X-ray and neutron diffraction studies of the crystal and molecular structure of the predominant monocarboxylic acid obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of cyanocobalamin. Part II. X-ray diffraction studies of wet crystals

The crystal and molecular structure of wet crystals of the O-monocarboxylic acid of cyanocobalamin has been determined. The molecule crystallizes in a monoclinic cell ofa = 14.845,b = 17.435,c = 16.243 A, β = 103.54°, space group P2₁,. Intensity data were collected by diffractometry and the structure solved by Patterson and Fourier methods. Refinement, initially by a least-squares process and latterly by Fourier methods, led to anR of 0.140. Disordered sites were found for the terminal atoms of side chaine; the identification of the acid grouping was not made with certainty. Sites for sixteen water molecules were determined.     

X-ray and neutron diffraction studies of the crystal and molecular structure of the predominant monocarboxylic acid obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of cyanocobalamin. Part I. X-ray diffraction studies of airdried crystals

The crystal structure of air-dried crystals of the O-monocarboxylic acid of cyanocobalamin, E2, has been solved by x-ray analysis. The lattice constants area =14-51 A,b = 1709 A,c = 16.35A, β = 103°; space group P2₁. Phase angles were derived from observations on anomalous dispersion effects for 2567 of the measured 2875 pairs of reflections,hkl andhkl, and used in the solution of the structure. The intensities of reflexions were eye estimated from Weissenberg photographs. The molecular arrangement is very different from that of other cyanocobalamins; the corrin rings of neighbouring molecules are atca 90° to one another. It was not possible to recognise the one acid group among the amides with certainty.     

The effect of the silicon incorporation on the hydroxylapatite structure. A neutron diffraction study

Nominal stoichiometric hydroxylapatite, Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ and silicon-substituted HA, containing 0.9 wt% in silicon, were prepared by the ceramic method. The samples were analyzed by elemental chemical analysis, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the structural study was carried out by Rietveld analysis combining powder X-ray (XRD) and neutron diffraction (ND). The refinements of the occupancies at the 4e Wyckoff position shows that the OH⁻/O²⁻ ratio is higher when SiO₄⁴⁻ substitutes PO₄³⁻. The observation of the Fourier maps points out that also the HPO₄²⁻ formation from PO₄³⁻ is also higher when Si is included in the HA structure. For the first time, the atomic coordinates for the H atoms of HPO₄²⁻ anions are provided.     

Synthesis and x-ray diffraction study of 5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-n-acetic acid dihydroperchlorate

The dihydroperchlorate of 5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-N-acetic acid (I) was obtained by the exchange reaction of the dihydrobromide with silver perchlorate. A planar structure of the ligand molecule with methyl and CH₂COOH groups that deviate from the plane of the macroring was established as a result of x-ray diffraction analysis. Numerous hydrogen bonds with the participation of a carboxy group, amino nitrogen atoms, and crystallization water molecules were detected.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1572–1575, November, 1992.     

Several features of the dealumination of type Y zeolite using silicon tetrachloride and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

Dealumination of type Y zeolite using SiCl₄ produces a statistically averaged distribution of Al and Si atoms in the framework. The action of H₄EDTA causes defects in the backbone and partial amorphization of the zeolite. Extracellular particles containing Al form due to dealumination with SiCl₄. The maximum number of these occurs at n_al ^bb=5–16 atoms/unit cell. Treatment with H₄EDTA has practically no effect on the composition of the particles, which are largely sodium cations. The extracellular particles localize both in sodalite cells and in large voids after dealumination with SiCl₄.The authors thank V. M. Mastikhin for recording the²⁷A1 and²⁹Si NMR spectra and S. A. Dubkova for taking the low-temperature x-ray diffraction spectra and calculating the _e map.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 967–973, May, 1990.     

X-ray diffraction studies of diisotactic polymers of cis- and trans-2-butene oxides

Crystalline polymers derived from cis- and trans-2-butene oxides were studied by x-ray diffraction methods. X-ray fiber and powder photographs of poly(trans-2-butene oxide) were indexed by an orthorhombic unit cell with the dimensions a = 13.72 A., b = 4.60 A., and c (chain axis) = 6.90 A.; the space group is P2₁2₁2₁. The crystal structure of this polymer has been determined in projection. The chain has an erythro-diisotactic structure with -dl, dl- carbon sequences. The polymer has a nonplanar zigzag backbone with carbon and oxygen atoms of alternate monomer units lying nearly in a plane. Two chain molecules pass through the unit cell. The unit cell of poly(cis-2-butene oxide) is orthorhombic with lattice constants a = 11.20 A., b = 10.44 A., c (chain axis) = 7.01 A. The polymer has a threo-diisotactic structure with -dd,dd- or -ll,ll- carbon sequences. Four chain molecules pass through the unit cell. The crystal lattice is body-centered but the space group has not yet been established. The polymer has an almost fully extended zigzag chain configuration. Polymers prepared by either metal halide catalysts (FeCl₃, SnCl₄) or organometallic catalysts were essentially identical; the latter catalysts did, however, yield more highly crystalline polymers.     

