Mo和Ni改性的HZSM-5催化剂对煤热解焦油的改质

考察了Mo和Ni改性的HZSM-5催化剂对煤热解焦油的改质性能,分析了催化改质前后焦油中轻质芳烃分布的变化规律。结果表明,经HZSM-5催化剂褐煤(XM)热解轻质芳烃总量的增加率为220%,这与煤热解产物在HZSM-5催化剂中发生烯烃和烷烃的芳构化以及酚羟基脱除等作用有关。负载活性金属Mo和Ni后,可以有效促进轻质芳烃的生成;Ni对焦油中带脂肪侧链化合物具有更强的裂解作用,而Mo则有利于带侧链化合物如甲苯和二甲苯的形成。焦煤(FX)热解过程中轻质芳烃的释放量分别是XM煤和年轻烟煤(PS)的2.2和2.4倍。经催化改质后,XM煤产物中轻质芳烃产率明显大于PS煤,并接近FX煤;这主要是因为XM煤结构中含有较多的含氧官能团和脂肪结构,在HZSM-5作用下可催化形成轻质芳烃。     

Analysis of coal tar and petroleum pitches by computerized pattern recognition

Pyrolysis gas chromatography (P/GC) has been successful in differentiating coal tar pitches which are used in the manufacture of high temperature graphite materials [1,2]. In the present study, coal tar and petroleum pitches received from five suppliers were readily differentiated using three distinct methods of polymer analysis: dynamic headspace and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (DH/GC/MS and P/GC/MS, [3]), and pyrolysis mass spectrometry (P/MS, [4,5]). All of these methods are appropriate for the analysis and pattern recognition study of coal and petroleum products; however, methods which incorporate GC usually necessitate long analysis times and are subject to problems associated with gas chromatographic reproducibility (e.g. active sites [6], and nonconstant retention times). As a fingerprint analysis method, P/MS is rapid and ideally suited to computerized pattern recognition study of pitches due to the simple format of P/MS data (computer tabulation of normalized intensities versus masses); whereas, in the present study, the normalized peak area versus retention time date from DH/GC/MS and P/GC/MS analyses were not suitable for direct input to a computerized pattern recognition analysis program, (due to non-constant retention times and improper data format). One limitation is that P/MS does not provide positive identification of thermally evolved products (as can DH/GC/MS and P/GC/MS) due to the complexity of the spectra of a mixture of compounds produced by P/MS. Within the limits of the commercial instrumentation and computer programs used in this study, a combination of all three techniques provided the greatest capability for the differentiation of the five coal tar and petroleum based pitches studied.     

Production of High-Density Jet and Diesel Fuels by Hydrogenation of Highly Aromatic Fractions

Physicochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon composition of highly aromatic wastes (light gas oil from catalytic cracking, pyrolysis tar, coal tar, coal gasification tar) as a feedstock for producing high-density jet fuels are considered. The hydrogenation reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including mixtures of hydrocarbons with different numbers of rings, are described. Catalysts for hydrogenation of highly aromatic waste to obtain fuel fractions are considered. Particular attention is paid to catalyst deactivation in the course of processing of this feedstock. A separate section deals with the choice and implementation of procedures for processing highly aromatic feedstock to obtain jet and diesel fuels.     

Pyrolysis of coal-tar asphaltene in supercritical water

Pyrolysis of coal-tar asphaltene, the main active component of coal tar in supercritical water (SCW), is investigated to further understand the upgrading mechanism of coal tar. It is found that coal-tar asphaltene convert to gas, maltene and char both in N₂ and in SCW, but the conversion of coal-tar asphaltene and the yield of maltene in SCW are significant higher than those in N₂. The effect of maltene and char in coal tar on the pyrolysis of coal-tar asphaltene is also studied. The results indicate that the presence of maltene could suppress the formation of char. And the addition of char could reduce the maltene yield. The analysis of pyrolysis product indicates the aromatic nucleus of asphaltene molecule is mainly composed of 2-4 rings aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on these results the pyrolysis mechanism of asphaltene in SCW was discussed.     

Phenyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic compounds as intermediate products during pyrolytic reactions involving coal tars, pitches and related materials

Summary Several so far unreported phenyl-substituted polycyclic, aromatic compounds were detected in coal tars, coal tar pitches and ring furnace flue gases by their gas chromatographic retention and mass spectra. In the case of thiophene-derived compounds, the elemental sulfur traces obtained by GC-AED supplied further evidence of their identity. Pure authentic substances were synthesised and analysed by GC-MS and GC-AED to prove the identity of the unknown compounds. Concentration profiles of phenyldibenzofurans and phenyldibenzothiophenes in different coal tars, coal tar pitches and ring furnace flue gases are reported. Reaction mechanisms are proposed which suggest that during oxidative pyrolysis phenyldibenzofurans and phenyldibenthiophene are the intermediate products on the path from dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophene to triphenyleno[1,12-bcd]furan and benzobisbenzofurans, and the respective thiophenes.     

神木煤显微组分热解和加氢热解的焦油组成

利用色谱-质谱联用技术测定了神木煤镜质组和惰质组在不同热解条件下焦油的组成,考察了显微组分类型和反应气氛对苯类、酚类、萘类、含氧杂环和多环芳烃类化合物产率的影响。结果表明,惰质组和镜质组焦油在组成和长链烃类、芳烃、含氧杂环和多环芳烃的相对质量分数方面存在很大差异。镜质组焦油中长链烃类的种类和相对质量分数较高,惰质组焦油中芳烃、含氧杂环和多环芳烃的种类和相对质量分数较高,反映了镜质组显微组分芳香度较低以及烷基侧链长和多以及惰质组稠环芳烃结构多和芳环缩聚程度高的特点。加氢热解比热解有较高的焦油收率,随氢气压力的增加,焦油的收率大幅度增加。镜质组和惰质组热解和加氢热解焦油组成和相对质量分数的差异反映了热解过程中氢气的加氢稳定化作用和加氢裂解作用。     

热解重油加氢裂化制取高芳潜石脑油的研究

以哈密热解焦油重质馏分悬浮床加氢裂化后的轻质油为原料,对其性质进行了分析,轻质油保留了煤的基本单元结构特点,富含芳烃类和环烷烃类化合物,氮含量较高;采用200 mL固定床精制-裂化串联装置,对轻质油原料进行了加氢裂化制取石脑油的研究;反应压力15 MPa下,考察了不同温度对加氢裂化反应的影响。结果表明,适宜的裂化段温度为390℃,此温度下,180℃馏分转化率为53.69%,氢耗5.13%,180℃石脑油收率56.8%,裂化后石脑油主要以C_(6-9)类烃类物质为主,其中,环烷烃含量为71.99%,芳烃含量3.13%,芳潜值70.1;以最佳工艺条件下产出裂化石脑油为原料,进行了催化重整制取BTXE的研究,采用石油系中间基石脑油作为对比,裂化石脑油重整后BTXE类物质总产率为55.85%,较石油基石脑油生成量高25.53%,彰显了煤基油的优势和特点,验证了煤热解重油裂化石脑油是制取BTXE类物质良好的原料。     

煤焦油沥青不同改性产物炭化性质的比较研究

比较研究了几种改性煤焦油沥青的炭化性质，并从原料结构上给出了解释。结果表明：在同一热处理条件下形成的各种中间相沥青的光学显微结构区域的大小顺序为：Ｓ－ＬＤＯＨＦ－ＭＣＴＰ＞Ｓ－ＭＣＴＰ＞ＭＣＴＰ－ＰＳ＞ＭＣＴＰ共炭化沥青分子中含有较多的短烷基侧链和环烷结构，炭化时能形成可溶性较好的广域型中间相体；超临界抽提能调整沥青的族组成和分子量分布，使分子更易于均匀聚合和取向，超临界抽提沥青的炭化性能优于抽提     

Mechanisms of aliphatic hydrocarbon formation during co-pyrolysis of coal and cotton stalk

Pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a tubular furnace. The characteristics of pyrolysis tar were analyzed by GC/MS. The results indicated that the aliphatic hydrocarbon yield derived from co-pyrolysis tar of cotton stalk and Shenmu coal was obviously higher than that of Shenmu coal pyrolysis under optimum condition. Moreover, microcrystalline cellulose was selected as a model compound and the copyrolysis tar of microcrystalline cellulose and Shenmu coal was analyzed for comparison. Base on the experimental results, it was indicated that the alkyl radicals generated from pyrolysis were converted to aliphatic hydrocarbons by radical reactions. Furthermore, the mechanisms of aliphatic hydrocarbon formation were discussed during co-pyrolysis of cotton stalk and Shenmu coal.     

