Deactivation and regeneration of the B2O3/TiO2-ZrO2 catalyst in the vapor phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime

The deactivation and regeneration of B₂O₃/TiO₂-ZrO₂ catalyst for the vapor phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to -caprolactam were studied. The fresh, deactivated and regenerated catalysts were characterized by using adsorption of nitrogen, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG) and NH₃-temperature-programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD) techniques. The crystal structure and pore size distribution of the catalyst were retained after reaction, but the number of acid sites decreased significantly. There was a relationship between the amount of coke deposited on the catalyst and the decline in catalytic activity. These results suggest that the coke deposition on the surface of catalyst is mainly responsible for the catalyst deactivation. The catalytic activity can be recovered completely after calcining the deactivated catalyst in air flow at 600 °C for 8 h.     

浆态床中Cu/ZnO/Al2O3/ZrO2+γ-Al2O3双功能催化剂一步法合成二甲醚

采用共沉淀法,制备了纤维状CD501甲醇合成催化剂,采用SEM、TEM、XRD和BET等手段对催化剂进行了表征;并将其进一步和γ-Al₂O₃进行混合,获得了Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃/ZrO₂+γ-Al₂O₃双功能催化剂,考察了其在浆态床中一步法合成二甲醚过程的催化特性。结果表明,相比商业催化剂(COM)和LP201催化剂,新型的CD501催化剂具有更大的比表面积和Cu/Zn分散性。对于浆态床中一步法合成二甲醚过程,采用CD501与γ-Al₂O₃双功能催化剂,相比采用COM或LP201与γ-Al₂O₃双功能催化剂,CO转化率提高了一倍,且经过270h测试,CO转化率从61%降至57%,二甲醚时空产率从0.54g/(g·h)降至0.48g/(g·h),稳定性显著优于COM催化剂。当反应温度为250℃,压力为4.0MPa,空速为3000mL/(g·h),氢碳比为1.0时,该催化剂应用在浆态床一步法合成二甲醚时,CO转化率为61%,DME时空产率达到0.54g/(g·h)。     

Liquid phase hydrogenation of citral and intermediaries over Ir/TiO2/SiO2 catalysts: Kinetic study

Kinetics of the hydrogenation of citral and its intermediates over Ir/TiO₂/SiO₂ catalysts has been studied. The effect of various parameters such as the initial concentration, H₂ pressure partial, temperature and weight of catalyst were examined. A high selectivity towards unsaturated alcohols using this catalyst was demonstrated. The initial rates increased linearly with the catalyst weight. The reaction rate obeys a kinetics represented by the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. A single site model suggesting the surface reaction as the rate determining step provided the best fit of the experimental data for the hydrogenation of citral and alcohols (geraniol, nerol and citronellol), while a dual site represent the best kinetics for the hydrogenation of citronellal.     

柠檬酸对Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2-Al2O3复合载体,以柠檬酸(CA)为络合剂采用浸渍法制备了Ni2P负载的TiO2-Al2O3复合载体催化剂,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附比表面积测定、H2程序升温氢还原(H2-TPR)、程序升温氧化(TPO)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术对催化剂的结构和性质进行了表征,考察了CA/Ni摩尔比对在Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂上进行的二苯并噻吩(DBT)加氢脱硫(HDS)性能的影响.结果表明:适量的CA可以丰富催化剂的孔道,提高催化剂的比表面积.当n(CA)/n(Ni)=2:1时,催化剂的比表面积达到126.75m2·g-1,与不加CA时相比,提高了57.05m2·g-1.调节n(CA)/n(Ni)能够改善活性相的分布,改变活性相的种类;引入CA使Ni和P前驱体的还原温度明显降低,促进活性相Ni2P的生成,一定程度上能够抑制催化剂表面炭的形成和沉积,提高其稳定性.n(CA)/n(Ni)=2:1时,催化剂具有最好的加氢脱硫活性,在360°C,3.0MPa,氢油比为500(V/V),液时体积空速为2.0h-1的条件下,二苯并噻吩转化率为99.5%,可将模拟油中硫含量由2%(w)降低到0.01%(w).     

