Stable phosphinous acids

The electronic properties of organyl element compounds are strongly influenced by the electronic characteristics of the organic substituents. The bonding of two CF₃ groups to a phosphorus atom effects a drastically decreased basicity. That is the phosphorus atom is the least basic centre in the compound (CF₃)₂POH. This compound, synthesized in 1960 by Burg and Griffiths, is the only known example of a phosphinous acid, although there should be a general interest in this class of compounds. However, only a few investigations have been reported which may be explained by the tedious and risky synthesis. In this paper a safe one step and high yield synthesis of (CF₃)₂POH is described. The compound (C₆F₅)₂POH, originally claimed as a phosphinous acid, is proved to exist at room temperature exclusively in the tautomeric oxide form. (C₆F₅)₂P(O)H crystallizes in the triclinic space group (no. 2) with a 992.9(1) pm; b 1501.9(2) pm; c 1539.4(2) pm; α 117.48(1)°; β 100.39(1)°; γ 96.02(1)° and Z 6.Quantum chemical investigations prove the electron withdrawing effect of s-triazinyl groups (1,3,5-triazin-4-yl derivatives) to be much stronger than that of pentafluorophenyl groups. Quantum chemical calculations at the B3PW91/6-311G(3d,p) level of theory predict for the bis(s-triazinyl) derivative (C₃N₃H₂)₂POH the phosphinous acid isomer to be favored by ΔE_ZP = 22 kJ/mol in relation to the corresponding phosphane oxide isomer. The phosphinous acid (CF₃)₂POH (C_s symmetry) is favored at the same level of theory by about ΔE_ZP = 14 kJ/mol compared with the phosphane oxide structure (C_s symmetry).     

Air-stable platinum and palladium complexes featuring bis[2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phosphinous acid ligands

Secondary phosphane oxides, R(2)P(O)H, are commonly used as preligands for transition-metal complexes of phosphinous acids, R(2)P-OH (R=alkyl, aryl), which are relevant as efficient catalysts in cross-coupling processes. In contrast to previous work by other groups, we are interested in the ligating properties of an electron-deficient phosphinous acid, (R(f))(2)P-OH, bearing the strongly electron-withdrawing and sterically demanding 2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group towards catalysis-relevant metals, such as palladium and platinum. The preligand bis[2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phosphane oxide, (R(f))(2)P(O)H, reacts smoothly with solid platinum(II) dichloride yielding the trans-configured phosphinous acid platinum complex trans-[PtCl(2)({2,4-(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(3)}(2)POH)(2)]. The deprotonation of one phosphinous acid ligand with an appropriate base leads to the cis-configured monoanion complex cis-[PtCl(2)({2,4-(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(3)}(2)PO)(2)H](-), featuring the quasi-chelating phosphinous acid phosphinito unit, (R(f))(2)P-O-H···O=P(R(f))(2), which exhibits a strong hydrogen bridge substantiated by an O···O distance of 245.1(4) pm. The second deprotonation step is accompanied by a rearrangement to afford the trans-configured dianion trans-[PtCl(2)({2,4-(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(3)}(2)PO)(2)](2-). The reaction of (R(f))(2)P(O)H with solid palladium(II) dichloride initially yields a mononuclear palladium complex [PdCl(2)({2,4-(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(3)}(2)POH)(2)], which condenses under liberation of HCl to the neutral dinuclear palladium complex [Pd(2)(μ-Cl)(2){({2,4-(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(3)}(2)PO)(2)H}(2)]. The equilibrium between the mononuclear [PdCl(2)({2,4-(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(3)}(2)POH)(2)] and dinuclear [Pd(2)(μ-Cl)(2){({2,4-(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(3)}(2)PO)(2)H}(2)] palladium complexes is reversible and can be shifted in each direction by the addition of base or HCl, respectively. Treatment of palladium(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate, [Pd(F(6)acac)(2)], with a slight excess of (R(f))(2)P(O)H yields the complex [Pd(F(6)acac)({2,4-(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(3)}(2)PO)(2)H]. The quasi-chelating phosphinous acid phosphinito unit, which is formed by the liberation of HF(6)acac, is characterized by a O···O distance of 244.1(3) pm. These transition metal complexes are stable towards air and moisture and can be stored for months without any evidence of decomposition.     

