基于聚氨酯的磁性碳化泡沫的制备及其吸油性能研究

以废弃聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)为原料,在其表面依次修饰聚丙烯酸(PAA)、Fe~(3+),然后在230℃条件下,通过高温碳化处理,制备了具有多孔结构的磁性碳化泡沫材料.用光学显微镜、红外吸收光谱(FTIR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、接触角对磁性碳化泡沫进行表征.详细考察了AA含量、Fe~(3+)浓度对材料吸附容量、吸附速率的影响.材料具有明显的亲油、疏水特性,对各种有机溶剂和油类分子吸附容量都在10 g/g以上,而且在5 min内就可吸附饱和,同时材料密度小,可漂浮于水面对有机溶剂进行快速吸附,并通过外界磁场实现快速分离.因此,该材料在原油泄漏处理、油水分离、油田采出液处理、工业污水净化等领域具有重要的应用价值.     

乙二胺改性木屑对As(V)的吸附研究

以乙二胺对木屑进行改性作为重金属离子的吸附剂,研究了其对水溶液中砷离子[As(Ⅴ)]的吸附行为。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)对改性木屑进行了表征。研究表明,乙二胺改性木屑对As(Ⅴ)的吸附符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,在p H值为6.5、温度为298.15K、投加量为2g/L、As(Ⅴ)溶液初始浓度为500mg/L时,改性木屑对As(Ⅴ)的吸附量为148.76mg/g。动态吸附实验表明,乙二胺改性木屑对As(Ⅴ)的吸附动力学可以用准二级动力学方程描述,说明它的吸附机理是一个物理与化学吸附相结合的过程。     

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性膨润土对直接黑染料的吸附及机理

用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性膨润土(有机膨润土),用红外光谱和固体紫外漫反射光谱等对有机膨润土的结构进行了分析。研究了有机膨润土对水中直接黑染料的吸附和机理。用0.05g有机膨润土处理浓度为70mg/L的直接黑溶液时(303K),脱色率达到72.6%,平衡吸附量为20.5mg/g,有机膨润土对直接黑染料的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温方程,从热力学结果来看,是化学吸附和物理吸附共同作用的过程。     

改性蔗髓重金属吸附剂去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的动力学研究

对甘蔗渣预处理后以Na OH和二硫化碳改性转型合成重金属吸附剂。实验结果表明,改性后蔗髓纤维(MSCB)投加量为4 g/L,对50 mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量为9.8 mg/g,平衡时间为30~60 min,去除率达98.05%,出水浓度0.78 mg/L,比改性前蔗髓纤维对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率(23.7%)提高了74.35%。MSCB对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附进行Langmuir与Freundlich等温吸附方程拟合,更符合Langmuir单分子化学吸附;对吸附动力学拟合模型分析,吸附过程更符合准二级速率方程;吸附热力学模型显示该吸附为自发进行的吸热反应且是熵增过程。     

聚苯乙烯负载2-氨基-5-乙基-1,3,4-噻二唑螯合树脂的合成及其吸附性能

以氯甲基化聚苯乙烯 (PS)、一缩二乙二醇 (DEG)、二缩三乙二醇 (TEG)为原料,通过亲水性悬臂将杂环功能基2-氨基5-乙基-1,3,4-噻二唑 (AETZ) 引入到聚苯乙烯-二乙烯苯母体中,合成了两种新型螯合树脂 (PS-DEG-AETZ,PS-TEG-AETZ),并对两种树脂进行了红外光谱和元素分析表征.测定了该树脂对Cu2 、Pb2 、Zn2 、Ag 、Hg2 等金属离子的吸附性能.结果表明,PS-DEG-AETZ,PS-TEG-AETZ对Hg2 、Ag 的静态吸附量分别为0.41mmol/g和0.30mmol/g,对Cu2 、Pb2 、Zn2 的吸附量为零,表现出很好的吸附选择性,亲水性悬臂长度的增加有利于树脂吸附量的增加.     