Al含量对Pt-SO2-4 /ZrO2-Al2O3固体超强酸催化

通过向SO^2-₄ /ZrO₂催化剂中同时引入适量的Pt和Al₂O₃, 制备出了具有较高催化性能和稳定性的Pt-SO^2-₄ /ZrO₂-Al₂O₃型固体超强酸催化剂. 以正戊烷异构化反应为探针, 考察了Al含量对催化剂性能的影响; 并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积测定(BET)、红外(IR)光谱、程序升温还原(TPR)、热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)和氨-程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)手段对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, Al能够提高ZrO₂的晶化温度, 抑制硫的分解, 增加催化剂的比表面积, 增强硫氧键的结合, 提高催化剂的还原性能, 增加催化剂的酸强度和酸总量. 当Al₂O₃含量(质量分数, w)为5.0%时, Pt-SO^2-₄ /ZrO₂-Al₂O₃固体超强酸催化剂的催化活性最好, 在100 h内异戊烷收率可稳定在52.0%以上, 选择性在98.2%以上.     

CuO/ZrO_2催化水煤气变换反应制氢:ZrO_2载体焙烧温度的影响

以经不同温度(120、250、350、450℃)焙烧处理的ZrO_2为载体,采用沉积-沉淀法制备了系列CuO/ZrO_2催化剂;考察了富氢气氛下催化剂的水煤气变换反应(WGS)催化性能。结果表明,CuO/ZrO_2催化剂的催化活性随ZrO_2载体焙烧温度的升高呈现先升高后降低的"火山型"变化趋势,在焙烧温度为250℃时取得最高值。采用X射线粉末衍射、N_2物理吸附-脱附、N_2O滴定、H_2程序升温还原和CO程序升温还原及质谱跟踪等技术研究了系列ZrO_2载体及CuO/ZrO_2催化剂的结构和还原性能。结果表明,随着ZrO_2焙烧温度的升高,一方面,CuO/ZrO_2催化剂的Cu分散度逐渐降低,与ZrO_2具有强相互作用的高分散活性Cu-[O]-Zr物种("[]"表示ZrO_2表面氧空位)逐渐减少;另一方面,Cu-[O]-Zr物种的还原能力逐渐增强,并诱导催化剂活性表面羟基的还原能力也相应增强(CO为还原剂),即降低了催化剂对WGS反应的起活温度。两方面的综合作用使得ZrO_2载体焙烧温度为250℃(中等温度)时,CuO/ZrO_2催化剂的WGS催化活性最高。     

Role of CO2 in dehydrogenation of propane over CrOX/SiO2 catalyst with low Cr content

When ethene alone was contacted with silica supported cobalt catalyst (Co/SiO₂), ethene homologation took place with considerable activity. Moreover, the propene metathesis reaction was suppressed ca. 1/6 fold as much as in the case using MoO_X/SiO₂ catalyst. The possibility of selective homologation with a lower activity for metathesis was suggested for the cobalt-based catalyst system.     

H5PMo10V2O40/SBA-15催化剂的制备及其催化性能

以Keggin型杂多酸H5PMo10V2O40为主体,SBA-15介孔分子筛为载体,利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同负载量的H5PM10V2O40/SBA-15负载型催化剂,通过XRD、FTIR、TEM、H2-TPR和N2吸脱附法对样品进行了分析和表征,并将制得的负载型催化剂应用于苯氧化苯酚的反应中,研究了不同条件(温度、时间和催化剂用量等)下的催化性能.研究结果表明:H5PMo10V2O40杂多酸能均匀地分散于SBA-15孔道中且SBA-15的六方介孔结构并未发生改变:较好地解决了活性组分大量溶脱的问题;与H5PMo10V2O40杂多酸相比,H5PMo10V2O40/SBA-15催化剂在苯氧化为苯酚的反应中具有更高的转化率和更好的选择性,当反应温度为70℃,催化剂的使用量为0.25 g,反应时间为2 h和H5PMo10V2O40负载量为60%时苯酚的选择性达到了82.53%.     

