Determination of ceftriaxone in cerebrospinal fluid by ion-pair liquid chromatography

An ion-pair liquid chromatographic assay was developed and validated for the determination of ceftriaxone in cerebrospinal fluid. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column (125 x 4 mm, 5 microm) with detection at 270 nm, a 1 mL/min flow rate and a 50 microL loop. The mobile phase consisted of 300 mL acetonitrile, 50 mL 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 3.2 g tetrabutylammonium bromide as the ion-pairing agent, and dilution with distilled deionized water to 1 L. Cephradine was used as the internal standard. The assay was linear for ceftriaxone concentrations of 0.5-50 microg/mL. The coefficients of variation for precision were <4.61%. The accuracy ranged from 96.07 to 102.42%. The detection and quantitation limits were 0.019 and 0.065 microg/mL, respectively. This method was used to quantify ceftriaxone in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with meningitis. The results showed that the method described here is useful for the determination of ceftriaxone in cerebrospinal fluid.     

Chemiluminescence flow sensor with immobilized reagent for the determination of pyrogallol based on potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) oxidation

A novel chemiluminescence (CL) flow-through sensor for the determination of pyrogallol has been developed. The method is based on the reaction between pyrogallol and potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) in sodium hydroxide solution. Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) involved in the CL reaction was electrostatically immobilized on anion-exchange resin packed in a column. Pyrogallol was sensed by the CL reaction between pyrogallol and potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) which was eluted from the ion-exchange column through sodium phosphate injection. The CL emission allows quantitation of pyrogallol concentration in the range 0.01-3.8 microg/mL with a detection limit (3 sigma) of 0.003 microg/mL and a sample throughput of 118 h(-1). The relative standard deviation (n=7) was 2.2% for 0.2 microg/mL of pyrogallol. The influence of foreign compounds was tested.     

Determination of salbutamol using on-line solid-phase extraction and sequential injection analysis. Comparison of chemiluminescence and fluorescence detection

Determination of salbutamol using sequential injection analysis (SIA) with chemiluminescence and fluorescence detection has been devised. The chemiluminescence signal was emitted during the oxidation of salbutamol by potassium permanganate in sulfuric acid medium. Sodium polyphosphate was used as chemiluminescence enhancer. The fluorescence signal (excitation wavelength 230 nm) was also measured in sulfuric acid medium. Both detection techniques were compared with respect to the application of the methods to the determination of salbutamol in biological materials. The sample pre-treatment takes place directly in the SIA system, when salbutamol is adsorbed on the solid-phase (Baker-carboxylic acid) microcolumn integrated into the system. Sulfuric acid serves both as the reagent and the eluent. The lab-made SIA system consisted of a 2.5-mL Cavro syringe pump, ten-port Vici Valco selection valve and Spectra-Physics FS 970 fluorescence detector, which was lab-modified for chemiluminescence detection. The system was controlled by a PC using originally compiled LabVIEW-supported software. Concentrations, volumes of reagents and flow rates were optimised by a simplex method. Salbutamol was determined in the linear range 0.05-10 microg mL(-1) (RSD 1.53%), with the detection limit (3 sigma) 0.03 microg mL(-1) and sample throughput of 42 samples per hour with chemiluminescence detection in standard solutions. The fluorescence detection enabled the determination of salbutamol in standard solutions in the linear range 0.5-100 microg mL(-1) (RSD 2.69%), with the detection limit 0.2 microg mL(-1) and sample throughput of 24 h(-1). The proposed methods were applied to the determination of salbutamol in human serum and urine. However, serum is a very complicated matrix and the SIA-SPE analysis did not provide satisfactory results. It was possible to determine salbutamol in human urine using this technique. Better recovery was achieved with fluorescence detection.     

Development and validation of a reversed-phase column liquid chromatographic method for the determination of five cephalosporins in pharmaceutical preparations

A new, simple, rapid, and precise RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the determination of five cephalosporins, namely, cefalexin, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and cefepime. The method has been applied successfully for simultaneous determination of cefalexin in a binary mixture with sodium benzoate in a suspension, and cefoperazone in a binary mixture with sulbactam in vials. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters microBondapak C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm id, 10 pm particle size) using the mobile phase monobasic potassium phosphate (50 mM, pH 4.6)-acetonitrile (80 + 20, v/v) with UV detection. A flow rate of 1 mL/min was applied. Linearity, accuracy, and precision were found to be acceptable over the concentration range of 30-300, 3-30, and 15-120 microg/mL for the studied cephalosporins, sodium benzoate, and sulbactam, respectively. The optimized method proved to be specific, robust, and accurate for QC of the cited drugs in their pharmaceutical preparations.     

