity of PdCl2 was higher than that of CuCl and Pd(0), in agreement with molecular orbital results. It was also found that the activated carbon is the best support for pi-complexation sorbents to remove sulfur-containing compounds, i.e., benzothiophene and methylbenzothiophene. Among all the adsorbents studied, PdCl2/AC had the highest capacity for desulfurization. A significant synergistic effect was observed between the carbon substrate and the supported pi-complexation sorbent, and this effect was explained by a geometric effect. The saturated sorbent was regenerated by desorption assisted by ultrasound with a solvent of 30 wt % benzene and 70 wt % n-octane. The results showed that the amount of sulfur desorbed was higher with ultrasound, 65 wt % desorption vs 45 wt % without ultrasound in a static system at 50 degrees C.     

烟气中多环芳烃吸附脱除的研究

针对热电厂烟气中排放的多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物，在实验室规模上研究了六种吸附剂对烟气中典型的PAHs, 如萘（Nap）、芴（Flu）、菲（Phe）的吸附脱除行为。考察了吸附剂结构特征与Nap，Flu，Phe高温脱除的相关性，并对煤质活性炭（AC-1）在160 ℃～200 ℃下的吸附等温线进行了研究。结果表明，吸附剂对PAHs的吸附能力与其结构参数中BET表面积和微孔体积具有紧密相关性，而与中孔体积没有明显关系；活性炭表现出很好的脱除烟气中PAHs的作用；吸附剂对PAHs的吸附能力随着PAHs的质量分数增大而增大，随吸附温度的增加而减小；随着PAHs的碳原子数和芳环数增加，其在吸附剂上的吸附能力也增强。     

纳米氧化锌在模拟煤气下吸附单质汞的实验研究

采用均匀沉淀法制备纳米氧化锌吸附剂,并采用BET、XRD、XPS等分析手段对其进行表征。在固定床吸附实验台上,研究了吸附剂在N₂和模拟煤气气氛下对单质汞的吸附特性,分析气体成分对纳米氧化锌脱汞性能的影响。结果表明,纳米氧化锌在纯N₂气氛下的脱汞效率较低,以物理吸附为主;H₂S的加入可以显著提高纳米氧化锌对汞的吸附,停止通入H₂S后,脱汞效率仍能维持较长时间;CO和H₂通过促进纳米氧化锌脱硫进而促进对汞的脱除。随着温度的提高,纳米氧化锌表面形成的单质硫逐渐减少,抑制了吸附剂对单质汞的吸附脱除。     

Desulfurization kinetics of ZnO sorbent loaded on semi-coke support for hot coal gas

Zn-based sorbent (Z20SC) prepared through semi-coke support in 20 wt% zinc nitrate solution by high-pressure impregnation presents an excellent desulfurization capacity in hot coal gas,in which H2 S can not be nearly detected in the outlet gas before 20 h breakthrough time.The effects of the main operational conditions and the particle size of Z20SC sorbent on its desulfurization performances sorbent were investigated in a fixed-bed reactor and the desulfurization kinetics of Z20SC sorbent removing H2 S from hot coal gas was calculated based on experimental data.Results showed that the conversion of Z20SC sorbent desulfurization reaction increased with the decrease of the particle size of the sorbent and the increases of gas volumetric flow rate,reaction temperature and H 2 S content in inlet gas.Z20SC sorbent obtained from hydrothermal synthesis by high-pressure impregnation possessed much larger surface area and pore volume than semi-coke support,and they were significantly reduced after the desulfurization reaction.The equivalent grain model was reasonably used to analyze experimental data,in which k s=4.382×10-3 exp(-8.270×103/RgT) and Dep=1.262×10-4exp(1.522×104/RgT).It suggests that the desulfurization reaction of the Z20SC sorbent is mainly controlled by the chemical reaction in the initial stage and later by the diffusion through the reacted sorbent layer.     

