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1.
The electronic structure of a new type of polyoxometalate [Ti12Nb6O44]10? has been investigated using density functional theory (DFT). The calculations represent that the LUMO in fully oxidized [Ti12Nb6O44]10? delocalizes among the titanium (Ti) and niobium (Nb). Therefore, both Ti and Nb have the probability to accept extra electron when [Ti12Nb6O44]10? as catalyst is reduced, which has been reinforced by the spin density for the monoreduced specie [Ti12Nb6O44]11?. Three kinds of possible protonated isomers [HTi12Nb6O44]9? are discussed. The results reveal that the preferred protonation sites correspond to bridging oxygens Nb? O? Ti. In addition, the calculation of electronic spectrum shows that there is an obvious intramolecular charge transfer from oxygen to metal. The solvent effects were also considered in the calculations by using a conductor‐like screening model (COSMO) of solvation with the solvent‐excluding surface. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009  相似文献   

2.
An in‐depth spectroscopic EPR investigation of a key intermediate, formally notated as [PVIVVVMo10O40]6? and formed in known electron‐transfer and electron‐transfer/oxygen‐transfer reactions catalyzed by H5PV2Mo10O40, has been carried out. Pulsed EPR spectroscopy have been utilized: specifically, W‐band electron–electron double resonance (ELDOR)‐detected NMR and two‐dimensional (2D) hyperfine sub‐level correlation (HYSCORE) measurements, which resolved 95Mo and 17O hyperfine interactions, and electron–nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), which gave the weak 51V and 31P interactions. In this way, two paramagnetic species related to [PVIVVVMo10O40]6? were identified. The first species (30–35 %) has a vanadyl (VO2+)‐like EPR spectrum and is not situated within the polyoxometalate cluster. Here the VO2+ was suggested to be supported on the Keggin cluster and can be represented as an ion pair, [PVVMo10O39]8?[VIVO2+]. This species originates from the parent H5PV2Mo10O40 in which the vanadium atoms are nearest neighbors and it is suggested that this isomer is more likely to be reactive in electron‐transfer/oxygen‐transfer reaction oxidation reactions. In the second (70–65 %) species, the VIV remains embedded within the polyoxometalate framework and originates from reduction of distal H5PV2Mo10O40 isomers to yield an intact cluster, [PVIVVVMo10O40]6?.  相似文献   

3.
The existence of [μ‐HSi4]3? in liquid ammonia solutions is confirmed by 1H and 29Si NMR experiments. Both NMR and quantum chemical calculations reveal that the H atom bridges two Si atoms of the [Si4]4? cluster, contrary to the expectation that it is located at one vertex Si of the tetrahedron. The calculations also indicate that in the formation of [μ‐HSi4]3?, protonation is driven by a high charge density and an increase of electron delocalization compared to [Si4]4?. Additionally, [Si5]2? was detected for the first time and characterized by NMR. Calculations show that it is resistant to protonation, owing to a strong charge delocalization, which is significantly reduced upon protonation. Thus, our methods reveal three silicides in liquid ammonia: unprotonated [Si5]2?, terminally protonated [HSi9]3?, and bridge‐protonated [μ‐HSi4]3?. The protonation trend can be roughly predicted by the difference in charge delocalization between the parent compound and the product, which can be finely tuned by the presence of counter ions in solution.  相似文献   

4.
The existence of [μ‐HSi4]3? in liquid ammonia solutions is confirmed by 1H and 29Si NMR experiments. Both NMR and quantum chemical calculations reveal that the H atom bridges two Si atoms of the [Si4]4? cluster, contrary to the expectation that it is located at one vertex Si of the tetrahedron. The calculations also indicate that in the formation of [μ‐HSi4]3?, protonation is driven by a high charge density and an increase of electron delocalization compared to [Si4]4?. Additionally, [Si5]2? was detected for the first time and characterized by NMR. Calculations show that it is resistant to protonation, owing to a strong charge delocalization, which is significantly reduced upon protonation. Thus, our methods reveal three silicides in liquid ammonia: unprotonated [Si5]2?, terminally protonated [HSi9]3?, and bridge‐protonated [μ‐HSi4]3?. The protonation trend can be roughly predicted by the difference in charge delocalization between the parent compound and the product, which can be finely tuned by the presence of counter ions in solution.  相似文献   