活性碳纤维/聚氨酯泡沫复合载体的制备及其性能研究

将活性碳纤维与聚氮酯原料混合发泡,制备一种新型活性碳纤维/聚氨酯泡沫复合载体.活性碳纤维的加入提高聚氨酯泡沫的亲水性、孔隙率,改善了聚酯酯泡沫载体生物相容性、化学和生物稳定性 能,延长了聚氨酯泡沫的使用寿命.在活性碳纤维的添加量为3(wt)%～5(wt)%时效果最佳.     

聚氨酯载体的逐层自组装亲水改性研究

利用自组装技术在聚氨酯载体表面制备超支化重氮盐(HB-DAS)/聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)多层膜,通过红外和椭偏仪表征膜的组装过程,利用接触角研究改性后载体的亲水性和稳定性,并对载体改性前后的生物学性能进行评价。结果表明,HB-DAS和PSS可在聚氨酯表面形成均匀的薄膜。改性后聚氨酯表面具有良好的亲水性,接触角随组装层数的增加而降低,改性载体具有良好的耐酸碱性。改性后载体对微生物的吸附性能明显优于改性前,明显缩短生化系统的启动周期。     

改性核桃壳生物炭对模拟水样中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能研究

该文利用改性核桃壳生物炭对水中Pb(Ⅱ)进行吸附研究,探究了吸附剂投加量、pH值、接触时间、金属离子初始浓度和温度对吸附性能的影响,并对改性前后核桃壳的吸附性能进行了比较.Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度为100mg/L时,在298K下,当pH值为5.0、投加量为7g/L、以180r/min振荡吸附2h,改性吸附剂CMBC的平衡吸附...     

载Fe活性炭纤维除As(Ⅴ)的动力学及机理

研究了铁改性活性炭纤维(Fe-ACF)吸附地表水中砷离子的吸附特性。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、比表面积和孔径变化等探讨了Fe-ACF表面物质形貌、组成和吸附机理,考察了不同pH值和吸附剂投加量对As(Ⅴ)去除效果的影响,讨论了303K、313K、323K等条件下的吸附动力学及热力学。实验结果表明,Fe-ACF表面生成的氧化物为Fe2O3和Fe3O4,改性前后比表面积和孔容显著减小,吸附机理为Fe(OH)3(s)絮凝除As(Ⅴ)和活性炭纤维吸附除As(Ⅴ)。当pH=7,吸附剂投加量为2.0g/L时,出水As(Ⅴ)浓度可以达到国家地表水环境质量标准(<0.05mg/L)。Fe-ACF对As(Ⅴ)的吸附动力学及等温吸附的实验结果与准二级动力学模型及Langmuir等温吸附模型相吻合;吸附速率及吸附容量都随着温度的增加而增加;吸附速率k2从0.0372g/mg min增加到0.0434g/mg min,由Langmuir等温吸附拟合得到的吸附容量从11.31mg/g增加到18.34mg/g。根据标准吉布斯自由能变ΔG0<0、标准反应焓变ΔH0>0判断,Fe-ACF对As(Ⅴ)的吸附为自发的吸热过程。     

改性壳聚糖的制备及对Cu2+Pb2+的吸附研究

用巯基乙酸作为巯基化剂,对壳聚糖进行改性,选择了巯基化的条件.实验表明,在浓度为188mg/L的铜溶液中,CTS-SH的最大吸附率达90.3%以上,吸附容量为27.76mg/g,在浓度为203mg/L的铅溶液中,对铅的最大吸附率达到99%以上,在浓度为1.015g/L的铅溶液中,最大吸附率达95.5%.此时的吸附容量为97.4mg/g,吸附容量大于147.2mg/g时的吸附率为36.3%.经XRD及EMS图片的分析,可以看出,改性壳聚糖在吸附前后,结构发生了改变.     