Bis(trifluoroacetyl) peroxide, CF(3)C(O)OOC(O)CF(3)

Pure, highly explosive CF(3)C(O)OOC(O)CF(3) is prepared for the first time by low-temperature reaction between CF(3)C(O)Cl and Na(2)O(2). At room temperature CF(3)C(O)OOC(O)CF(3) is stable for days in the liquid or gaseous state. The melting point is -37.5 degrees C, and the boiling point is extrapolated to 44 degrees C from the vapor pressure curve log p = -1875/T + 8.92 (p/mbar, T/K). Above room temperature the first-order unimolecular decay into C(2)F(6) + CO(2) occurs with an activation energy of 129 kJ mol(-1). CF(3)C(O)OOC(O)CF(3) is a clean source for CF(3) radicals as demonstrated by matrix-isolation experiments. The pure compound is characterized by NMR, vibrational, and UV spectroscopy. The geometric structure is determined by gas electron diffraction and quantum chemical calculations (HF, B3PW91, B3LYP, and MP2 with 6-31G basis sets). The molecule possesses syn-syn conformation (both C=O bonds synperiplanar to the O-O bond) with O-O = 1.426(10) A and dihedral angle phi(C-O-O-C) = 86.5(32) degrees. The density functional calculations reproduce the experimental structure very well.     

On the weakly C-H···π hydrogen bonded complexes of sevoflurane and benzene

A vibrational assignment of the anaesthetic sevoflurane, (CF(3))(2)CHOCH(2)F, is proposed and its interaction with the aromatic model compound benzene is studied using vibrational spectroscopy of supersonic jet expansions and of cryosolutions in liquid xenon. Ab initio calculations, at the MP2/cc-pVDZ and MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ levels, predict two isomers for the 1?:?1 complex, one in which the near-cis, gauche conformer of sevoflurane is hydrogen bonded through its isopropyl-hydrogen atom, the other in which the same conformer is bonded through a bifurcated hydrogen bond with the fluoromethyl hydrogen atoms. From the experiments it is shown that the two isomers are formed, however with a strong population dominance of the isopropyl-bonded species, both in the jet and liquid phase spectra. The experimental complexation enthalpy in liquid xenon, ΔH(o)(LXe), of this species equals -10.9(2) kJ mol(-1), as derived from the temperature dependent behaviour of the cryosolution spectra. Theoretical complexation enthalpies in liquid xenon were obtained by combining the complete basis set extrapolated complexation energies at the MP2/aug-cc-pVXZ (X = D,T) level with corrections derived from statistical thermodynamics and Monte Carlo Free Energy Perturbation calculations, resulting in a complexation enthalpy of -11.2(3) kJ mol(-1) for the isopropyl-bonded complex, in very good agreement with the experimental value, and of -11.4(4) kJ mol(-1), for the fluoromethyl-bonded complex. The Monte Carlo calculations show that the solvation entropy of the isopropyl-bonded species is considerably higher than that of the fluoromethyl-bonded complex, which assists in explaining its dominance in the liquid phase spectra.     

Variable-temperature 19F NMR and theoretical study of 1,9- and 1,7-C60F(CF3) and C(s-) and C1-C60F17(CF3): hindered CF3 rotation and through-space J(FF) coupling

Milligram amounts of the new compounds 1,9- and 1,7-C60F(CF3) (ca. 85:15 mixture of isomers) and C60F3(CF3) were isolated from a high-temperature C60/K2PtF6 reaction mixture and purified to 98 mol % compositional purity by two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography using Buckyprep and Buckyclutcher columns. The previously observed compounds C60F5(CF3) and C60F7(CF3) were also purified to 90+ mol % for the first time. Variable-temperature 19F NMR spectra of the mixture of C60F(CF3) isomers and the previously reported mixture of C(s)- and C1-C60F17(CF3) isomers demonstrate for the first time that fullerene(F)n(CF3)m derivatives with adjacent F and CF3 substituents exhibit slow-exchange limit hindered CF3 rotation spectra at -40 +/- 10 degrees C. The experimental and density functional theory (DFT) predicted deltaH++ values for CF3 rotation in 1,9-C60F(CF3) are 46.8(7) and 46 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The DFT-predicted deltaH++ values for 1,7-C60F(CF3), C(s)-C60F17(CF3), and C1-C60F17(CF3) are 20, 44, and 54 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The (> or = 4)J(FF) values from the slow-exchange-limit 19F spectra, which vary from ca. 0 to 48(1) Hz, show that the dominant nuclear spin-spin coupling mechanism is through-space coupling (i.e., direct overlap of fluorine atom lone-pair orbitals) rather than coupling through the sigma-bond framework. The 2J(FF) values within the CF3 groups vary from 107(1) to 126(1) Hz. Collectively, the NMR data provide an unambiguous set of (> or = 4)J(FF) values for three different compounds that can be correlated with DFT-predicted or X-ray diffraction derived distances and angles and an unambiguous set of 2J(FF) values that can serve as an internal standard for all future J(FF) calculations.     