5.
The monovanadium‐substituted polyoxometalate anion [VMo7O26]5?, exhibiting a β‐octamolybdate archetype structure, was selectively prepared as pentapotassium [hexaikosaoxido(heptamolybdenumvanadium)]ate hexahydrate, K5[VMo7O26]·6H2O ( VMo7 ), by oxidation of a reduced vanadomolybdate solution with hydrogen peroxide in a fast one‐pot approach. X‐ray structure analysis revealed that the V atom occupies a single position in the cluster that differs from the other positions by the presence of one doubly‐bonded O atom instead of two terminal oxide ligands in all other positions. The composition and structure of VMo7 was also confirmed by elemental analyses and IR spectroscopy. The selectivity of the synthesis was inspected by a 51V NMR investigation which showed that this species bound about 95% of VV in the crystallization solution. Upon dissolution of VMo7 in aqueous solution, the [VMo7O26]5? anion is substantially decomposed, mostly into [VMo5O19]3?, α‐[VMo7O26]4? and [V2Mo4O19]4?, depending on the pH.  相似文献   

6.
By combining results from a variety of mass spectrometric techniques (metastable ion, collisional activation, collision-induced dissociative ionization, neutralization-reionization spectrometry, 2H, 13C and 18O isotopic labelling and appearance energy measurements) and high-level ab initio molecular orbital calculations, the potential energy surface of the [CH5NO]+ ˙ system has been explored. The calculations show that at least nine stable isomers exist. These include the conventional species [CH3ONH2]+ ˙ and [HO? CH2? NH2]+ ˙, the distonic ions [O? CH2? NH3]+ ˙, [O? NH2? CH3]+ ˙, [CH2? O(H)? NH2]+ ˙, [HO? NH2? CH2]+ ˙, and the ion-dipole complex CH2?NH2+ …? OH˙. Surprisingly the distonic ion [CH2? O? NH3]+ ˙ was found not to be a stable species but to dissociate spontaneously to CH2?O + NH3+ ˙. The most stable isomer is the hydrogen-bridged radical cation [H? C?O …? H …? NH3]+ ˙ which is best viewed as an immonium cation interacting with the formyl dipole. The related species [CH2?O …? H …? NH2]+ ˙, in which an ammonium radical cation interacts with the formaldehyde dipole is also a very stable ion. It is generated by loss of CO from ionized methyl carbamate, H2N? C(?O)? OCH3 and the proposed mechanism involves a 1,4-H shift followed by intramolecular ‘dictation’ and CO extrusion. The [CH2?O …? H …? NH2]+ ˙ product ions fragment exothermically, but via a barrier, to NH4+ ˙ HCO…? and to H3N? C(H)?O+ ˙ H˙. Metastable ions [CH3ONH2]+…? dissociate, via a large barrier, to CH2?O + NH3+ + and to [CH2NH2]+ + OH˙ but not to CH2?O+ ˙ + NH3. The former reaction proceeds via a 1,3-H shift after which dissociation takes place immediately. Loss of OH˙ proceeds formally via a 1,2-CH3 shift to produce excited [O? NH2? CH3]+ ˙, which rearranges to excited [HO? NH2? CH2]+ ˙ via a 1,3-H shift after which dissociation follows.  相似文献   

7.
The solution behavior of the two polyoxo‐13‐palladates(II) ([PdII13AsV8O34(OH)6]8? and [PdII13(AsVPh)8O32]6?) was studied in detail. We discovered that the countercation‐mediated attraction is the driving force for their self‐assembly into larger architectures. However, the presence of phenyl groups in the periphery of [PdII13(AsVPh)8O32]6? results in an enhanced attraction among these polyanions through hydrophobic interactions, which leads to completely different trends of assembly size for these two very similar clusters when decreasing solvent polarity. An increase of assembly size with increasing solvent polarity was observed for [PdII13(AsVPh)8O32]6?, whereas for [PdII13As V8O34(OH)6]8? it was the opposite, due to the absence of hydrophobic interactions.  相似文献   

