High-accuracy surface position sensor based on a two-lens system

Two optical lenses are used to compose a surface position measuring system. A measurand is positioned near the front focal point of the first lens. At the output end of the other lens, a beam splitter is used to split the beam into two paths. One photodetector is positioned before the focal point of the lens in one path and another after the focal point in the other so that the intensities falling onto the two detectors can be adjusted to be equal when the first lens is in focus. This device provides a compact and high-accuracy surface sensor. In this paper, the design and experimental study of the sensor system is described. It is shown that such a sensor embodiment can lead to a resolution of 1 μm.     

Enhanced wavefront reconstruction by random phase modulation with a phase diffuser

A phase retrieval technique for enhanced wavefront reconstruction using random phase modulation and a phase diffuser is proposed. The speckle field generated is sampled at multiple axially displaced planes and the speckle patterns are used in an iterative algorithm based on the optical wave propagation in free space. The presentation of this technique is carried out using two setups. In the first setup, a diffuser plate is placed at the image plane of a metallic test object. The benefit of randomizing the phase of the object wave is the enhanced intensity recording due to high dynamic range of the diffusely scattered beam. The use of demagnification optics will also allow the investigations of relatively large objects. In the second setup, a transparent object is illuminated using a wavefront with random phase and constant amplitude by positioning the phase diffuser close to the object. The benefit of phase-only modulation is the increased resolution of the phase structures of the transparent test objects.     

强激光畸变波前的高精度重构

 高精度的波前重构，是实现对强激光波前畸变进行有效补偿与控制，提高光束质量的重要前提。先利用三个较远的衍射面及输入面上的强度信息，重构出强激光波前的以均方根梯度来描述的低频成分；再利用两个较近的衍射面及输入面上的强度信息，重构出强激光波前的以随机分布描述的中高频成分。当波前畸变的低频幅度小于或等于2λ，中高频幅度小于或等于0.15λ时，算法具有良好的收敛性能。     

强激光畸变波前的高精度重构

高精度的波前重构,是实现对强激光波前畸变进行有效补偿与控制,提高光束质量的重要前提。先利用三个较远的衍射面及输入面上的强度信息,重构出强激光波前的以均方根梯度来描述的低频成分;再利用两个较近的衍射面及输入面上的强度信息,重构出强激光波前的以随机分布描述的中高频成分。当波前畸变的低频幅度小于或等于2λ,中高频幅度小于或等于0.15λ时,算法具有良好的收敛性能。     

相关哈特曼-夏克波前传感器波前重构新方法

对相关哈特曼-夏克波前传感器的波前重构方法进行了研究,提出了一种基于相邻子图像间相对平移量的波前重构新方法。与常用的基于单一参考子图像的波前重构方法相比,新方法的动态范围有了很大提高。在8×8去4角的子孔径划分下,测量离焦波面时,新方法的动态范围可提高约16倍,子孔径数目越多,动态范围提高的倍数也越高。精度分析表明,两种波前重构方法在8×8去4角的子孔径划分下精度相近,在子孔径数目更多时,相邻子图像处理法的波前重构精度低于单一参考子图像法。     

基于衍射光栅曲率波前传感器的实时波前重构研究

自适应光学系统要求波前传感器能实现动态实时测量,曲率波前传感技术符合这一发展要求。一种新型的基于扭曲衍射光栅的曲率波前传感器在探测装置的实现方法方面具有较大优势,其波前重构已应用于光学度量。根据衍射光学理论,对其探测信号进行数值模拟,并利用Neumann边界条件的Green函数法对其波前重构进行数值模拟。结果表明：Green函数法归结为2矩阵相乘,计算速度快,达到实时重构要求; Green函数法对阶数不高的Zernike多项式重构效果较好;影响重构误差的主要因素是光强梯度的边界噪声。     

Improved formula of wavefront reconstruction from a radial shearing interferogram

A radial shearing (RS) interferogram obtained by the carrier fringe method is essentially the combination of radial and lateral shearing. The previous phase reconstruction algorithm neglects the effect of lateral shearing on the obtained RS interferogram. A mathematical formula for wavefront reconstruction from an RS interferogram is deduced. If the phase difference of the tested wavefront phase, the RS ratio s, and the laterally sheared amount x(0) in the x direction and y(0) in the y direction, respectively, have been determined, the tested wavefront phase can be precisely reconstructed using this formula. The result of simulation analysis and experiment shows that the formula is correct and more accurate.     