Structure and vibrational assignment of the enol form of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione

Molecular structure of 1,1,1-trifluoro-pentane-2,4-dione, known as trifluoro-acetylacetone (TFAA), has been investigated by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and the results were compared with those of acetylacetone (AA) and hexafluoro-acetylacetone (HFAA). The harmonic vibrational frequencies of both stable cis-enol forms were calculated at B3LYP level of theory using 6-31G** and 6-311++G** basis sets. We also calculated the anharmonic frequencies at B3LYP/6-31G** level of theory for both stable cis-enol isomers. The calculated frequencies, Raman and IR intensities, and depolarization ratios were compared with the experimental results. The energy difference between the two stable cis-enol forms, calculated at B3LYP/6-311++G**, is only 5.89 kJ/mol. The observed vibrational frequencies and Raman and IR intensities are in excellent agreement with the corresponding values calculated for the most stable conformation, 2TFAA. According to the theoretical calculations, the hydrogen bond strength for the most stable conformer is 57 kJ/mol, about 9.5kJ/mol less than that of AA and about 14.5 kJ/mol more than that of HFAA. These hydrogen bond strengths are consistent with the frequency shifts for OH/OD stretching and OH/OD out-of-plane bending modes upon substitution of CH(3) groups with CF(3) groups. By comparing the vibrational spectra of both theoretical and experimental data, it was concluded that 2TFAA is the dominant isomer.     

Halogen bonding to a divalent sulfur atom: an experimental study of the interactions of CF3X (X = Cl, Br, I) with dimethyl sulfide

Using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, the formation of halogen bonded complexes of the trifluorohalomethanes CF(3)Cl, CF(3)Br and CF(3)I with dimethyl sulfide (DMS) dissolved in liquid krypton has been investigated. For CF(3)Br and CF(3)I, evidence was found for the formation of C-XS halogen bonded 1:1 complexes. At higher concentrations of CF(3)I weak absorptions due to a 2:1 complex were also observed. Using spectra recorded at temperatures between 118 and 163 K, the complexation enthalpies for the complexes were determined to be -9.5(5) kJ mol(-1) for CF(3)Br·DMS, -17.4(1) kJ mol(-1) for CF(3)I·DMS and -30.8(16) kJ mol(-1) for (CF(3)I·)(2)DMS. The results from the cryospectroscopic study are compared with ab initio calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ(-PP) level. Apart from vibrational modes localized in the trifluorohalomethanes and the DMS moieties, for both CF(3)Br and CF(3)I, an additional band, which we assign as the intermolecular stretching mode in the complex, was identified in the infrared and Raman spectra.     

Molecular elimination in photolysis of o- and p-fluorotoluene at 193 nm: Internal energy of HF determined with time-resolved Fourier transform spectroscopy

Following the photodissociation of o-fluorotoluene [o-C(6)H(4)(CH(3))F] at 193 nm, rotationally resolved emission spectra of HF(1< or =v< or =4) in the spectral region of 2800-4000 cm(-1) are detected with a step-scan Fourier transform spectrometer. HF(v< or =4) shows nearly Boltzmann-type rotational distributions corresponding to a temperature approximately 1080 K; a short extrapolation from data in the period of 0.5-4.5 mus leads to a nascent rotational temperature of 1130+/-100 K with an average rotational energy of 9+/-2 kJ mol(-1). The observed vibrational distribution of (v=1):(v=2):(v=3)=67.6: 23.2: 9.2 corresponds to a vibrational temperature of 5330+/-270 K. An average vibrational energy of 25+/-(3) (12) kJ mol(-1) is derived based on the observed population of HF(1< or =v< or =3) and estimates of the population of HF (v=0 and 4) by extrapolation. Experiments performed on p-fluorotoluene [p-C(6)H(4)(CH(3))F] yielded similar results with an average rotational energy of 9+/-2 kJ mol(-1) and vibrational energy of 26+/-(3) (12) kJ mol(-1) for HF. The observed distributions of internal energy of HF in both cases are consistent with that expected for four-center elimination. A modified impulse model taking into account geometries and displacement vectors of transition states during bond breaking predicts satisfactorily the rotational excitation of HF. An observed vibrational energy of HF produced from fluorotoluene slightly smaller than that from fluorobenzene might indicate the involvement of seven-membered-ring isomers upon photolysis.     