Neutron diffraction structure determination of the high-temperature form of lithium tritantalate,HLiTa3O8

The crystal structure of HLiTa₃O₈ has been reexamined by electron and neutron diffraction techniques. Neutron Weissenberg and electron diffraction photographs show that the space group of the compound isPmmn and notPmma as determined previously by X-ray diffraction techniques. There are eight molecules in the unit cell of lattice parametersa = 16.718(2)A?,b = 7.696(1)A?,c = 8.931(1)A?. These values show that thebaxis of the new cell is doubled with respect to the parameter measured by X-rays. The structural refinement was based on 1074 independent reflections measured on a single crystal with a four-circle neutron diffractometer. The positions of all atoms, including the lithium atoms have been determined. The finalR andwRfactors were 0.036 and 0.035, respectively. The eight lithium cations occupy two sets of4fpositions(x,¼, z)of thePmmn space group. The ordering of four lithium ions over two sets of possible positions (4j) of space groupPmma is responsible for the doubling of theb axis. The other four Li⁺ occupy two sets of positions (2d) of space groupPmma. All lithium ions are surrounded by 12 oxygen atoms arranged as cuboctahedra. The large thermal vibrations found for the lithium atoms and the ionic conductivity of HLiTa₃O₈ at high temperatures are consistent with weak LiO bonding.     

Structural studies of polyethers. IV. Structure analysis of the polyoxymethylene molecule by three-dimensional fourier syntheses

Detailed structure analysis of the polyoxymethylene molecule was carried out by the method of three-dimensional Fourier synthesis. The diffraction data were measured on a highly ordered polyoxymethylene sample prepared from a single crystal of tetraoxane by solid-state radiation polymerization. By assuming the anisotropic thermal factors for the oxygen and carbon atoms and taking into account the contribution of the hydrogen atoms, good agreement between the observed and calculated structure factors was obtained; the R factor is 8.8%. The distance between the oxygen atom and the helix axis r(O) = 0.671 A. is slightly shorter than r(C) = 0.691 A. The bond distance C? O = 1.42₁ A., the angle ∠COC = 112°24′, and ∠OCO = 110°49′. All the internal rotation angles of the skeletal bonds are 78°13′. It is deduced from the experimental results that each crystallite of polyoxymethylene is composed of only one type of helix, right-handed or left-handed.     

Synthesis and Structure of BaPtIn3 and BaTl0.63In3.33. Two Contrasting Examples of Preferential Site Occupation in BaAl4‐Type Structures

The title compounds have been synthesised by high temperature means and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The compounds crystallize in the tetragonal structure type of BaAl₄, I4/mmm, Z = 2 (a = 4.8130(7), 5.0196(8) Å; c = 11.669(2), 11.900(3) Å for BaPtIn₃ and BaTl_0.63In_3.37, respectively).Platinum and thallium randomly substitute for 50 % of the In in the apical 4e and for 30 % in the basal 4d positions in the two networks, respectively. Consistent with both size and relative electronegativity factors, the basal positions in BaAl₄‐type structure are appropriate for substitution by dimensionally and chemically similar atoms (Tl), which is different from the apical sites in which electronegativities or bond strengths are more important (Pt).     

A new hydrogen-bonded pseudo-dimer Mn(III) Schiff base complex. The synthesis, X-ray structure and spectroscopic studies

A new hydrogen-bonded pseudo-dimer, [Mn(III)L1(CH₃CH₂OH)]₂(ClO₄) (1) (L1 = N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthalidenato)-1,2-diaminopropane) has been synthesized and characterized by UV–vis, IR, elemental analysis and crystal structure analysis. The single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that the structure affords an elongated octahedral MnN₂O₄ coordination environment, geometry with the four donor atoms of the tetradentate Schiff base in the equatorial plane and with two ethanol molecule in axial positions with Mn–O = 2.265(2) and 2.266(2) Å.     