Geometric-optical reconstruction of a wavefront experimental realization with femtosecond laser pulses

The mechanism of wavefront reconstruction by geometric-optical reflection of reconstruction radiation from surfaces with constant phase differences between the object and reference waves has been investigated. The main difference between this mechanism and a holographic one is the absence of diffraction of the reconstructing radiation by the periodic structure and as a consequence the achromatism of the reconstruction process. Incoherent continuous radiation and ultrashort laser pulses were used in the experiments. The effect of achromatic reconstruction has been obtained after recording the interference of counterpropagating 30–40 fs pulses from an Al₂O₃:Ti³⁺ laser in bulk media.     

相位差波前探测与图像重建

相位差技术可以直接利用两幅或多幅图像的强度信息,重构出波前相位信息和目标清晰图像,具有光路简单、成本较低、适用于扩展目标等优点,在望远镜的系统像差检测和目标图像重建方面得到了大量应用。相位差波前探测的关键在于求解非线性代价函数的最优化问题,需要避免陷入局部极值并降低计算时间,才能满足动态变化波前实时探测的需求。同时在重建目标清晰图像时,通常需要做正则化和去噪处理,来提高重建图像的质量。本文主要介绍相位差技术的基本原理,以及近年来的研究进展,并对该技术未来的发展进行了展望。     

波荡器位相误差对自由电子激光

对波荡器位相误差对自由电子激光小信号增益的影响进行了分析讨论。对低增益情况解析地给出了波荡器位相误差引起的增益降低因子。结果表明:与自发辐射类似增益的降低与位相误差的方差成简单的指数关系，位相误差的线性变化部分引起最大增益的位移，还表明波荡器位相误差存在时Madey定理仍然成立。对高增益情况也给出了波荡器位相误差引起的增益降低因子。     

哈特曼传感器对湍流畸变波前的泽尼克模式复原误差

分析了应用哈特曼传感器测量大气湍流畸变波前时,哈特曼传感器的泽尼克模式复原误差与子孔径划分形式、泽尼克模式复原阶数等的关系,给出了科尔莫哥洛夫湍流下计算哈特曼传感器模式复原误差的公式。对比分析了8×8子孔径划分和32×32子孔径划分的两个哈特曼传感器在实际大气湍流中同步测量的实验结果。     

小波变换在区域波前重构算法中的应用

在自适应光学中使用区域法进行波前重构的一个主要困难是计算量非常大。通过对重构矩阵进行小波变换 ,并对生成的矩阵选取门限 ,获得稀疏矩阵 ,从而可在对重构精度仅有轻微影响的情况下 ,显著降低计算量 ,提高计算速度。文中根据 Bowman[1 ]的理论分析 ,证实了小波变换应用于 Kolmogorov大气扰动重构的适用性 ,提出了适合工程设计应用的门限选择方法和评价参数 ,针对 Kovlmogorov大气扰动进行了计算机仿真 ,给出了有实际应用价值的结果     

微型自适应光学系统的波前重构算法

基于测量所得的 37通道微型机械薄膜变形镜的影响函数矩阵和微型自适应光学系统 ,给出模式法波前重构与补偿的微型变形镜的控制电压 ,模拟计算和微型自适应光学系统的实验结果说明所得结果是正确可行的     

Complex wavefront reconstruction of digital in-line holography with a spatial radial carrier

We propose a method for reconstructing a complex wavefront from a single-shot in-line digital hologram with a spatial radial carrier. In the proposed method, the spatial radial carrier is generated by a point source that is located in front of an image sensor, as close as possible to the sensor with the condition that the Nyquist limit is not exceeded. A signal processing method employed for elimination of the zeroth-order and conjugate wave components is presented. Computer simulations and optical experiments are performed to verify the proposed method.     

