基于平行光管法的薄凸透镜焦距测量

薄凸透镜是光学仪器中最重要、最基本的元件,在天文、军事、医学等众多领域发挥着重要作用。焦距是薄透镜、反射镜等光学系统最重要的特性参量,因而准确测量薄透镜的焦距则显得尤为重要。实验室测量薄凸透镜焦距的方法有物距像距法、自准直法、光电法、平行光管法等。由于采用前3种方法测量透镜焦距的精度偏低,针对该问题,提出利用平行光管法测量薄凸透镜的焦距,并对实验误差作简单分析。实验结果表明,该方法可以高精度地测量薄凸透镜焦距,相对误差仅为0.138%。因此,采用平行光管法的薄凸透镜焦距测量方法是有效可行的。     

自动聚焦激光诱导击穿光谱远程测量系统

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术具有非接触测量、无需样品预处理以及快速多元素同时分析等特点,适合于高温、高压、真空、有毒以及敌对环境等仪器和操作人员无法靠近观测对象的应用中。LIBS技术结合望远镜系统可以实现物质成分的远距离检测与分析。搭建了一套可自动聚焦的LIBS远程测量系统。该系统中的望远镜采用Schwarzschild结构,由一块凹球面反射镜和一块凸球面反射镜组成。两块球面反射镜共轴安装。其中凸面反射镜安装在电控精密平移台上,电动平移台可带动凸面反射镜沿光轴移动。通过调整凸面反射镜的位置,改变凸面反射镜和凹面反射镜的间距,进而改变系统的焦距,实现对不同距离的样品进行光谱测量。该结构的优点在于：激光聚焦光路与信号光采集光路相同,便于安装和调试;望远镜系统采用全反射式光路,适用于紫外波段检测;只包括两个球面反射镜,结构紧凑,元件容易加工。望远镜系统调焦距离为1.5～3.6 m,聚焦光斑直径约为0.5~1.0 mm。使用该系统对铜样品进行了LIBS实验,确认了Cu元素的特征谱线。通过测量Cu元素的LIBS特征谱线(Cu Ⅰ 223.01 nm, Cu Ⅰ 224.43 nm)峰面积和反射镜间距之间关系,得到了激光的最优聚焦位置。实验结果表明,该系统能够完成样品的远程激发和LIBS光谱测量,并能够对不同距离的样品进行自动聚焦。     

猫眼谐振腔氦氖激光器理论分析

猫眼逆向器作为谐振腔镜与一个凹面镜构成猫眼激光谐振腔.精确计算了三种猫眼逆向器(即理想猫眼逆向器和两种存在误差的猫眼逆向器)的逆向平行反射性，并对应用这三种猫眼逆向器的谐振腔中高斯光束的各项参数进行了深入分析，得出结论：对于高斯光束，凸透镜的焦距、凹面镜曲率半径、凸透镜与凹面镜间距三者相等的猫眼逆向器为理想逆向器，其逆向平行反射性最好，此时猫眼谐振腔处于理想状态，基模模体积最大，远场发散角最小，稳定性最好；在猫眼谐振腔的设计中，要尽量减小猫眼逆向器中凸透镜的焦距，增大凹面输出镜的曲率半径；猫眼逆向器存在误差时谐振腔的各项性能将受到影响.为猫眼谐振腔激光器的设计提供了理论依据.     

一种成像光谱仪前置物镜的设计

未来的成像光谱仪要求其光学系统在宽视场和宽波段范围内有高的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率。提出了一种无遮栏三反射镜系统的设计方法。所设计的三反射镜消像散系统包括两个非球面凹反射镜和一个凸球面反射镜。系统的视场角可达到5°,并实现了平场、远心光路的设计,可满足大视场高分辨成像光谱仪前置物镜的使用要求。     

离轴反射式平行光管设计及次镜检验方案研究

平行光管是光学实验室常用的光学精密仪器,通过光源照射靶标模拟无穷远目标,是光学系统装调、测试必需的设备.设计了一个有效口径为200 mm、焦距为5000 mm的平行光管,采用离轴两反射式系统结构,视场角为0.35°,主次镜都为非球面,次镜为凸双曲面,系统中心视场波像差设计值达到1/62λ,边缘视场波像差设计值达到1/2...     