Crystal growth of Ln3GaO6 (Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd): Structural and optical properties

Single crystals of Ln₃GaO₆ (Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) were grown out of a reactive high temperature hydroxide melt. The structures were solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These gallium oxides crystallize in the polar space group Cmc2₁ where the orientation of the GaO₄ tetrahedra determines the polarity of the structure. The atomic positions along with the determination of the absolute structure are reported. The lanthanide atoms are located in a seven-fold coordination environment forming edge-sharing zigzag-chains. The photoluminescence was investigated and the europium and gadolinium members of this series exhibit intense luminescence in the visible portion of the spectrum.     

Surface studies of tetraalkylammonium bromides and iodides using atomic force microscopy

The surface structures of two series of tetra-n-alkylammonium halides, N(C_xH_2×+1)4I and N(C_xH_2x+1)4 Br have been investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and compared to hexatriacontane (C₃₆H₇₄). The surfaces could be imaged with atomic resolution. The observed primitive, square surface-patterns of tetra-n-butyl chloride and bromide are in good accord with x-ray single-crystal structure. For n > 4, x-ray powder diffraction showed that increasing the alkyl chain-length leads mainly to an appropriate increase of the unit cell along the c-axis, which suggests similar layer structures for all long-chain salts beyond the butyl homologue. Within the centers of the molecular layers of these crystals reside the halide anions and the quaternary nitrogens. The surfaces accessible for AFM consist of methyl end-groups. As the number of carbon atoms increases beyond four, the surface symmetry changes to the face-centered square patterns characteristic of many paraffins. The chains of the tetraalkyl ammonium salts pack, however, less dense than paraffins. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Molecular and crystal structures of the complex of 18-dehydroglycyrrhetic acid with dimethyl sulfoxide

The crystal structure of the complex of 18-dehydroglycyrrhetic acid (GLD) with DMSO (C₃₀H₄₁O₄·C₂H₆OS) has been determined by x-ray structural analysis. Syntex P21 diffractometer, CuK radiation, 1309 reflections, R = 0.080. A conformational analysis has been made of the GLD molecule in comparison with that of glycyrrhetic acid. The conformations of rings A and B in the GLD molecule do not differ from the conformations of the corresponding rings of glycyrrhetic acid. Differences arise in ringsC,D, andE because of the presence of the double bond between the C18 and C19 atoms.Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 362–366, May-June, 1996. Original article submitted Novemher 11, 1995.     

A 2D lanthanum coordination polymer with π–π stacking

A 2D lanthanum coordination polymer La₂(1,10-phen)₂(e,a-cis-1,4-chdc)₃ · 2.5H₂O (chdc = cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) 1 which contains two-dimensional (2-D) lanthanum-organic sheets, was prepared under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, TG analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In the structure of 1, the La site is nine-coordinate by two nitrogen atoms from 1,10-phen and seven oxygen atoms from several 1,4-chdc ligands, connected into a 2-D coordination polymer, with the flexible 1,4-chdc spacers. The 2-D layers are extended into a 3-D framework by π–π interactions between adjacent layers.     

[Pd8(CH3COO)8(NO)8]: solution from X‐ray powder diffraction data

The water‐insoluble title compound, octakis(μ‐acetato‐κ²O:O)­octakis(μ‐nitro­so‐κ²N:O)­octapalladium(II), [Pd₈(CH₃COO)₈(NO)₈], was precipitated as a yellow powder from a solution of palladium nitrate in nitric acid by adding acetic acid. Ab initio crystal structure determination was carried out using X‐ray powder diffraction techniques. Patterson and Fourier syntheses were used for atom locations, and the Rietveld technique was used for the final structure refinement. The crystal structure is of a molecular type. The skeleton of the [Pd₈(CH₃COO)₈(NO)₈] mol­ecule is con­structed as a tetragonal prism with Pd atoms at the vertices. The eight NO⁻ groups are in bridging positions along the horizontal edges of the prism. The N and O atoms of each nitro­so group coordinate two different Pd atoms. The vertical edges present Pd⋯Pd contacts with a short distance of 2.865 (1) Å. These Pd atoms are bridged by a pair of acetate groups in a cis orientation with respect to each other. The complex has crystallographically imposed 4/m symmetry; all C atoms of the acetate groups are on mirror planes. The unique Pd atom lies in a general position and has square‐planar coordination, consisting of three O and one N atom.     