Digital self-referencing quantitative phase microscopy by wavefront folding in holographic image reconstruction

A completely numerical method, named digital self-referencing holography, is described to easily accomplish a quantitative phase microscopy for microfluidic devices by a digital holographic microscope. The approach works through an appropriate numerical manipulation of the retrieved complex wavefront. The self-referencing is obtained by folding the retrieved wavefront in the image plane. The folding operation allows us to obtain the correct phase map by subtracting from the complex region of interest a flat area outside the microfluidic channel. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, quantitative phase maps of bovine spermatozoa and in vitro cells are retrieved.     

激光推进应用中的波前重构仿真研究

分析了Hartmann传感器应用于激光推进中波前畸变测量的可行性,介绍了模式法波前重构原理。利用MATLAB7.0对小孔板进行了仿真。并根据几何光线追迹原理,对设定的畸变波前进行了重构。同时比较了选用不同Zernike模式数的波前重构结果以及选用不同采样率小孔板的波前重构结果。仿真结果表明:Hartmann传感器对推进应用中大口径光斑的波阵面测量是可行的。     

Optical implementation of scale invariant fractional Fourier transform of continuously variable orders with a two-lens system

A simple two ordinary lens system is proposed to realize the fractional Fourier transform (FRT) of continuously variable order while keeping the scaling factors of both the input and output functions as the same constant independent of the geometric parameters of the system and the FRT orders. It can remove the necessity and inconvenience of using input masks of different scales or any other special devices, and then is helpful to those who want to observe the FRT but have no specific facilities.     

Space-time correlation function of spatially and temporally integrated laser speckle intensity in a two-lens imaging optical system

An analytical form of the cross correlation function in a two-lens imaging optical system has been obtained by calculating the integrated speckle intensity with a gaussian profile approximation for the transmittance of the detection area and the weight function of the sampling time. Adapting the results to a speckle velocimeter, the experimental conditions of the sampling time and the optimal relation between the speckle size and the detection area have been discussed.     

基于波长移相剪切干涉的准直波前重构技术

为了实现干涉仪出射准直波前的重构,提出了基于波长调谐移相的横向剪切干涉技术。干涉仪出射波前分别经楔板的前后表面反射,通过角锥棱镜返回后在干涉仪CCD上形成剪切干涉条纹。采用波长移相方法提取剪切干涉条纹的相位信息从而实现准直波前重构。分析相对剪切比对波面重构精度的影响,推导相对剪切比和其影响因素间的关系公式,给出波长移相中光程差常数分量的估算方法。测量干涉仪的三组出射波前,波前的峰谷值分别为3.22λ、2.10λ、0.83λ。该方法简化了传统测量干涉仪准直波前的横向剪切干涉装置,提高了测量精度,特别适合于测量波长移相干涉仪的出射波前。     

基于模型选择的模式波前重构算法研究

基于Zernike模式的波前重构算法通常忽略实际波前像差构成的差异, 而用一定数量的低阶Zernike模式进行波前重构, 导致模式混淆或耦合等问题, 进而影响波前重构的精度. 根据信息论中的最小描述长度准则对重构模型的阶数进行了选择, 在此基础上应用非线性优化算法计算重构系数, 并最终实现波前重构; 对不同信噪比条件下振幅均匀分布入射光束的波前进行了重构. 结果表明: 该算法不但能够实现相对于现有算法相对较高的波前重构精度, 并且具有优良的噪声适应性, 体现了模型选择在模式法波前重构算法中的意义.