The open-chain trioxide CF3OC(O)OOOC(O)OCF3

The open-chain trioxide CF(3)OC(O)OOOC(O)OCF(3) is synthesised by a photochemical reaction of CF(3)C(O)OC(O)CF(3), CO and O(2) under a low-pressure mercury lamp at -40 degrees C. The isolated trioxide is a colourless solid at -40 degrees C and is characterised by IR, Raman, UV and NMR spectroscopy. The compound is thermally stable up to -30 degrees C and decomposes with a half-life of 1 min at room temperature. Between -15 and +14 degrees C the activation energy for the dissociation is 86.5 kJ mol(-1) (20.7 kcal mol(-1)). Quantum chemical calculations have been performed to support the vibrational assignment and to discuss the existence of rotamers.     

Vibrational spectra and gas-phase structure of N-methyl-S,S-bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfimide, CH3N=S(CF3)2

The molecular structure of N-methyl-S,S-bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfimide, CH3N=S(CF3)2, was determined by gas electron diffraction and quantum chemical calculations [B3LYP and MP2 with 6-31+G(2df,p) basis sets]. Furthermore, vibrational spectra, IR (gas) and Raman (liquid), were recorded. These spectra were assigned by comparison with analogous molecules and with calculated frequencies and intensities (HF, B3LYP, and MP2 with 6-311G basis sets). All experimental data and computational methods result in a single conformer with syn orientation of the CH3 group relative to the bisector of the two CF3 groups. The molecule possesses C1 symmetry, slightly distorted from CS symmetry. The N=S bond length in this compound [1.522(10) A] is longer than that in imidosulfur difluorides RN=SF2 [1.476(4) A - 1.487(5) A].     

Microwave spectrum, conformational composition, and intramolecular hydrogen bonding of (2-chloroethyl)amine (ClCH2CH2NH2)

The microwave spectrum of (2-chloroethyl)amine, ClCH(2)CH(2)NH(2), has been investigated in the 22-120 GHz region. Five rotameric forms are possible for this compound. In two of these conformers, denoted I and II, the Cl-C-C-N chain of atoms is antiperiplanar, with different orientations of the amino group. The link of the said atoms is synclinal in the three remaining forms, III-V, which differ with respect to the orientation of the amino group. The microwave spectra of four of these conformers, I-IV, have been assigned. In two of these rotamers, III and IV, the amino group is oriented in such a manner that rare and weak five-membered N-H···Cl intramolecular hydrogen bonds are formed. The geometries of conformers I and II preclude a stabilization by this interaction. The energy differences between the conformers were obtained from relative intensity measurements of spectral lines. The hydrogen-bonded conformer IV represents the global energy minimum. This rotamer is 0.3(7) kJ/mol more stable than the other hydrogen-bonded conformer III, 4.1(11) kJ/mol more stable than II, and 5.5(15) kJ/mol more stable than I. The spectroscopic work has been augmented by quantum chemical calculations at the CCSD/cc-pVTZ and MP2/6-311++G(3df,3pd) levels of theory. The CCSD rotational constants and energy differences are in good agreement with their experimental counterparts.     

Use of the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of CF2 to determine the spatially resolved absolute CF2 density, rotational temperature, and vibrational distribution in a plasma etching reactor