CCD辅助测量凸透镜焦距的一种新方法

本文针对凸透镜主点及物像平面难以精确定位的问题,提出了一种以理想光学系统的物像关系为理论基础,基于高斯公式,用CCD摄像机辅助的精确测量凸透镜焦距新方法,这种方法也可以在焦距未知的情况下,求共轭距。     

利用准直管法测凹透镜的焦距

介绍了利用准直管精确测量凹透镜焦距的方法，该方法借助一个焦距较长的凸透镜与被测凹透镜组成无焦系统，可以使准直管出射光束的张角发生改变；用一辅助凸透镜与一测微目镜进行平行光束的会聚，测出准直管玻罗板线对在辅助凸透镜焦平面上所成像的大小；经过相应计算可得到被测凹透镜的焦距。     

新方法精确测量凸透镜焦距

凸透镜在光学应用中有很大的作用,而它焦距的测定方法有很多。本文应用分光计、可调狭缝设计一种新方法精确测量凸透镜的焦距。     

Focal-length measurements of deep parabolic mirrors

The focal length of deep parabolic mirrors is determined by using the shadows of two fibres placed in front of the mirror and illuminated by collimated light. By double reflexion on the deep mirror two shadow images of each fibre are formed and if all these images are in contact, the fibre distance is 4?     

猫眼激光谐振腔横模选择特性研究

将猫眼逆向器作为激光谐振腔的一个腔镜组成猫眼谐振腔。介绍了猫眼逆向器的结构,阐述了猫眼逆向器中凸透镜和凹面镜的间距改变时猫眼曲率半径的相应变化,并通过有效地控制该间距来选择激光横模,从而保证基横模输出。在激光谐振腔衍射积分方程的基础上,运用牛顿柯特斯数学方法,对不同参量下的猫眼激光谐振腔的横模状况进行分析,得出了各阶横模对应的特征值和功率损耗,计算出保证基横模输出的参量,并与实验对比,得到了一致的结论,为激光器的横模选择和控制提供了一种简便易行的新方法。     

Comparison of different types of secondary mirrors for solar application

Two-stage solar concentrators make solar beams downwards providing flexible choices for energy utilization. Five types of secondary mirrors (a flat mirror, an ellipsoidal mirror, a hyperboloidal mirror with upper/lower sheet and a paraboloidal mirror) are compared. Effects of geometry parameters and concentrator precisions on the optical performance are analyzed using Advanced System Analysis Program. The results indicate that concentrators with a flat mirror or hyperboloidal mirror with lower sheet are more sensitive to rim angle or relative location. The secondary mirror is better a convex surface especially when rim angle is more than 90°. A flat mirror or hyperboloidal mirror with lower sheet performs better with higher redirect focal points. A hyperboloidal mirror with upper sheet is the best however numerical aperture changing. The intercept factors decreased with the increase of random errors or optical errors. Both the fabrication and assemblage requirements for a concentrator with a hyperboloidal mirror with lower sheet are the strictest. Experiments are carried out based on a hyperboloidal mirror with upper sheet. The experiments results are in accordance with the ray-tracing results. Therefore, further studies on optimization of the two-stage concentrators using the ray-tracing model can be conducted.     

非共轴掠入射KB与KBA X射线显微镜的成像特性分析

由于X射线在介质中被强烈地吸收,加之介质的折射率在X射线波段略小于1,这些因素给X射线成像增加了很多难度,常规的成像方法难以适应X射线波段,目前多采用掠入射反射成像和编码孔径成像方法。详细分析掠入射情况下单镜及双反射镜的成像特性,对组成KBA显微镜的反射镜在掠入射条件下的焦距、视场倾斜、光阑位置等进行研究。研究结果表明：对于双反射镜结构,掠入射角为双反射镜夹角1/2时视场倾斜最少,光阑放在第2个镜子上成像质量优于放在第1个镜子上。最后分析KBA显微镜结构安排的合理性,从而为KBA显微镜设计和加工提供理论依据。     