可溶性锰(IV)化学发光反应的研究

发现了在甲醛存在的条件下, 可溶性锰(IV)与30余种有机物和无机物的化学发光反应. 以头孢菌素类药物(头孢曲松钠、头孢唑啉钠、头孢拉定和头孢哌酮钠)为分析对象优化了可溶性锰(IV)-甲醛-头孢菌素类药物化学发光反应的条件, 建立了测定四种头孢菌素类药物的流动注射化学发光新方法, 并将建立的方法用于药物制剂中头孢菌素类药物的含量测定．同时, 对化学发光反应的机理进行了初步探讨.     

Flow injection chemiluminescence analysis of some penicillins by their sensitizing effect on the potassium permanganate-glyoxal reaction.

A new chemiluminescence method using flow injection is described for the determination of four penicillins, namely: phenoxymethylpenicillin potassium, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and ampicillin sodium. The method is based on sensitizing effect of these drugs on the chemiluminescence reaction of potassium permanganate in sulfuric acid with glyoxal. The different experimental parameters affecting the chemiluminescence intensity were carefully studied and incorporated into the procedure. The method allows the determination of 0.1-1.0 microg/ml phenoxymethylpenicillin potassium, 0.1-1.0 microg/ml amoxicillin, 0.1-1.0 microg/ml ampicillin, and 0.1-1.0 microg/ml ampicillin sodium. The method was successfully applied to the determination of four penicillin antibiotics in pharmaceutical preparations.     

Determination of proteins at nanogram levels by their quenching effect on the chemiluminscence reaction between luminol and hydrogen peroxide with manganese-tetrasulfonatophthalocyanine as a new catalyst

The manganese-tetrasulfonatophthalocyanine (MnTSPc) catalyzed luminol-hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescence (CL) systems can be quenched in the presence of proteins. A highly sensitive CL quenching method has been developed for the determination of proteins. Under optimum conditions, the linear ranges of the calibration curves were 0.1-20 microg/mL for human serum albumin (HSA), 0.2-20 microg/mL for human gamma-IgG, and 0.5-50 microg/mL for the bovine serum albumin (BSA) with the corresponding detection limits were 1.9 ng/mL, 2.7 ng/mL, and 3.4 ng/mL. The method has been applied to the analysis of total proteins in human serum samples and the results were in good agreement with clinical data provided.     

Fluorescence for the determination of protein with functionalized nano-ZnS

ZnS nanoparticles have been prepared and modified with sodium thioglycolate. The functionalized nanoparticles are water-soluble. They were used as fluorescence probes in the determination of proteins, which was proved to be a simple, rapid and specific method. In comparison with single organic fluorophores, these nanoparticle probes are brighter, more stable against photobleaching, and do not suffer from blinking. Under optimum conditions, linear relationships were found between the enhanced intensity of fluorescence at 441 nm and the concentration of protein in the range 0.1-4.0 microg mL(-1) for human serum albumin (HSA), 0.2-3.0 microg mL(-1) for bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0.1-4.5 microg mL(-1) for gamma-globulin (gamma-G). The limits of detection were 0.015 microg mL(-1) for HSA, 0.024 microg mL(-1) and 0.017 microg mL(-1) for BSA and gamma-G, respectively. The method has been applied to the analysis of human serum samples collected from the hospital and the results were in good agreement with those reported by a hospital, indicating that the method presented here is not only sensitive and simple, but also reliable and suitable for practical application.     

Flow-injection determination of ornidazole by chemiluminescence detection based on a luminol-ferricyanide reaction.

A flow-injection analysis (FIA) with a chemiluminescence detection method was developed for the determination of ornidazole based on the inhibition intensity of chemiluminescence from the luminol-ferricyanide system. Under the condition of 1.0 x 10(-3) mol/L luminol and 5.0 x 10(-6) mol/L potassium ferricyanide, the response to the concentration of omidazole is linear from 0.2 microg ml(-1) to 10 microg ml(-1), and a detection limit of 0.05 microg ml(-1) can be obtained. This method has been successfully applied to the determination of omidazole in pharmaceutical preparations.     

Photodegradation and flow-injection determination of simetryn herbicide by luminol chemiluminescence detection

A novel and simple flow injection chemiluminescence method is reported for the determination of simetryn, a common herbicide. The method is based on the direct oxidation of luminol by the photoproducts of the simetryn in alkaline medium in the absence of catalyst/oxidant. The linear concentration range was 0.01 - 2 microg mL(-1) simetryn with a correlation coefficient (r(2)) of 0.9997 and relative standard deviations (RSD; n = 4) in the range of 0.9 - 2.3%. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) was 7.5 ng mL(-1) with a sample throughput of 100 h(-1). The proposed method has been applied to determine simetryn in natural waters using Sep-Pak C(18) cartridges for solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure. The recoveries were in the range of 97 +/- 1 to 104 +/- 2%. The mechanism of chemiluminescence reaction has also been discussed briefly.     