Non-discriminating flash pyrolysis and thermochemolysis of heavily contaminated sediments from the Hamilton Harbor (Canada)

Analytical pyrolysis of sediments contaminated with pollutants of medium to high molecular weights (up to approximately 500 Da) is very challenging when using conventional pyrolysis systems due to discrimination of high molecular weight analytes. In the framework of this contribution, non-discriminating pyrolysis and thermochemolysis using rapid heating in a Silcosteel capillary were applied to study organic pollutants in heavily contaminated sediments taken from the Hamilton Harbor. The novel pyrolysis approach, requiring very small amounts of sample, turned out to be very useful as a rapid screening method, e.g. for risk assessment studies, proving superior to commonly used solvent extraction. Main pollutants in the sediments under study included aromatic hydrocarbons, chiefly originating from coal tar and petroleum. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) beyond six-rings, including coronene and truxene, could be detected. Sequential tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide-induced thermochemolysis performed at 500 and 750 degrees C enabled the differentiation between organic pollutants sorbed onto the sediment matrix on the one hand, and structural moieties of the condensed polymeric humic sediment matrix along with bound residues on the other hand. Thermochemolysis at 500 degrees C removed sorbates quantitatively, leaving only bare polymeric humic matrix. Significant PAH source indicators provided evidence that the lipidic fraction sorbed onto the sediments originated from PAHs formed chiefly in coal combustion processes. The polymeric humic organic matter network of the less polluted sediment was mainly of petrogenic origin, whereas black carbon, kerogen, etc. contributed to the organic carbon of the heavily polluted sediment. Thermochemolysis at 500 degrees C was also used to study fatty acid profiles of the sediments. The fatty acid methyl ester patterns obtained for the two sites under study differed significantly, with strong indications that microbial attenuation of the pollutants at the heavily polluted site 2 was strongly suppressed.     

神府东胜煤镜质组和惰质组的热化学反应差异

神府东胜(SD)煤的液化是我国能源多元化战略的重要环节, 然而由于我国西部煤种中的显微组分在液化过程中表现出的差异性, 传统煤化学知识无法解释神府东胜煤惰质组(SDI)和镜质组(SDV)在液化过程中表现出有别于我国东部煤对应煤种的性质; 此外, 由于煤结构基础理论上的局限, 镜质组和惰质组的热化学差异无法由常规热分析得到解释. 为了获取神府东胜煤镜质组和惰质组在液化过程中的差异性, 在建立两种煤岩显微组分平均分子模型的基础上, 应用分子力学、分子动力学和量子化学对所构建分子结构模型的成键特征及其在热化学环境中的变化做了定性分析, 模拟了由不同显微组分生成气、油和焦的过程. 结果表明, 在煤受热初始裂解释放CO2的过程中, SDI的活性高于SDV, 但这一过程对SDV和SDI的大分子骨架结构基本无影响. 在进一步的裂解中, 根据键级分析发现, SDV的化学键发生断裂的数目远大于SDI, 当SDV已基本裂解成小分子化合物时, SDI还需要进一步裂解才能形成小分子化合物, 而且SDV和SDI的裂解产物存在着差别, SDV以脂肪烃和单环芳烃为主, SDI以双环芳烃为主. 把量子化学计算推测的裂解小分子碎片与热重-质谱(TG-MS)实测结果进行对比, 证明了理论上的裂解过程与实验结果相吻合.     

含氧/蒸汽气氛中煤高温分解产物分布及反应性

在流化床反应器中考察了含氧/水蒸气气氛中煤在850 ℃下的热解特性,包括产物分布特性及生成的半焦与焦油的反应性,研究了温度、过量空气比(Equivalence ratio: ER)和水蒸气/煤比(S/C, 质量比)的影响。结果表明,随热解温度、ER和S/C质量比的增加,气体产率增加,而半焦和焦油产率减少。O₂的加入使CO₂、CO含量明显增加,H₂含量降低。O₂和水蒸气的加入使半焦的比表面积显著增加,半焦气化活性增强,但半焦在900 ℃和 ER 为0.22的条件下出现轻微石墨化,降低了其气化活性。同时,反应气氛中含有O₂和水蒸气对焦油的性质有显著影响,与单纯的N₂气氛相比,O₂和水蒸气的存在使热解焦油中单环芳烃、酮类、酚类、脂肪烃都明显减少,这对于焦油的进一步裂解及重整更加有利。     