8.
Are the ‘Textbook Anions’ O2?, [CO3]2?, and [SO4]2? Fictitious? Experimental second electron affinities are still unknown for the title anions. It will be shown by means of quantum chemical ab initio calculations that these dianions are unstable with respect to spontaneous ionization. They all must be designated as non-existent.  相似文献   

9.
New heteroatom polyoxovanadates (POVs) were synthesized by applying a water‐soluble high‐nuclearity cluster as new synthon. The [V15Sb6O42]6? cluster shell exhibiting D3 symmetry was in situ transformed into completely different cluster shells, namely, the α‐[V14Sb8O42]4? isomer with D2d and the β‐[V14Sb8O42]4? isomer with D2h symmetry. The solvothermal reaction of {Ni(en)3}3[V15Sb6O42(H2O)x] ? 15 H2O (x=0 or 1; en=ethylenediamine) in water led to the crystallization of [{Ni(en)2}2V14Sb8O42] ? 5.5 H2O containing the β‐isomer. The addition of [Ni(phen)3](ClO4)2 ? 0.5 H2O (phen=1,10‐phenanthroline) to the reaction slurry gave the new compound {Ni(phen)3}2[V14Sb8O42] ? phen ? 12 H2O with the α‐isomer. Both transformation reactions are complex due the change of symmetry, the chemical composition, and rearrangement of the VO5 square pyramids and Sb2O5 handle‐like moieties.  相似文献   

10.
The gas‐phase reactivity of [V2O5]+ and [Nb2O5]+ towards ethane has been investigated by means of mass spectrometry and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The two metal oxides give rise to the formation of quite different reaction products; for example, the direct room‐temperature conversions C2H6→C2H5OH or C2H6→CH3CHO are brought about solely by [V2O5]+. In distinct contrast, for the couple [Nb2O5]+/C2H6, one observes only single and double hydrogen‐atom abstraction from the hydrocarbon. DFT calculations reveal that different modes of attack in the initial phase of C?H bond activation together with quite different bond‐dissociation energies of the M?O bonds cause the rather varying reactivities of [V2O5]+ and [Nb2O5]+ towards ethane. The gas‐phase generation of acetaldehyde from ethane by bare [V2O5]+ may provide mechanistic insight in the related vanadium‐catalyzed large‐scale process.  相似文献   

11.
The electrochemical transfer behaviour of vanadium-containing heteropolytungstate anions [PW12−xVxO40](3+x)− (x = 1−4) across the water | nitrobenzene interface has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry with cyclic linear current scanning. The transfer of PW11V1O4−40, HPW10V2O4−40, H2PW10V2O3−40, H3PW9V3O3−40 and H4PW8V4O3−40 across the water | nitrobenzene interface can be observed within the potential window. The effects were observed of pH in the water phase on the transfer behaviour and the formation of vanadium-containing heteropolytungstate anions in solution. Heteropolytungstate anions become more stable due to their involving the vanadium atom. The degree of protonation and the dissociation constant of the trivalent vanadium-containing heteropolytungstate anion of protonation increase with increasing vanadium content. The transfer processes are diffusion-controlled. The standard transfer potential, the standard Gibbs energy and the dissociation constant for vanadium-containing heteropolytungstate anions have been obtained and the transfer mechanisms are discussed.  相似文献   

12.
The closo‐dodecaborate [B12H12]2? is degraded at room temperature by oxygen in an acidic aqueous solution in the course of several weeks to give B(OH)3. The degradation is induced by Ag2+ ions, generated from Ag+ by the action of H2S2O8. Oxa‐nido‐dodecaborate(1?) is an intermediate anion, that can be separated from the reaction mixture as [NBzlEt3][OB11H12] after five days in a yield of 18 %. The action of FeCl3 on the closo‐undecaborate [B11H11]2? in an aqueous solution gives either [B22H22]2? (by fusion) or nido‐B11H13(OH)? (by protonation and hydration), depending on the concentration of FeCl3. In acetonitrile, however, [B11H11]2? is transformed into [OB11H12]? by Fe3+ and oxygen. The radical anions [B12H12] ˙ ? and [B11H11] ˙ ? are assumed to be the primary products of the oxidation with the one‐electron oxidants Ag2+ and Fe3+, respectively. These radical anions are subsequently transformed into [OB11H12]? by oxygen. The crystal structure analysis shows that the structure of [OB11H12]? is derived from the hypothetical closo‐oxaborane OB12H12 by removal of the B3 vertex, leaving a non‐planar pentagonal aperture with a three‐coordinate O vertex, as predicted by NMR spectra and theory.  相似文献   