铁氰化钾化学发光体系测定芦丁

基于在ＮａＯＨ碱性介质中,Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）３－６可以直接氧化芦丁产生强的化学发光这一现象,并结合流动注射分析技术,提出了一种直接化学发光测定芦丁的新方法。该方法测定芦丁的线性范围为１×１０－４～　１×１０－６　ｇ／ｍＬ,检出限为３．４×１０－７　ｇ／ｍＬ（３σ）。对５×１０－６　ｇ／ｍＬ芦丁溶液连续１１次测量的相对标准偏差为３．７％。该方法已成功地用于药片中芦丁含量的测定。     

Chemiluminescence Flow Injection Analysis of Menadione Sodium Bisulfite Based on Luminol Reaction

ABSTRACT

A chemiluminescence(CL) flow system is described for the determination of menadione sodium bisulfite based on its repression on the chemiluminescence(CL) emission produced upon mixing a hexacyanoferrate(III) solution with an alkaline luminol solution in the absence of co-oxidizer. The system responds linearly to menadione sodium bisulfite concentration in the range 0-1 μg/mL with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.01 μg/mL. Relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.16% for 0.4 μg/mL menadione sodium bisulfite (n=11). The system has been successfully applied to the determination of menadione sodium bisulfite in tablets and injections.     

Flow-injection chemiluminescence determination of chlorinated isocyanuric acids

A rapid and sensitive flow-injection chemiluminescence method is described for the determination of dichloro- and trichloroisocyanuric acids based on the chemiluminescence produced during their reaction with luminol in alkaline medium. The effects of analytical and flow-injection variables on these chemiluminescence systems and determination of both oxidants are discussed. The optimized method yielded 3sigma detection limits of 8x10(-8) and 5x10(-8) mol L(-1) for the sodium dichloroisocyanurate and trichloroisocyanuric acid, respectively. The optimum conditions were found to be as follows: NaOH, 1x10(-1) mol L(-1); luminol, 5x10(-3) mol L(-1); KI, 2x10(-3) mol L(-1) and flow rate, 3.5 mL min(-1).     

Sensitive monitoring of humic acid in various aquatic environments with acidic cerium chemiluminescence detection.

In this research, a simple, sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of humic acid (HA) in water samples was first developed based on the redox reaction between humic acid and cerium(IV) in the acidic condition. Different with the former redox CL reaction which occurred in alkaline solution, no enhancers were needed and neither precipitation nor a second contamination would occur in the present CL system. Comparing with other spectrometric methods, we find that the proposed analysis system had better applicability and accuracy. Under the optimal experiment conditions, the CL peak height was linear with the concentration of HA in the range of 0.03 to 10.0 microg mL(-1). The detection limit is 0.01 microg mL(-1) (S/N = 3), and the relative standard deviation was 2.3% for 0.5 microg mL(-1) HA solution with eleven repeated measurements. The present CL method was successfully applied to the determination of HA in tap water, spring water and river water samples with good recovery from 90.0 to 110.0%. A possible CL mechanism was proposed based on the results of UV and fluorescence spectrometry and the CL spectrum of HA. It was speculated that the semi-quinone radicals in the excited state were the emitters.     

基于纳米TiO2的化学发光法检测核黄素

纳米TiO2与NaOH溶液作用能产生化学发光辐射,在表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)的存在下,核黄素的加入能增强纳米TiO2-NaOH溶液的化学发光强度。基于此,构建了纳米TiO2-NaOH溶液化学发光新体系,建立了纳米TiO2-NaOH-核黄素体系检测核黄素的化学发光新方法。在优化实验条件下,核黄素质量浓度在5.0×10-6～3.5×10-4g/mL范围内与化学发光强度呈良好的线性关系,检出限为3.0×10-6g/mL,对2.5×10-5g/mL的核黄素进行11次平行测定,相对标准偏差为2.9%。该方法用于维生素B2片剂的测定,其结果与药典方法测得一致。该文同时对化学发光反应的机理进行了初步探讨。     

Fast simultaneous determination of niobium and tantalum by Kalman Filter analysis with flow injection chemiluminescence method.