褐煤热解过程中半焦重整催化剂性质的变化

为降低焦油产率,提高褐煤气化效率,采用胜利褐煤热解所得的半焦作为催化剂,在二阶石英反应器中对煤热解的焦油进行原位催化重整,分析和讨论了反应前后半焦催化剂的性质变化。结果表明,反应后半焦质量较反应前普遍有所下降,半焦是一种消耗性催化剂;反应后半焦的比表面积由422 m~2/g降到231.8 m~2/g;Raman分析结果表明,反应后半焦含氧官能团、小环(3-5个缩合芳环)与大环(大于5个缩合芳环)体系之比均有所降低。在半焦-挥发分作用过程中,快速热解制得半焦主要将挥发分裂解为小分子气体,慢速热解制得的半焦则主要使挥发分缩聚结焦脱除。     

Molecular mass ranges of coal tar pitch fractions by mass spectrometry and size‐exclusion chromatography

A coal tar pitch was fractionated by solvent solubility into heptane‐solubles, heptane‐insoluble/toluene‐solubles (asphaltenes), and toluene‐insolubles (preasphaltenes). The aim of the work was to compare the mass ranges of the different fractions by several different techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis, size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) and UV‐fluorescence spectroscopy showed distinct differences between the three fractions in terms of volatility, molecular size ranges and the aromatic chromophore sizes present. The mass spectrometric methods used were gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), pyrolysis/GC/MS, electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI‐FTICRMS) and laser desorption time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LD‐TOFMS). The first three techniques gave good mass spectra only for the heptane‐soluble fraction. Only LDMS gave signals from the toluene‐insolubles, indicating that the molecules were too involatile for GC and too complex to pyrolyze into small molecules during pyrolysis/GC/MS. ESI‐FTICRMS gave no signal for toluene‐insolubles probably because the fraction was insoluble in the methanol or acetonitrile, water and formic acid mixture used as solvent to the ESI source. LDMS was able to generate ions from each of the fractions. Fractionation of complex samples is necessary to separate smaller molecules to allow the use of higher laser fluences for the larger molecules and suppress the formation of ionized molecular clusters. The upper mass limit of the pitch was determined as between 5000 and 10 000 u. The pitch asphaltenes showed a peak of maximum intensity in the LDMS spectra at around m/z 400, in broad agreement with the estimate from SEC. The mass ranges of the toluene‐insoluble fraction found by LDMS and SEC (400–10 000 u with maximum intensity around 2000 u by LDMS and 100–9320 u with maximum intensity around 740 u by SEC) are higher than those for the asphaltene fraction (200–4000 u with maximum intensity around 400 u by LDMS and 100–2680 u with maximum intensity around 286 u by SEC) and greater than values considered appropriate for petroleum asphaltenes (300–1200 u with maximum intensity near 700 u). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in coal tar pitch

Different techniques for extracting polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from coal tar pitch for their quantitative determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are compared. It has been found that the ultrasonic treatment of a sample allowed the quantitative extraction of PAHs from coal tar pitch. The results of the quantitative determination of PAHs in samples of coal tar pitch obtained by Soxhlet extraction and liquid-liquid extraction with ultrasonic treatment agree within the experimental error range.     

典型烟煤热解机理的反应动力学模拟

建立合理有效的烟煤大分子模型，采用基于反应力场（Reactive Force Field，ReaxFF）的分子动力学方法模拟1400-2600 K典型烟煤的热解过程，得出产物分布和中间自由基的演变历程。研究表明，随着热解温度的升高，焦炭产量先增加后降低，焦油产量的变化趋势与焦炭相反，热解气产量单调增加。煤在低温下热解主要发生一次反应，生成焦油自由基碎片和小分子气体；高温下焦油碎片的二次反应显著，生成含量较多但数量较少的焦炭及含量与数量较多的小分子气体。2000 K是一次反应向二次反应的温度转折点。在高温热解时，煤中的C与H逐渐迁移到焦炭和焦油中，而含氧官能团较为活跃，O逐渐迁移到热解气中。二次反应阶段，O最活泼，H次之，C最稳定。热解过程中最先产生的气体是H₂O；NH₃主要来源于二次反应；H₂S在二次反应阶段被消耗转化为其他产物；H₂产量最多，且随热解温度升高而增加，尤其在二次反应中大量生成，主要源于裂解产生的氢自由基碰撞和芳香结构的缩合。基于ReaxFF模拟结果得到煤热解失重活化能为39.45 kJ/mol。     

Study of the composition of tars produced from blends of coal and polyethylene wastes using high-performance liquid chromatography