激光陀螺新型光路程长控制镜的研制

爪盘结构程长控制镜由于其稳定性好等优点,已越来越广泛地应用于激光陀螺的腔长控制,但这种只有程长控制能力的控制镜,对陀螺腔体变形等原因引起的谐振光路变化却是无能为力。通过分析该类腔长控制镜的特点,提出了一种新颖的具有角度控制功能的光路程长控制镜。在原有的控制镜上增加一组角度控制部件,使其不仅有程长控制功能同时还具备了光路控制功能的方法,设计了新的槽片及角度控制元件,研制出了高性能的光路程长控制镜。系统地对控制镜的性能进行了测试。结果表明,它不仅稳定性好(陀螺使用温度范围内最大歪扭变化量小于0.3″),而且灵敏度高(大于0.1″/V)。     

汇聚式反射抛物面的宏观聚光测试

 目前反射式抛物面的检测主要是利用光的干涉法测量抛物面的光程来实现,虽然精度比较高,但却只能检测抛物面的光滑程度,而对抛物面的聚光效果无能力。该文从基本原理出发,重申反射式抛物面的聚焦成像本质,进而指出确定其聚光精度的关键是反射面各点的面积元方向与入射光的夹角关系,而不是光程关系。同时给出了应用特大口径平行光源或特大口径平行光源组合直接对反射抛物面进行检测的方法,它可以定性地检测出抛物面宏观的聚光效果和成像质量。     

Fabrication of nested elliptical KB mirrors using profile coating for synchrotron radiation X-ray focusing

This paper describes fabrication methods used to demonstrate the advantages of nested or Montel optics for micro/nanofocusing of synchrotron X-ray beams. A standard Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirror system uses two separated elliptical mirrors at glancing angles to the X-ray beam and sequentially arranged at 90° to each other to focus X-rays successively in the vertical and horizontal directions. A nested KB mirror system has the two mirrors positioned perpendicular and side-by-side to each other. Compared to a standard KB mirror system, Montel optics can focus a larger divergence and the mirrors can have a shorter focal length. As a result, nested mirrors can be fabricated with improved demagnification factor and ultimately smaller focal spot, than with a standard KB arrangement. The nested system is also more compact with an increased working distance, and is more stable, with reduced complexity of mirror stages. However, although Montel optics is commercially available for laboratory X-ray sources, due to technical difficulties they have not been used to microfocus synchrotron radiation X-rays, where ultra-precise mirror surfaces are essential. The main challenge in adapting nested optics for synchrotron microfocusing is to fabricate mirrors with a precise elliptical surface profile at the very edge where the two mirrors meet and where X-rays scatter. For example, in our application to achieve a sub-micron focus with high efficiency, a surface figure root-mean-square (rms) error on the order of 1 nm is required in the useable area along the X-ray footprint with a ∼0.1 mm-diameter cross section. In this paper we describe promising ways to fabricate precise nested KB mirrors using our profile coating technique and inexpensive flat Si substrates.     

(O)ffner展宽器曲面镜误差对输出脉冲对比度的影响

在(O)ffner展宽器的设计研究中,对曲面镜曲率半径的误差研究非常重要,它直接影响输出脉冲的质量.因此有必要分析(O)ffner展宽器中曲面镜曲率半径的误差对输出脉冲对比度的影响.参考(O)ffner展宽器的光线追迹模型,建立了(O)ffner展宽器中曲面镜曲率半径存在误差时的光线追迹模型;根据建立的模型.详细分析了曲面镜曲率半径的误差对输出脉冲质量的影响;发现在目前曲面镜曲率半径的加上误差在0.2%～0.5%的情况下,完全可以满足神光Ⅱ拍瓦激光装置中对展宽器的要求;同时发现如果曲面镜曲率半径存在误差时,应该尽量使两曲面镜之间的距离保持为凹面反射镜曲率半径的一半,而不是使两曲面镜保持同心.     