CO2和CH3OH直接合成碳酸二甲酯Cu-Ni/V2O5-SiO2催化剂

采用表面反应改性法制备了Ｖ２Ｏ５－ＳｉＯ２（ＶＳｉＯ）表面复合物,用等体积浸渍法制备了ＶＳｉＯ担载的Ｃｕ－Ｎｉ双金属催化剂,用ＩＲ,ＴＰＤ,ＴＰＳＲ和微反技术研究了ＣＯ２和ＣＨ３ＯＨ在催化剂表面上的化学吸附与反应性能。结果表明,在Ｃｕ－Ｎｉ／ＶＳｉＯ催化剂上存在着金属位Ｃｕ－Ｎｉ合金,Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸位Ｖ＾ｎ＋和Ｌｅｗｉｓ碱位Ｖ＝Ｏ三类活性中心;ＣＯ２在金属位和Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸位协同作用下可生成ＣＯ２卧式     

PdO-CeO2复合氧化物催化剂的CO低温氧化

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Pd含量的PdO-CeO2复合氧化物催化剂, 并考察了该催化剂的CO低温氧化反应催化性能. 运用X射线衍射(XRD), 物理吸附(BET), CO化学吸附, 程序升温还原(TPR), 脉冲反应等技术对催化剂进行了表征. XRD结果表明, 焙烧温度从400 ℃升高到800 ℃, 有利于CexPd1-xO2-δ固溶体的形成. 然而焙烧温度升至1000 ℃时, 导致Pd从固溶体中析出. 催化剂的CO氧化活性(TOF)与CexPd1-xO2-δ固溶体的含量存在一定的对应关系. 随着CexPd1-xO2-δ固溶体含量的增加, CO氧化的TOF值大, 可见CexPd1-xO2-δ固溶体的形成对CO氧化活性有着主要的贡献. 在催化剂焙烧温度相同的条件下, 催化剂的CO氧化活性与Pd粒子大小无对应关系. 脉冲反应进一步说明PdOx的CO氧化活性高于金属Pd.     

Effect of 3% Re2O7/60%Al2O3 - 40%SiO2 Catalyst Alkylation Time and Temperature Using Et4Pb on Methyl Erucate Conversion

A study of the alkylation of 3% Re₂O₇/60%Al₂O₃-40%SiO₂ catalyst using tetraethyllead (Et₄Pb)(TEL) shows that the reaction time and temperature affect the catalyst activity and selectivity in the methyl erucate metathesis reaction. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CH4-CO2 reforming to syngas over Pt-CeO2-ZrO2/MgO catalysts: Modification of support using ion exchange resin method

Pt-CeO2-ZrO2/MgO (Pt-CZ/MgO) catalysts with 0.8 wt% Pt, 3.0 wt% CeO2 and 3.0 wt% ZrO2 were prepared by wet impregnation method. Support MgO was obtained using ion exchange resin method or using commercial MgO. XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, DTA-TG and CO2-TPD were used to characterize the catalysts. CH4-CO2 reforming to synthesis gas (syngas) was performed to test the catalytic behavior of the catalysts. The catalyst Pt-CZ/MgO-IE(D) prepared using ion exchange resin exhibits more regular structure, smaller and more unique particle sizes, and stronger basicity than the catalyst Pt-CZ/MgO prepared from commercial MgO. At 1073 K and atmospheric pressure, Pt-CZ/MgO-IE(D) catalyst has a higher activity and greater stability than Pt-CZ/MgO catalyst for CH4-CO2 reforming reaction at high gas hourly space velocity of 36000 mL/(g·h) with a stoichiometric feed of CH4 and CO2. Activity measurement and characterization results demonstrate that modification of the support using ion exchange resin method can promote the surface structural property and stability, therefore enhancing the activity and stability for CH4-CO2 reforming reaction.     

以ZrO2-TiO2为载体的整体式锰基催化剂应用于低温NH3-SCR反应

以MnO2为活性组分, Fe2O3为助剂, 制备了以TiO2及ZrO2-TiO2为载体的整体式催化剂. 考察了它们在不同温度焙烧后应用于富氧条件下, NH3选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)氮氧化物的低温反应性能和高温稳定性. 用X射线衍射(XRD)实验、比表面积测定(BET)、储氧性能测定(OSC)及程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等方法对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 以ZrO2-TiO2为载体的催化剂具有很好的高温热稳定性, 并具有较高的比表面积和储氧能力, 同时具有较强的氧化能力. 催化剂的活性测试结果表明, 以ZrO2-TiO2为载体的整体式锰基催化剂明显地提高了NH3-SCR反应的低温活性, 具有良好的应用前景.     