A study on Zn-based catal-sorbents for the simultaneous removal of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia at high temperature

To simultaneously remove hydrogen sulfide and ammonia from hot coal gases, the ammonia decomposition abilities of various metal oxide catalysts were tested in the absence/presence of hydrogen sulfide, at 650 °C. Cobalt oxide, molybdenum oxide, and nickel oxide have high ammonia decomposition abilities (>95%) in the absence of hydrogen sulfide, but such abilities rapidly decreased during the reaction in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. To improve the simultaneous removal abilities of metal oxides, Zn-based catal sorbents were prepared via impregnation with various metals, such as cobalt, nickel, and molybdenum, on zinc oxide. The CZ-30 (promoted with 30 wt% cobalt oxide on zinc oxide) and NZ-30 (promoted with 30 wt% nickel oxide on zinc oxide) catal sorbents showed excellent sulfur removal capacities, which, calculated until the breakthrough point, were 0.35 and 0.39 g S/g catal sorbent, respectively, while MZ-30 promoted with molybdenum showed a low sulfur removal capacity of 0.08 g S/g catal sorbent. The ammonia decomposition ability of CZ-30, however, increased more than 18 times compared with Co₃O₄, whose ammonia decomposition ability was more than 95% until 465 min, even though the ammonia decomposition ability of NZ-30 sharply decreased after 30 min. The CZ catal sorbent is a good candidate for the simultaneous removal of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide.     

Succinic acid adsorption from fermentation broth and regeneration

More than 25 sorbents were tested for uptake of succinic acid from aqueous solutions. The best resins were then tested for successive loading and regeneration using hotwater. The key desired properties for an ideal sorbent are high capacity, complete stable regenerability, and specificity for the product. The best resins have a stable capacity of about 0.06 g of succinic acid/g of resin at moderate concentrations (1–5 g/L) of succinic acid. Several sorbents were tested more exhaustively for uptake of succinic acid and for successive loading and regeneration using hot water. One resin, XUS 40285, has a good stable isotherm capacity, prefers succinate over glucose, and has good capacities at both acidic and neutral pH. Succinic acid was removed from simulated media containing salts, succinic acid, acetic acid, and sugar using a packed column of sorbent resin, XUS 40285. The fermentation byproduct, acetate, was completely separated from succinate. A simple hot water regeneration successfully concentrated succinate from 10 g/L (inlet) to 40–110 g/L in the effluent. If successful, this would lower separation costs by reducing the need for chemicals for the initial purification step. Despie promising initial results of good capacity (0.06 g of succinic/g of sorbent), 70% recovery using hot water, and a recovered concentration of >100 g/L, this regeneration was not stable over 10 cycles in the column. Alternative regeneration schemes using acid and base were examined. Two (XUS 40285 and XFS-40422) showed both good stable capacities for succinic acid over 10 cycles and >95% recovery in a batch operation using a modified extraction procedure combining acid and hot water washes. These resins showed comparable results with actual broth.     

热煤气脱硫工艺基础特性研究

本文介绍了在加压流化床脱硫间歇试验装置上进行的热煤气脱碱工艺基础性研究结果，利用美国ＵＣＩ公司制备的高温钛酸锌脱硫剂研究了反应温度，压力，气体速度等因素对煤气脱硫过程的影响；     

Regenerable Fe-Mn-ZnO/SiO2 sorbents for room temperature removal of H2S from fuel reformates: performance, active sites, Operando studies

Fe- and Mn-promoted H(2)S sorbents Fe(x)-Mn(y)-Zn(1-x-y)O/SiO(2) (x, y = 0, 0.025) for desulfurization of model fuel reformates at room temperature were prepared, tested and characterized. Sulfur uptake capacity at 25 °C significantly exceeds that of both commercial unsupported ZnO sorbents and un-promoted supported ZnO/SiO(2) sorbents. Sulfur capacity and breakthrough characteristics remain satisfactory after multiple (～10) cycles of adsorption/regeneration, with regeneration performed by a simple and robust heating in air. XRD shows that both "calcined" and "spent" sorbents contain nano-dispersed ZnO, and XPS confirms conversion of ZnO to ZnS. "Calcined" sorbent contains Fe(3+) and Mn(3+) that are reduced to Mn(2+) upon reaction with H(2)S, but not with H(2). Operando ESR is used for the first time to study dynamics of reduction of Mn(3+) promoter sites simultaneously with measuring sulfidation dynamics of the Fe(x)-Mn(y)-Zn(1-x-y)O/SiO(2) sorbent. Fe cations are believed to occupy the surface of supported ZnO nanocrystallites, while Mn cations are distributed within ZnO.     