Kirkpatrick–Baez mirrors to focus hard X‐rays in two dimensions as fabricated,tested and installed at the Advanced Photon Source

The micro‐focusing performance for hard X‐rays of a fixed‐geometry elliptical Kirkpatrick–Baez (K–B) mirrors assembly fabricated, tested and finally implemented at the micro‐probe beamline 8‐BM of the Advanced Photon Source is reported. Testing of the K–B mirror system was performed at the optics and detector test beamline 1‐BM. K–B mirrors of length 80 mm and 60 mm were fabricated by profile coating with Pt metal to produce focal lengths of 250 mm and 155 mm for 3 mrad incident angle. For the critical angle of Pt, a broad bandwidth of energies up to 20 keV applies. The classical K–B sequential mirror geometry was used, and mirrors were mounted on micro‐translation stages. The beam intensity profiles were measured by differentiating the curves of intensity data measured using a wire‐scanning method. A beam size of 1.3 µm (V) and 1.2 µm (H) was measured with monochromatic X‐rays of 18 keV at 1‐BM. After installation at 8‐BM the measured focus met the design requirements. In this paper the fabrication and metrology of the K–B mirrors are reported, as well as the focusing performances of the full mirrors‐plus‐mount set‐up at both beamlines.     

Laser-induced ignition by optical breakdown

This paper is an experimental work of the applied methodical character in which as an attempt to optimize a laser ignition system a systematic study of the best incoupling geometry for the employed Nd:YAG laser was performed. The incoupling geometry comprises the pump fiber and an aspheric collimating lens. In this context, the distance between pump fiber and collimating lens was made continuously variable. The distance between fiber and lens primarily influences the diameter of the pump beam. In this way, it is possible to control the pulse energy as well as the number of pulses generated within a pump cycle. Furthermore, investigations to analyze the focal size dependence of plasma generation were carried out. As a result, it was found that it is possible to reduce optical losses caused by plasma transmission by choosing an optimum focal volume. This experiment was carried out for different pressures and focal volumes.     

大口径红外成像系统的光学设计

推导了以反射式两镜系统为主体的红外成像系统中满足光瞳匹配要求的转像透镜的高斯光学参量与两镜系统参量的关系式。当选定红外焦平面的冷屏直径及到焦面的距离后，转像透镜与两镜系统的高斯光学参量之间必须满足这个关系式，才能做到光瞳匹配，这就是冷屏为系统的出瞳．而入瞳是主反射镜的口径。消像差由主镜、副镜的非球面及转像透镜上的一个非球面承担。用实例计算验证了所推导出的公式的可靠性，红外系统的口径取为250mm，红外接收器的冷屏直径为5mm，冷屏到红外像面的距离为20mm。两镜系统主镜的曲率半径选定为-1000mm及-800mm两个值，两镜系统焦距为2000mm，1500mm及1000nm三个。共计算了六种结构参量不同的系统。     

玻璃基底Wolter-1型X射线聚焦镜研制及测试

Wolter-1型X射线聚焦镜可将掠入射的X射线反射至焦平面处,具有较强的成像探测能力,在天文探测等领域中具有重要作用.通过建立几何模型对反射镜面及反射光线方程进行理论计算,推导出了适用于以玻璃为基底材料的聚焦镜设计参数方程,可用于对此类聚焦镜进行理论设计,依据理论设计,采用具有极高表面光洁度的超薄肖特D263T玻璃经热弯成型后作为反射镜基底,在反射镜表面制备金属铱薄膜作为反射膜研制了Wolter-1型反射镜组,并使用激光三维扫描仪对所研制的聚焦镜片面型进行了测试.测试结果显示,实际镜片面型与理想镜片面型公差在10 μm以内的测试点占总测试点的50%.通过搭建可见光条件下的焦斑测试系统,使用图像采集相机采集焦斑的灰度图像,通过图像分析软件分析计算该灰度图像的灰度分布来定量分析焦斑的能量分布情况,从而确定焦斑特性参数.实验结果显示：研制出的聚焦镜片焦距为1.6 m,焦斑的半能量包围直径为0.33 mm,对应角分辨率为0.7角分.