Na4H3[SiW9Al3(H2O)3O37]·12H2O/H2O: a new system for selective oxidation of alcohols with H2O2 as oxidant

This work describes a catalytic system consisting of both Na₄H₃[SiW₉Al₃(H₂O)₃O₃₇]·12H₂O(SiW₉Al₃) and water as solvents (a small quantity of organic solvents were used as co-solvent for a few substrates) that can be good for selective oxidation of alcohols to ketones (aldehydes) using 30% H₂O₂ without any phase-transfer catalyst under mild reaction conditions. The catalyst system allows easy product/catalyst separation. Under the given conditions, the secondary hydroxyl group was highly chemoselectively oxidized to the corresponding ketones in good yields in the presence of primary hydroxyl group within the same molecule, and hydroxides are selectively oxidized even in the presence of alkene. Benzylic alcohols were selectively oxidized to the corresponding benzaldehydes in good yields without over oxidation products in solvent-free conditions. Nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur-based moieties, at least for the cases where these atoms are not susceptible to oxidation, do not interfere with the catalytic alcohol oxidation.     

TiO2-Al2O3载体的制备方法对其负载的磷化镍催化剂加氢脱氮反应性能的影响

采用共沉淀法和原位溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体,其负载的磷化镍催化剂采用等体积浸渍法和H₂原位还原法制备. 通过N₂吸附（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、程序升温还原（TPR）,X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和等离子体发射光谱（ICP-AES）表征技术对催化剂进行了表征,并通过喹啉的加氢脱氮反应评价了催化剂的加氢脱氮性能. 结果表明,原位溶胶-凝胶法制成的复合载体基本保留了原有的γ-Al₂O₃的孔特征,具有较大的比表面积和较宽的孔分布,TiO₂主要以表面富集的形式分散在管状的γ-Al₂O₃表面,其负载的磷化镍催化剂还原后所形成的活性相为Ni₂P和Ni₁₂P₅;而共沉淀法制成的复合载体比表面积较小,孔径分布更加集中,TiO₂趋于在块状的Al₂O₃表面均匀分散,其负载的磷化镍催化剂具有更好的可还原性,还原后所形成的活性相为Ni₂P. 不同的载体制备方法和不同的钛铝比对催化剂加氢脱氮性能影响较大,当n（Ti）/n（Al）=1/8时,共沉淀法载体负载的催化剂表现出最佳的加氢脱氮性能,在340 ℃,3 MPa,氢油体积比500,液时空速3 h^-1的反应条件下,喹啉的脱氮率可以达到91.3%.     

Cross metathesis of butene-2 and ethene to propene over Mo/MCM-22-Al2O3 catalysts with different Al2O3 contents

A series of 3.0Mo/MCM-22-Al2O3 catalysts with γ-Al2O3 contents in the range of 0-100 wt% were prepared and applied in the metathesis reaction of ethene and butene-2. Addition of γ-Al2O3 did not affect the structure of MCM-22 zeolite as evidenced by XRD and N2 adsorption measurements. It was deduced from TPR experiments that γ-Al2O3 phase favored the formation of polymolybdate or multilayered Mo oxide, while more Al2(MoO4)3 species were generated over MCM-22 zeolites. Alumina content in the support was directly related to the metathesis activity of ethene and butene-2 to propene. Mo species with higher valence (Mo⁶⁺or Mo⁵⁺) contributed more to the excellent performance of catalyst than metallic Mo. The best catalyst activity and stability was obtained over 3.0Mo/(MCM-22-30%Al2O3) under the reaction condition of 1.0 MPa and 125 ℃ using N2 as the pretreatment gas.     

A study on methanol steam reforming to CO2 and H2 over the La2CuO4 nanofiber catalyst