13.
[V2O]+ remains “invisible” in the thermal gas‐phase reaction of bare [V2]+ with CO2 giving rise to [V2O2]+; this is because the [V2O]+ intermediate is being consumed more than 230 times faster than it is generated. However, the fleeting existence of [V2O]+ and its involvement in the [V2]+ → [V2O2]+ chemistry are demonstrated by a cross‐over labeling experiment with a 1:1 mixture of C16O2/C18O2, generating the product ions [V216O2]+, [V216O18O]+, and [V218O2]+ in a 1:2:1 ratio. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations help to understand the remarkable and unexpected reactivity differences of [V2]+ versus [V2O]+ towards CO2.  相似文献   

14.
The reactivities of the adamantane‐like heteronuclear vanadium‐phosphorus oxygen cluster ions [VxP4?xO10].+ (x=0, 2–4) towards hydrocarbons strongly depend on the V/P ratio of the clusters. Possible mechanisms for the gas‐phase reactions of these heteronuclear cations with ethene and ethane have been elucidated by means of DFT‐based calculations; homolytic C? H bond activation constitutes the initial step, and for all systems the P? O. unit of the clusters serves as the reactive site. More complex oxidation processes, such as oxygen‐atom transfer to, or oxidative dehydrogenation of the hydrocarbons require the presence of a vanadium atom to provide the electronic prerequisites which are necessary to bring about the 2e? reduction of the cationic clusters.  相似文献   

15.
DFT calculations were carried out to study 183W NMR chemical shifts in the family of the Keggin anions with formula α‐[XW12O40]q? (X=B, Al, Si, P, Ga, Ge, As, Zn), in the β‐ and γ‐[SiW12O40]4? geometric isomers, in the derivative Dawson anion [P2W18O62]6?, and in the most symmetrical Lindqvist [W6O19]2? anion and its derivative [W10O32]4?. In this article, we show that the geometry employed in the calculation of NMR chemical shifts in polyoxotungstates is extremely important if we want to be quantitative. Using very large basis sets of QZ4P quality and taking into account the conductor‐like screening model (COSMO) to account for solvent effects (aqueous and organic solutions), good geometries were found for the polyoxoanions. From these optimal geometries the 183W NMR chemical shifts were computed with the more standard basis sets of TZP quality and including spin–orbit corrections inside the zero‐order regular approximation (ZORA) to describe the relativistic effects of the internal electrons. With this strategy the mean absolute error between experimental and theoretical values was found to be less than 10 ppm, which is similar to the experimental error. We also discuss how the geometry of the polyoxoanion influences on the shielding.  相似文献   

16.
The kinetics of reduction of heteropoly 11-tungstovanadophosphate, [PVVW11O40]4−, (HPA1) and heteropoly 10-tungstodivanadophosphate, [PVVVVW10O40]5−, (HPA2) by thiourea has been investigated in HClO4/phthalate/acetate buffer solutions spectrophotometrically at 25 °C in aqueous medium. The stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:1 in both cases. The HPAs are converted into the corresponding one-electron reduced heteropoly blues, namely, [PVIVW11O40]5− and [PVIVVVW10O40]6−, and thiourea is oxidised to formamidine disulphide. The reaction shows first-order dependence in both [HPA] and [thiourea] at constant pH. The rate–pH profile shows the participation of both the neutral and deprotonated forms of thiourea in the reaction. The reaction proceeds through an outer sphere electron transfer mechanism in which activation-controlled electron transfer is the rate-determining step. Self-exchange rate constants for the couples [PVVW11O40]4−/[PVIVW11O40]5−, [PVVVVW10O40]5−/[PVIVVVW10O40]6− and H2NCSNH2/H2NCS·+NH2 have been evaluated by Marcus theory.  相似文献   