Effect of irradiation on the cryogenic mechanical characteristics of polyurethane foam

The present study investigated thermal and mechanical characteristics of irradiated polyurethane foams (PUFs) according to the irradiation does under various temperature conditions, including low/cryogenic temperatures. Fourier transform infrared analysis was performed to obtain information on the PUF molecular structure. In addition, Macro- and microstructural investigations were carried out to determine the relationship between thermal and mechanical characteristics and irradiation dose. The test results were quantitatively presented, and it was found that the irradiated PUF has potential for application in industrial structures.     

Porous multifunctional fluoropolymer composite foams prepared via humic acid modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles stabilized Pickering high internal phase emulsion using cationic fluorosurfactant as co-stabilizer

Fluoropolymers are very important owing to their excellent application performances, especially in extreme conditions. On the other hand, the preparation of porous fluoropolymers is a difficult task due to unavailability of suitable surfactants as well as tedious synthesis steps. Here we prepared multifunctional porous fluoropolymer composite foams with a simple process of “high internal phase emulsion (HIPE)” by using humic acid modified iron oxide nanoparticles (HA-Fe₃O₄ NPs) and cationic fluorosurfactant (CFS) (PDMAEMA-b-PHFBA) as co-stabilizer. The inclusion of HA-Fe₃O₄ NPs in the system made fluoro-HIPE more stable than the emulsion prepared using only CFS or other conventional stabilizers. Morphology of the prepared polyHIPE was easily controlled by altering the concentration of HA-Fe₃O₄ and/or CFS in the original formulation. Adjustment of the porous structure with open/close cells was performed and the average diameter of the pores tuned between 4.9 and 23 μm. With the increase in specific surface area by using nanoparticles (NPs) and CFS as co-surfactants, Pickering HIPE monoliths adsorbed double amount of oil compared to foams based solely on HIPE template. Multiple functional groups were bound onto Fe₃O₄ NPs through HA modification that made the fluoro-monolith capable of adsorbing dye, i.e. methylene blue, from water. A simple centrifugation enabled regeneration of the oil soaked foams and adsorption capacity was not decreased after 10 adsorption/regeneration cycles.     

生物降解型聚氨酯材料的研究：Ⅰ.控制释放化肥包覆材料

以树皮为原料，合成了生物降解型聚氨酯泡沫材料，并考察了其作为化肥缓释的包膜材料对常用氮肥硫酸铵的控制释放性能。研究结果表明，以水作为发泡剂的多孔性聚氨酯包裹硫铵后，在模拟自然界雨淋的作用下，释放曲线大致呈抛物线型。释放的速度与所包裹的硫铵量关系不大；发泡时水的比例越高，释放速度越快；颗粒越大，释放越慢；树皮的比例越高，释放越慢。对包膜材料的生物降解性方面的初步实验结果表明：该材料在土壤中能够自然降     

Synthesis and morphology of rigid polyurethane foams with POSS as pendant groups or chemical crosslinks

This work reports on the preparation of polyurethane foams (PUFs) chemically modified by functionalized 1,2‐propanediolisobutyl polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane (PHI‐POSS) as pendant groups and octa(3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutyldimethylsiloxy) POSS (OCTA‐POSS) as chemical crosslinks. The resulting foams, which contain 0 to 15 wt% POSS (versus polyol), were characterized in terms of their structure, morphology, density, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, and water absorption. Fourier transform infrared‐attenuated total reflectance revealed good reaction rate between POSS and PUF. PHI‐POSS suppresses the formation of the hydrogen bonds in the soft phase. The composite foams with OCTA‐POSS showed a reduced number of cells and increased average area of foam cells in comparison with the PUF, while the addition of PHI‐POSS causes an increase in the number of cells of the foam as compared with the reference, and thus a reduction in the average area of cells. Scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis revealed that POSS moieties form lamellae‐shaped crystals of different sizes, distributed homogeneously in the bulk (PHI‐POSS) or close to the self surfaces (OCTA‐POSS). The compressive strength of PUF/POSS hybrids in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the direction of foam rise is greater than the strength of the reference foam. PHI‐POSS improves monotonically the compressive strength in the studied loading range. About 5 wt% OCTA‐POSS also provides reinforcement, but further loading reverses the phenomenon. PUF/POSS hybrids absorb less water than the pristine foam because of an increase of foam density. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adsorption of toluene and toluene–water vapor mixture on almond shell based activated carbons