钛酸锌脱硫剂硫化过程的动力学分析

利用固定床反应器对钛酸锌高温煤气脱硫剂硫化过程的动力学进行了研究,考察了硫化反应温度、H2S体积分数对脱硫反应过程的影响。结果表明,脱硫剂具有良好的脱硫反应活性,在400 ℃～600 ℃,脱硫剂的硫化反应速率随着硫化反应温度的升高、反应器入口H2S 体积分数的增大而增大。在实验数据的基础上,利用等效粒子模型对其反应动力学进行了分析,发现该脱硫剂的硫化反应主要受固体内扩散控制,固体内扩散活化能为 61.4 kJ/mol,相应的频率因子为 4.4×105 m2/min。硫化反应后脱硫剂比表面积、孔体积显著减小,脱硫剂表面有颗粒聚集物存在,进一步验证了该脱硫剂的硫化反应主要是通过产物层的体相扩散控制的。     

炭基锌铁锰高温脱硫剂硫化再生行为的研究

采用共沉淀法制备了炭基锌铁锰高温脱硫剂,在固定床装置上研究了锌铁锰物质的量比对脱除硫化氢性能的影响,并进行3次硫化和再生循环实验,同时脱硫剂的新鲜样、硫化样及再生样通过XRD、BET和SEM等测试手段进行表征.实验结果表明,炭基铁酸锌添加氧化锰后,其脱硫效果和机械强度得到有效改善.当锌铁锰物质的量比为1∶2∶0.8,一次硫容达55.78g/100g,机械强度大于40N/cm;在分段升温至650℃时的再生过程中,无明显烧结;在3次循环实验中,硫化再生后脱硫剂的机械强度均大于新鲜样品,孔容积和比表面积都与新鲜样品相近,脱硫活性仍然保持较高水平.     

添加金属氧化物的V2O5/AC在烟气脱SO2及脱SO2后H2再生制备硫磺的活性研究

干法脱除烟气SO2的多种催化剂均可在H2气氛中再生,直接制备硫磺。该过程的实现不仅要求再生尾气循环,而且要求催化剂具有双重功能,即在脱硫过程中催化氧化SO2为H2SO4以及在再生过程中将催化还原释放出的SO2进一步转化为硫磺。添加有金属氧化物的V2O5/AC催化剂具备双重功能。着重考察了添加Ce、W、Fe、Co 等氧化物的V2O5/AC催化剂烟气SO2脱除能力及脱除SO2后经H2再生制备硫磺的能力,并对添加Co的催化剂进行了优化。结果表明,在这类催化剂中,对烟气脱SO2起主要催化氧化作用的是V2O5,对H2再生硫磺制备起作用的是添加的金属氧化物。除Ce2O3外,WO3、Fe2O3和CoO都提高了再生中的硫磺收率,CoO的作用最为显著。较合适的催化剂组成是1%V2O5和0.5%CoO。这些金属氧化物在AC上的担载方法,对烟气脱SO2和H2再生结果的影响不明显。硫磺的生成需要CoO向CoS2的转变,再生后催化剂上残余有部分CoS2,且残余硫量还与V2O5量有关。     

流化床快速制不定形活性焦脱除烟气中SO2的研究

利用大型流化床制得了适用于脱除烟道气中二氧化硫的不定形活性焦AC-A,并对其进行了特性分析,在固定床上考察了不同条件下脱除SO2的性能。与硫容相近的商业活性焦AC-B的脱硫性能对比,发现其脱硫性能较好。实验结果表明,在烟气中的二氧化硫的体积分数为0.05%~0.12%,反应温度为80 ℃～100 ℃,空速（GHSV）为1 200 h-1,O2的体积分数为6%,水蒸气为10%的情况下,活性焦AC-A保持SO2脱除率在90%以上达5 h。再生循环脱硫实验表明,活性焦AC-A具有良好的再生脱硫活性。