Tars produced at semi-industrial scale in a coke oven of 6 x 10(3) kg capacity were used to investigate the effect of using polyethylene waste as an additive in the carbonization process with coal. The polyethylene wastes used were low-density polyethylene from the agriculture greenhouses and high-density polyethylene from domestic sources. The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the soluble fractions in toluene and carbon disulfide, using two polystyrene-divinylbenzene columns and a mixture of dichloromethane-methanol as a mobile phase, provides useful information on the composition of tars and their derived pitches in terms of the substitution and molecular topology of polynuclear aromatic compounds (PACs). Differences in composition of tars produced with polyethylene waste at 1% (w/w) have been found to be negligible, while a higher amount of the waste (3%, w/w) promoted the formation of peri-condensed PACs at the expense of the substituted cata-condensed PACs. This behaviour is due to more extensive secondary reactions of tar precursors via dealkylation and aromatic condensation taking place during the carbonization process as a consequence of a more viscous co-carbonizing system. Changes in tar composition caused by this amount of polyethylene waste addition were comparable to those promoted by an increase in the carbonization temperature at semi-industrial and industrial ovens and by the coal preheating before the carbonization process. The characteristic features in tar composition were also found for the derived pitches from tars obtained with the polyethylene waste addition.     

超临界水中煤焦油沥青轻质化的实验研究

采用间歇超临界水（supercritical water, SCW）反应器,考察了反应温度（400℃~480℃）、停留时间(1 min~80 min)和反应压力（25 MPa~40 MPa）对煤焦油沥青轻质化的影响。与常压N2热解相比,煤焦油沥青在SCW中反应后产物中的轻油质量分数高,残焦质量分数低,表明SCW可以促进煤焦油沥青的轻质化反应进行并抑制缩合反应。沥青质是煤焦油沥青在SCW中发生反应的主要组分。在440 ℃和34 MPa时反应20 min,产物中轻油的质量分数可达原料的两倍,说明煤焦油沥青在SCW中可以发生明显轻质化反应。与温度相比,压力和停留时间的影响相对较小。     

经酸洗和碱洗处理的伊犁煤焦油的光谱学分析

煤焦油中所含杂质,尤其是不溶物或交联结构极易造成煤焦油深加工设备的堵塞,从而影响煤焦油加工产品的质量.对煤焦油进行净化处理,脱除其所含原生杂质有利于深加工工艺的平稳运行.为此,对新疆伊犁地区产中温煤焦油分别进行酸洗和碱洗处理,以除去煤焦油的部分不溶组分、净化其组成;同时采用核磁共振谱仪和红外光谱仪研究了经酸洗、碱洗处理前后煤焦油相关结构参数的变化.结果表明,分别经酸洗、碱洗处理后,煤焦油的芳碳率均明显减小,而脂碳率相对增加;且碱处理后脂碳率的增加更为显著.经酸洗处理后,焦油芳烃化合物中的缩合芳香核上连接的烷基侧链明显减少,烷氧基发生部分转化或降解,羧基或羰基部分相对含量有所增加,而碱处理后羧基或羰基部分相对含量增加值较为显著.就煤焦油复杂成分的净化而言,碱洗处理效果更好.     

神府煤煤岩显微组分的浮选分离及富集物的低温热解产物特性研究

研究了神府煤煤岩显微组分的浮选法分离及富集物的低温热解产物特性,考察了矿浆pH值对浮选分离效果的影响,探讨了显微组分富集率对低温热解产物收率的影响,对比分析了显微组分富集物低温热解产物特性,为煤岩显微组分的分级利用提供理论指导。结果表明,调节矿浆pH值可控制煤岩显微组分的分离效果;煤样中镜质组含量越高,低温热解的焦油收率越高,而惰质组含量越高,焦油收率越低,半焦收率越高;镜质组富集物低温热解后半焦表面出现明显的大孔和裂隙,惰质组富集物低温热解后半焦的结构更加疏散、易碎,小颗粒增多;神府煤及各显微组分富集物低温热解焦油中酚类物质的相对含量较高,镜质组富集物热解焦油中的酚类、萘类和链烃类物质含量高于惰质组,而惰质组富集物焦油中多环芳烃类及苯类相对含量较高;神府煤及各显微组分富集物低温热解气的主要成分为CH4、H2、CO、CO2及少量C2~5碳氢物,镜质组富集物热解气中CH4、H2及C2~5的相对累积产率高于惰质组,而CO和CO2产率低于惰质组,原煤热解气中CH4和H2的相对累积产率高于镜质组和惰质组。