The La₂CuO₄ crystal nanofibers were prepared by using single-walled carbon nanotubes as templates under mild hydrothermal conditions. The steam reforming of methanol (SRM) to CO₂ and H₂ over such nanofiber catalysts was studied. At the low temperature of 150 °C and steam/methanol=1.3, methanol was completely (100%, 13.8 g/h g catalyst) converted to hydrogen and CO₂ without the generation of CO. Within the 60 h catalyst lifespan test, methanol conversion was maintained at 98.6% (13.6 g/h g catalyst) and with 100% CO₂ selectivity. In the meantime, for distinguishing the advantage of nanoscale catalyst, the La₂CuO₄ bulk powder was prepared and tested for the SRM reaction for comparison. Compared with the La₂CuO₄ nanofiber, the bulk powder La₂CuO₄ showed worse catalytic activity for the SRM reaction. The 100% conversion of methanol was achieved at the temperature of 400 °C, with the products being H₂ and CO₂ together with CO. The catalytic activity in terms of methanol conversion dropped to 88.7% (12.2 g/h g catalyst) in 60 h. The reduction temperature for nanofiber La₂CuO₄ was much lower than that for the La₂CuO₄ bulk powder. The nanofibers were of higher specific surface area (105.0 m²/g), metal copper area and copper dispersion. The in situ FTIR and EPR experiments were employed to study the catalysts and catalytic process. In the nanofiber catalyst, there were oxygen vacancies. H₂-reduction resulted in the generation of trapped electrons [e] on the vacancy sites. Over the nanofiber catalyst, the intermediate H₂CO/HCO was stable and was reformed to CO₂ and H₂ by steam rather than being decomposed directly to CO and H₂. Over the bulk counterpart, apart from the direct decomposition of H₂CO/HCO to CO and H₂, the intermediate H₂COO might go through two decomposition ways: H₂COO=CO+H₂O and H₂COO=CO₂+H₂.     

Impact of the urea–matrix combustion method on the HDS performance of Ni-MoS2/γ-Al2O3 catalysts

A detailed study has been made of the different steps involved upon the preparation of γ-Al₂O₃-supported Ni-Mo HDS catalyst precursors by urea–matrix combustion (UMxC) method. Catalyst performance was evaluated using a tubular fixed-bed reactor and the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene under normal pressure as a model reaction. The oxidic and sulfurized states of the HDS catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) in order to correlate their oxidic and sulfurized properties with the catalytic behaviour. During the UMxC process several consecutive stages such as melting, dissolution and chemical reactions occurred. There was no evidence of residual carbon and well-dispersed Ni- and Mo-oxo-species supported on alumina were formed.

Urea employed as fuel not only increases the combustion rate, but also undergoes a decomposition process (endothermic reaction) that could contribute to the reduction of the combustion temperature. The urea–matrix combustion method permit to synthesize highly active γ-Al₂O₃-supported Ni-Mo HDS catalysts with a comparable promoter effect than that of corresponding catalyst prepared by impregnation method. In addition, an opposite relation between the activity and the hydrogenation properties was observed indicating that highly active HDS catalyst requires low consumption of hydrogen. Finally, both the ignition temperature and the urea-oxidizer ratio produce no significant changes in the HDS catalytic properties of Ni-Mo-based catalysts.     

费托合成CeO2助Co/SiO2催化剂的失活

在固定床反应器上考察了原粒度(1～3mm)CeO2助Co/SiO2催化剂的费托反应性能,提出了催化剂失活的机理,并采用程序升温还原、X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,在1.5MPa,488K和400h-1条件下进行的300h稳定性实验中,原粒度CeO2助Co/SiO2催化剂上的CO平均转化率达到41%,液态烃选择性达到85%,液态烃中C10 烃的质量含量占88%以上.反应器出口的催化剂中有少量的CoO和Co2SiO4生成.催化剂的失活过程受动力学控制而非热力学控制,催化剂的失活机理为:高分散的纳米Co离子在反应器出口高水蒸气压力的作用下,以CoO为中间物种,与水合SiO2作用生成Co2SiO4,即Co H2O→CoO H2,SiO2 H2O→OSi(OH)2,2CoO OSi(OH)2→Co2SiO4 H2O.     

Synthesis of bifunctional cyclic carbonates from CO2 catalysed by choline-based systems

Easily prepared choline iodide is an active catalyst for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates through the coupling reaction of CO₂ and epoxides using low pressure (1 MPa), moderate temperature (85 ºC) and green solvents (ethanol and propan-2-ol). The effects of reaction temperature, pressure, reaction time and amount of catalyst used were also investigated. The results showed moderate to high yields and excellent selectivities of cyclic carbonates with vinyl or acrylate groups under mild reaction conditions. The heterogenization of choline over a Merrifield resin gives access to a supported catalyst with good recyclability and reactivity that can be extended to a variety of terminal epoxide substrates.