Broadband ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy has been used to determine CF(2) densities in a plasma etch reactor used for industrial wafer processing, using the CF(2) A (1)B(1)<--X (1)A(1) absorption spectrum. Attempts to fit the experimental spectra using previously published Franck-Condon factors gave poor results, and values for the higher vibrational levels of the A state [(0,v(2),0), with v(2) (')>6] from the ground state were missing; hence new values were calculated. These were computed for transitions between low-lying vibrational levels of CF(2) X (1)A(1) to vibrational levels of CF(2) A (1)B(1) (v(1) ('),v(2) ('),0) up to high values of the vibrational quantum numbers using high level ab initio calculations combined with an anharmonic Franck Condon factor method. The Franck Condon factors were used to determine the absorption cross sections of CF(2) at selected wavelengths, which in turn were used to calculate number densities from the experimental spectra. Number densities of CF(2) have been determined in different regions of the plasma, including the center of the plasma and outside the plasma volume, and CF(2) rotational temperatures and vibrational energy distributions were estimated. For absorption spectra obtained outside the confined plasma volume, the CF(2) density was determined as (0.39+/-0.08)x10(13) molecule cm(-3) and the vibrational and rotational temperatures were determined as 303 and 350 K, respectively. In the center of the plasma reactor, the CF(2) density is estimated as (3.0+/-0.6)x10(13) molecules cm(-3) with T(rot) approximately 500 K. The fitted vibrational distribution in the CF(2) ground state corresponds to two Boltzmann distributions with T(vib) approximately 300 and T(vib) approximately 1000 K, indicating that CF(2) molecules are initially produced highly vibrationally excited, but are partially relaxed in the plasma by collision.     

Preparation and properties of trifluorothioacetic acid-S-(trifluoromethyl)ester, CF3C(O)SCF3

Trifluorothioacetic acid-S-(trifluoromethyl)ester, CF3C(O)SCF3, was prepared by reacting CF3C(O)Cl and AgSCF3 at 50 degrees C. The compound was characterized by (13)C-, (19)F-NMR, UV, and vibrational spectroscopy as well as by gas electron diffraction (GED) and quantum chemical calculations (HF, MP2, and B3LYP methods 6-31G(d) and 6-311+G(2df) basis sets). GED and vibrational spectroscopy result in the presence of a single conformer with C1 symmetry and synperiplanar orientation of the S-CF3 bond relative to the CO bond. This result is in agreement with quantum chemical calculations which predict the anti conformer to be higher in energy by about 4 kcal/mol. An assignment of the IR (gas) and Raman (liquid) spectra is proposed, and the GED analysis results in the following skeletal geometric parameters (r(a) and angle(a) values with 3sigma uncertainties; these parameters are thermal averages and are not inconsistent with calculated equilibrium values): C=O = 1.202(6) A, C-C = 1.525(10) A, S-C(sp(2)) = 1.774(3) A, S-C(sp(3)) = 1.824 (3) A. O=C-C = 118.7(21) degrees, O=C-S = 127.1(15) degrees, C-S-C = 99.8 (13) degrees.     

Trifluoromethyl derivatives of insoluble small-HOMO-LUMO-gap hollow higher fullerenes. NMR and DFT structure elucidation of C2-(C74-D3h)(CF3)12, Cs-(C76-Td(2))(CF3)12, C2-(C78-D3h(5))(CF3)12, Cs-(C80-C2v(5))(CF3)12, and C2-(C82-C2(5))(CF3)12

Reaction of a mixture of insoluble higher fullerenes with CF3I at 500 degrees C produced a single abundant isomer of C74(CF3)12, C76(CF3)12, and C80(CF3)12, two abundant isomers of C78(CF3)12 and C82(CF3)12, and an indeterminant number of isomers of C84(CF3)12. Using a combination of 19F NMR spectroscopy, DFT calculations, and the structures and spectra of previously reported fullerene(CF3)n compounds, the most-probable structures of six of the seven isolated compounds were determined to be specific isomers of C2-(C74-D3h)(CF3)12, Cs-(C76-Td(2))(CF3)12), C2-(C78-D3h(5))(CF3)12), Cs-(C80-C2v(5))(CF3)12), C2-(C82-C2(5))(CF3)12), and C2-(C82-C2(3))(CF3)12) containing ribbons and/or loops of edge-sharing para-C6(CF3)2 hexagons. The seventh isolated compound is a C1 isomer of C78(CF3)12 containing two such ribbons. This set of compounds represents only the second reported isolable compound with the hollow C74-D3h cage and the first experimental evidence for the existence of the hollow fullerenes C76-Td(2), C78-D3h(5), C80-C2v(5), and C82-C2(5) in arc-discharge soots.     