A fast and highly efficient Kalman Filter analysis-flow injection chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method was developed to simultaneously determine trace amounts of niobium and tantalum in geological samples. The method, without the boring process of separation and dear instruments, is suitable for field scene analysis. The mixed chemiluminescence kinetic curve was analyzed by a Kalman Filter (KF) in this method to realize the simultaneous determination of niobium and tantalum. Possible interference elements in the determination were investigated. Under the selected conditions, the detection limits (3sigma, n = 11) of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) were 2.1 x 10(-3) microg g(-1) and 4.0 x 10(-3) microg g(-1), respectively, and the relative standard deviations were 4.9% and 3.3% (n = 9). The method was applied to the determination of niobium and tantalum in geological samples with satisfactory results.     

Development of a novel method based on liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection for the direct determination of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in raw materials, pharmaceutical formulations, culture media and plasma

A novel method for the non-derivatization liquid chromatographic determination of streptomycin (STR) and dihydrostreptomycin (DHSTR) was developed and validated based on evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). Utilizing a ThermoHypersil BetaBasic C18 analytical column, evaporation temperature of 50 degrees C and pressure of nebulizing gas (nitrogen) of 3.5 bar, the optimized mobile phase was 1.25 mL L(-1) TFA aqueous solution, in an isocratic mode at a rate of 1.0 mL min(-1). STR was eluted at 5.6 min and DHSTR at 7.8 min with a resolution of 4.4. Linear calibration curves were obtained from 2 to 120 microg mL(-1) (r > 0.9990) for STR and 2-75 microg mL(-1) (r > 0.9994) for DHSTR, with a LOD equal to 0.7 and 0.5 microg mL(-1), respectively. The developed method was applied for the assay of STR and DHSTR (sulfate) in pharmaceutical raw materials and formulations, while the simultaneous direct determination of sulfate was feasible (tR = 2.5 min, LOD = 1.4 microg mL(-1), double logarithmic calibration curve in the range of 4-50 microg mL(-1), r > 0.9998). Modified isocratic mobile phase (H2O-ACN, 90:10, v/v, containing 1.25 mL L(-1) TFA), was used for the determination of streptomycin B impurity in STR sulfate raw material and a gradient mobile phase (H2O-ACN containing TFA) was used for the determination of DHSTR in the presence of penicillinG procaine. The developed method was also applied for the assay of commercial formulations (STR powder and DHSTR injection solution and suspension) (%recovery 98-102, %RSD < 1.3, n = 3 x 3), for the determination of STR in bacteria culture medium (%recovery 99.6, %RSD = 0.8, n = 3 x 3), and for the determination of DHSTR in human plasma (2.0-23.0 microg mL(-1)) after solid phase extraction using carboxylate cartridges (%recovery 98.4-101.8, %RSD = 3.2, n = 3 x 3).     

Determination of erythromycin A in rat plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection using Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)

A simple and sensitive method was developed for the determination of erythromycin A (EA), decladinosyl erythromycin A (dClEA) and erythromycin B (EB) in rat plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection using Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II). The recovery rates of EA, dClEA and EB were 97, 94 and 85% from rat plasma and 89, 83 and 93% from rat urine, respectively. The calibration curves were linear over the concentration ranges 0.05-5 microg/mL for plasma and 0.5-50 microg/mL for urine. The precision and accuracy for all analytes in rat plasma were < or =9.0 and -6.3-7.2%, and those in urine were < or =9.4% and -6.1-7.6%, respectively. This method proved to be a powerful tool for determination of EA, dClEA and EB concentrations in samples from rats.     

在线电生强氧化剂钴(Ⅲ)化学发光法测定地塞米松磷酸钠

本文基于Co3+在硫酸介质中能氧化地塞米松磷酸钠产生化学发光这一特性,建立了一种流动注射化学发光测定地塞米松磷酸钠的新方法。其中不稳定的强氧化剂Co3+是通过在硫酸介质中恒电流电解CoSO4在线产生的,从而消除了由于试剂不稳定性带来的一些不利因素。该方法测定地塞米松磷酸钠的线性范围为1～20 mg/L,检出限为3.2×10－7g/mL(DL=3S/r),相对标准偏差小于5%。该方法已成功地用于地塞米松磷酸钠注射液中地塞米松磷酸钠的测定。     

阻抑动力学荧光法测定头孢曲松钠

在弱酸性介质中,头孢曲松钠能够阻抑过硫酸钾氧化荧光桃红的荧光淬灭反应,从而建立了阻抑动力学荧光法测定头孢曲松钠含量的新方法．头孢曲松钠的质量浓度与荧光强度的变化在1．0×10^-6～1．3×10^-5g·mL^-1范围内呈良好线性关系,R=0．9980,对浓度为1．0×10^-5g·mL^-1的头孢曲松钠进行11次平行测定,相对标准偏差为1．29％,检出限为3．8×10^-8g·mL^-1．该法简便、快速,结果可靠,可应用于药物制剂中头孢曲松钠含量的测定,结果令人满意．