17.
On the Constitution of ‘KPbO2’ Transparent, orangered single crystals of K2Pb2O4 have been obtained by heating mixtures of K2O2 and PbO (K:Pb = 1:1) [Ag-cylinders, 560°C, 40 d, after cooling (15°C/h)]. The space group is P1 , a = 1295.94(9), b = 753.35(7), c = 697.12(8) pm, α = 118.00(1)°, β = 106.15(1)°, γ = 93.44(1)°, Z = 4, dx = 6.573 und dpyk = 6.54 g · cm3. The structure is characterized by rutilanalogous chains of edge-connected [PbO6] octahedra along [001] according to [PbO4/2O2/1] = PbO4. On both sides of such a chain there are respectively three O2?, which belong to two octahedra, alternating capped with Pb2+ or not capped, corresponding to [PbO4]Pb2[PbO4]□2… = Pb2O4. Those capped chains are held together by K(1)…K(4), each of them with C.N. 6. The order of the chains corresponds to the motive of a closest packing. The Madelung Part of Lattice Energy, MAPLE, Effective Coordination Numbers, ECoN, these via Mean Fictive Ionic Radii, MEFIR, are calculated and discussed.  相似文献   

18.
The reactions of alkyn‐1‐yl(vinyl)silanes R2Si[C?C‐Si(H)Me2]CH?CH2 [R = Me (1a), Ph (1b)], Me2Si[C?C‐Si(Br)Me2]CH?CH2 (2a), and of alkyn‐1‐yl(allyl)silanes R2Si[C?C‐Si(H)Me2]CH2CH?CH2 (R = Me (3a), R = Ph (3b)] with 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane in a 1:1 ratio afford in high yield the 1‐silacyclopent‐2‐ene derivatives 4a, b and 5a, and the 1‐silacyclohex‐2‐ene derivatives 6a, b, respectively, all of which bear a functionally substituted silyl group in 2‐position and the boryl group in 3‐position. This is the result of selective intermolecular 1,2‐hydroboration of the vinyl or allyl group, followed by intramolecular 1,1‐organoboration of the alkynyl group. In the cases of 4a, b, potential electron‐deficient Si? H? B bridges are absent or extremely weak, whereas in 6a,b the existence of Si? H? B bridges is evident from the NMR spectroscopic data (1H, 11B, 13C and 29Si NMR). The molecular structure of 4b was determined by X‐ray analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

19.
Na(V3?xNbx)Nb6O14 — A Novel Oxoniobate with [Nb6O12] and [M2O9] Clusters Goldcolored single crystals and black powders of Na(V3?xNbx)Nb6O14 have been prepared by heating a pellet containing a mixture of NaNbO3, NbO2, NbO, VO2 and NaF or Na2B4O7 (as mineralizers) at 900°C in a sealed gold capsule. The analytically determined Nb : V ratio is 5 : 1 and means that x is about 1.5. The compound crystallizes in P63/m with a = 603.4(1), c = 1807.9(5) pm and Z = 3. The crystal structure can be described in terms of common close packing of sheets of O and Na atoms together with Nb6 octahedra. Characteristic building groups of the new structure type are [Nb6O12] clusters, [M2O9] clusters and NbO5 bipyramids. V atoms are distributed only on the positions of the Nb atoms within the trigonal bipyramids or the [M2O9] clusters. The [Nb6O12] clusters show characteristicaly short distances dNb-Nb = 279.4 and 281.3 pm, respectively. In the [M2O9] units, which are built from two MO6 octahedra that share a common face, V or Nb atoms form M–M dumbbells with dM–M = 255.9 pm. The electronic structure is discussed using Extended Hückel calculations.  相似文献   

20.
Two new substituted polyoxotantalate clusters, [Ti2Ta8O28]8? and [Ti12Ta6O44]10?, considerably expand the pH range where tantalates persist in aqueous solution. The structures of [Ti2Ta8O28]8? and [Ti12Ta6O44]10? are reported as tetramethylammonium salts after synthesis at hydrothermal conditions in aqueous solution. These Ti‐substituted polyoxotantalate clusters have analogues among recently discovered niobates, but are slightly larger and more persistent in solution. Most importantly, they exhibit a much wider range of pH stability than the familiar hexatantalate cluster, which is the only other tantalate known to be stable at highly basic pH conditions. These molecules are kinetically stable to near‐neutral pH, making them excellent synthons for further development into materials and catalysts, and an significant advance in adapting tantalates for use in aqueous solutions.  相似文献   

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