Tris(trifluoromethyl)borane carbonyl, (CF3)3BCO-synthesis,physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties,gas phase,and solid state structure

Tris(trifluoromethyl)borane carbonyl, (CF(3))(3)BCO, is obtained in high yield by the solvolysis of K[B(CF(3))(4)] in concentrated sulfuric acid. The in situ hydrolysis of a single bonded CF(3) group is found to be a simple, unprecedented route to a new borane carbonyl. The related, thermally unstable borane carbonyl, (C(6)F(5))(3)BCO, is synthesized for comparison purposes by the isolation of (C(6)F(5))(3)B in a matrix of solid CO at 16 K and subsequent evaporation of excess CO at 40 K. The colorless liquid and vapor of (CF(3))(3)BCO decomposes slowly at room temperature. In the gas phase t(1/2) is found to be 45 min. In the presence of a large excess of (13)CO, the carbonyl substituent at boron undergoes exchange, which follows a first-order rate law. Its temperature dependence yields an activation energy (E(A)) of 112 kJ mol(-)(1). Low-pressure flash thermolysis of (CF(3))(3)BCO with subsequent isolation of the products in low-temperature matrixes, indicates a lower thermal stability of the (CF(3))(3)B fragment, than is found for (CF(3))(3)BCO. Toward nucleophiles (CF(3))(3)BCO reacts in two different ways: Depending on the nucleophilicity of the reagent and the stability of the adducts formed, nucleophilic substitution of CO or nucleophilic addition to the C atom of the carbonyl group are observed. A number of examples for both reaction types are presented in an overview. The molecular structure of (CF(3))(3)BCO in the gas phase is obtained by a combined microwave-electron diffraction analysis and in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The molecule possesses C(3) symmetry, since the three CF(3) groups are rotated off the two possible positions required for C(3)(v)() symmetry. All bond parameters, determined in the gas phase or in the solid state, are within their standard deviations in fair agreement, except for internuclear distances most noticeably the B-CO bond lengths, which is 1.69(2) A in the solid state and 1.617(12) A in the gas phase. A corresponding shift of nu(CO) from 2267 cm(-)(1) in the solid state to 2251 cm(-)(1) in the gas phase is noted in the vibrational spectra. The structural and vibrational study is supported by DFT calculations, which provide, in addition to the equilibrium structure, confirmation of experimental vibrational wavenumbers, IR-band intensities, atomic charge distribution, the dipole moment, the B-CO bond energy, and energies for the elimination of CF(2) from (CF(3))(x)()BF(3)(-)(x)(), x = 1-3. In the vibrational analysis 21 of the expected 26 fundamentals are observed experimentally. The (11)B-, (13)C-, and (19)F-NMR data, as well as the structural parameters of (CF(3))(3)BCO, are compared with those of related compounds.     

Structure and dynamics of binary and ternary lanthanide(III) and actinide(III) tris[4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione] (TTA)-tributylphosphate (TBP) complexes. Part 3, the structure, thermodynamics and reaction mechanisms of 8- and 9-coordinated binary and ternary Y-TTA-TBP complexes studied by quantum chemical methods

Possible mechanisms for intermolecular exchange between coordinated and solvent water in the complexes Y(TTA)(3)(OH(2))(2) and Y(TTA)(3)(TBP)(OH(2)) and intermolecular exchange between free and coordinated HTTA in Y(TTA)(3)(OH(2))(HTTA) and Y(TTA)(3)(TBP)(HTTA) have been investigated using ab initio quantum chemical methods. The calculations comprise both structures and energies of isomers, intermediates and transition states. Based on these data and experimental NMR data (Part 2) we have suggested intimate reaction mechanisms for water exchange, intramolecular exchange between structure isomers and intermolecular exchange between free HTTA and coordinated TTA. A large number of isomers are possible for the complexes investigated, but only some of them have been investigated, in all of them the most stable geometry is a more or less distorted square anti-prism or bicapped trigonal prism; the energy differences between the various isomers are in general small, less than 10 kJ mol(-1). 9-coordinated intermediates play an important role in all reactions. Y(TTA)(3)(OH(2))(3) has three non-equivalent water ligands that can participate in ligand exchange reactions. The fastest of these exchanging sites has a QM activation energy of 18.1 kJ mol(-1), in good agreement with the experimental activation enthalpy of 19.6 kJ mol(-1). The mechanism for the intramolecular exchange between structure isomers in Y(TTA)(3)(OH(2))(2) involves the opening of a TTA-ring as the rate determining step as suggested by the good agreement between the QM activation energy and the experimental activation enthalpy 47.8 and 58.3 J mol(-1), respectively. The mechanism for the intermolecular exchange between free and coordinated HTTA in Y(TTA)(3)(HTTA) and Y(TTA)(3)(TBP)(HTTA) involves the opening of the intramolecular hydrogen bond in coordinated HTTA followed by proton transfer to coordinated TTA. This mechanism is supported by the good agreement between experimental activation enthalpies (within parenthesis) and calculated activation energies 68.7 (71.8) and 35.3 (38.8) kJ mol(-1). The main reason for the difference between the two systems is the much lower energy required to open the intramolecular hydrogen bond in the latter. The accuracy of the QM methods and chemical models used is discussed.     