Solutions of alkali soaps and water in fatty acids IX. The location of theL 2-phase in three-component systems of sodium soap — fatty acid — water,in view of the occurrence of acid soaps

Previous studies of the occurrence of acid soaps in systems containing a longchain sodium soap and the corresponding fatty acid, and the study of phase equilibria in the system sodium octanoate — octanoic acid — water, performed by our group at the beginning of the 1960s, show that the isotropic liquidL ₂-phase of the last mentioned system in its whole region of existence is situated in that part in which acid soaps occur. This provides an explanation for the fact that theL ₂-phase itself contains acid sodium octanoates in all regions. TheL ₂-phase has its origin in the water-free melt of fatty acid and neutral soap in which these components react with each other under the formation of an acid soap. When water is added to the system, this water-free acid soap is transformed into different hydrated acid soaps. In a large region of concentration, there is an extremely close relation between theL ₂-phase and the liquid-crystalline lamellarD-phase, which itself consists of hydrated acid soaps. At its outermost water-rich tip, theL ₂-phase is in equilibrium with theL ₁-phase of the system, just above the+LAC, that is, with the most dilute aqueous soap solution in which acid soap still may be formed in aqueous environment. Formation of acid soap is a fundamental requirement for the existence of this isotropic liquidL ₂-phase.     

Structural studies of polyethers. IX. Planar zigzag modification of poly(ethylene oxide)

A new crystal modification was found in poly(ethylene oxide) stretched about two-fold after necking at room temperature. An x-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the planar zigzag molecule passes through a triclinic unit cell with parameters α = 4.71 Å, b = 4.44 Å, c (fiber axis) = 7.12 Å, α = 62.8°, β = 93.2°, and γ = 111.4°. The space group is P1 ?C_i¹. Packing of the molecule is very similar to that of monoclinic polyethylene.     

Gas electron diffraction and quantum chemical studies of the molecular structure of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid

A combined gas electron diffraction and quantum chemical (B3LYP/6-311+G**, B3LYP/cc-pVTZ) study of the molecular structure of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid (2-NBSA) is performed. Quantum chemical calculations show that the 2-NBSA molecule has five conformers, and the Gibbs energy of one of them is lower by more than 4.5 kcal/mol than the energy of the other conformers. It is found experimentally that the saturated vapor of 2-NBSA at T = 394(5) K contains only the low-energy conformer that has an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the H atom of the hydroxyl group and one of the O atoms of the NO₂ group. The C-C-S-O(H) torsion angle determining the position of the S-O(H) bond is ?72(7)°, while the NO₂ group is substantially turned relative to the benzene ring plane (C1-C2-N-O = 40(5)°). The following experimental values of the internuclear distances are obtained for this conformer (Å): r _h1(C-H)_av = 1.07(2), r _h1(C-C)_av = 1.401(4), r _h1(C-S) = 1.767(6), r _h1(S=O)_av = 1.412(4), r _h1(S-O) = 1.560(6), r _h1(N-O)_av = 1.217(5), r _h1(C-N) = 1.461(8), r _h1(O-H) = 0.99(3).     

Aminobutadienes. X. Polymerization and copolymerization of 2-phthalimidomethyl-1,3-butadiene

The polymerization and copolymerization of 2-phthalimidomethyl-1,3-butadiene were investigated. This monomer was easily polymerized by benzoyl peroxide catalyst in bulk or in solvent, and by γ-radiation in the solid state to give polymers having a softening point of 135–145°C. Although these resulting polymers did not give x-ray diffraction patterns, they showed crystalline patterns by electron diffraction. On the other hand, cationic polymerization with the use of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate in chloroform was attempted, but no formation of the polymer was observed. Also, this monomer was easily copolymerized with styrene in N,N-dimethylformamide. The monomer reactivity ratios and Alfrey-Price Q and e values calculated from the copolymerization data of this monomer (M₁) with styrene (M₂) were r₁ = 2.0 ± 0.13, r₂ = 0.15 ± 0.02, and Q₁ = 2.78, e₁ = 0.30.     

Crystallographic and spectroscopic studies on palladium(II) complexes containing pyrazole and thiocyanate ligands

Mononuclear palladium(II) complexes containing both pyrazole-type ligands and thiocyanate, of general formula [Pd(SCN)₂(L)₂] {L = pyrazole (HPz) and 1-phenyl-3-methylpyrazole (phmPz)} have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, i.r. and n.m.r. spectroscopy and by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The Pd atom in these structures lies on the crystallographic inversion center; in a square-planar coordination geometry made by two sulfur and two nitrogen atoms of the ligands, both in trans positions.