Preparation and conformational properties of the perfluoro diether CF(3)OCF(2)OCF(2)C(O)F, a model molecule to study properties of perfluoro polyethers

The compound CF(3)OCF(2)OCF(2)C(O)F was prepared by oxidation of hexafluoropropene with molecular oxygen in the gas-phase using CF(3)OF as initiator. (13)C NMR, FTIR, Raman, UV-vis, and mass spectra were obtained and interpreted. The theoretical structure studies were performed by the calculation of the potential energy surfaces, using the results obtained for a smaller related molecule, CF(3)OCF(2)C(O)F, as a starting point. A high degree of conformational flexibility of this compound is evidenced by the values of several conformations, varying within the range of 1 kcal/mol. Theoretical calculations predict chain conformations as the most stable molecular forms, as expected from the presence of the anomeric effect. The experimental fundamental vibrational modes are compared with those obtained theoretically, using ab initio and density functional theory methods, HF/6-31+G and B3LYP/6-31+G, respectively. The density of the compound at ambient temperature (delta = 1.7(1) g/mL), its melting point (mp = -140(5) degrees C), its boiling point (bp = 14.5 (1) degrees C), and the relation between its vapor pressure and the absolute temperature (ln P = 13.699 - 2023.4/T) were also determined.     

Molecular elimination in photolysis of fluorobenzene at 193 nm: internal energy of HF determined with time-resolved Fourier-transform spectroscopy

Following photodissociation of fluorobenzene (C(6)H(5)F) at 193 nm, rotationally resolved emission spectra of HF(1相似文献   

Stability analysis of the two rotational isomers of meta-fluorobenzaldehyde in the S0, S1, and S2 electronic states

For a determination of the stabilization energy between the two rotational isomers of m-fluorobenzaldehyde, the S(1,2)<--S0 absorption spectra were observed in fluid n-hexane solutions at 293 and 198 K. After employing a simulation method for the spectra, we succeeded in determining the stabilization energies in the ground and the relevant excited state at the same time. The energy was estimated to be 1.7 +/- 0.5 kJ mol(-1) for S0 and also for S1 while it was 2.9 +/- 0.5 kJ mol(-1) for S2. Ab initio calculations at MP2/6-311G** computational level predicted that the O-cis form in the S0 state is more stable by 1.9 +/- 0.5 kJ mol(-1) than the counterpart rotamer, O-trans form. In summary, a schematic energy level diagram of the two rotational isomers will be illustrated for the S0, S1, and S2 states in the fluid system.     

Conformational stability, vibrational assignmenents, barriers to internal rotations and ab initio calculations of 2-aminophenol (d 0 and d3)

The Raman (3700-100 cm(-1)) and infrared (4000-400 cm(-1)) spectra of solid 2-aminophenol (2AP) have been recorded. The internal rotation of both OH and NH2 moieties produce ten conformers with either Cs or C1 symmetry. However, the calculated energies as well as the imaginary vibrational frequencies reduce rotational isomerism to five isomers. The molecular geometry has been optimized without any constraints using RHF, MP2 and B3LYP levels of theory at 6-31G(d), 6-311+G(d) and 6-31++G(d,p) basis sets. All calculations predict 1 (cis; OH is directed towards NH2) to be the most stable conformation except RHF/6-31++G(d,p) basis set. The 1 (cis) isomer is found to be more stable than 8 (trans; OH is away from the NH2 moiety and the NH bonds are out-of-plane) by 1.7 kcal/mol (598 cm(-1)) as obtained from MP2/6-31G(d) calculations. Aided by experimental and theoretical vibrational spectra, cis and trans 2AP are coexist in solution but cis isomer is more likely present in the crystalline state. Aided by MP2 and B3LYP frequency calculations, molecular force fields, simulated vibrational spectra utilizing 6-31G(d) basis set as well as normal coordinate analysis, complete vibrational assignments for HOC6H4NH2 and DOC6H4ND2 have been proposed. Furthermore, we carried out potential surface scan, to determine the barriers to internal rotations of NH2 and OH groups. All results are reported herein and compared with similar molecules when appropriate.