The aim of work is to study the adsorption of a common volatile organic compound such as toluene using activated carbons prepared by chemical activation with phosphoric acid of a lignocellulosic precursor, almond shell, under different conditions. The Impregnation ratio, temperature and time of activation were modified to obtain activated carbons with different characteristics. Regarding the characteristics of the activated carbons, the effects of porous structure and surface chemistry on the toluene adsorption capacity from toluene isotherms have been analysed. Results show that the control of properties of the activated carbons, particularly porous structure, highly dependent on the preparation conditions, plays a decisive role on the toluene adsorption capacity of the activated carbons. Concerning the experiments of toluene adsorption conducted in dynamic mode, activated carbons prepared at low temperatures of activation show higher breakthrough times than those obtained for activated carbons prepared at higher activation temperatures. The amount of toluene adsorbed in presence of water vapor in the gas stream lead to a decrease ranging from 33 to 46 % except for carbons prepared at higher temperatures activated that show only a slight decrease in the amount of toluene adsorbed. Activated carbons can be regenerated with soft heat treatment showing a slight decrease in the adsorption capacity. The high toluene adsorption capacities as well as the high breakthrough times obtained in presence of water vapor make these activated carbons suitable for commercial applications.     

The study of mechanical behavior and flame retardancy of castor oil phosphate-based rigid polyurethane foam composites containing expanded graphite and triethyl phosphate

The goal of this work was the synthesis of novel flame-retarded polyurethane rigid foam with a high percentage of castor oil phosphate flame-retarded polyol (COFPL) derived from renewable castor oil. Rigid flame-retarded polyurethane foams (PUFs) filled with expandable graphite (EG) and diethyl phosphate (TEP) were fabricated by cast molding. Castor oil phosphate flame-retarded polyol was derived by glycerolysis castor oil (GCO), H₂O₂, diethyl phosphate and catalyst via a three-step synthesis. Mechanical property, morphological characterization, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and thermostability analysis of PUFs were assessed by universal tester, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), oxygen index testing apparatus, cone calorimeter and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It has been shown that although the content of P element is only about 3%, the fire retardant incorporated in the castor oil molecule chain increased thermal stability and LOI value of polyurethane foam can reach to 24.3% without any other flame retardant. An increase in flame retardant was accompanied by an increase in EG, TEP and the cooperation of the two. Polyurethane foams synthesized from castor oil phosphate flame-retarded polyol showed higher flame retardancy than that synthesized from GCO. The EG, in addition to the castor oil phosphate, provided excellent flame retardancy. This castor oil phosphate flame-retarded polyol with diethyl phosphate as plasticizer avoided foam destroy by EG, thus improving the mechanical properties. The flame retardancy determined with two different flame-retarded systems COFPL/EG and EG/COFPL/TEP flame-retarded systems revealed increased flame retardancy in polyurethane foams, indicating EG/COFPL or EG/COFPL/TEP systems have a synergistic effect as a common flame retardant in castor oil-based PUFs. This EG/COFPL PUF exhibited a large reduction of peak of heat release rate (PHRR) compared to EG/GCO PUF. The SEM results showed that the incorporation of COFPL and EG allowed the formation of a cohesive and dense char layer, which inhibited the transfer of heat and combustible gas and thus increased the thermal stability of PUF. The enhancement in flame retardancy will expand the application range of COFPL-based polyurethane foam materials.     

活性炭的改性研究及对四环素的吸附

研究了改性对活性炭的物理化学性质及其对四环素吸附性能的影响。结果发现,硝酸氧化改性可增加活性炭表面的酸性基团,提高比表面亲水性,降低pHPZC值,同时也改变了活性炭的表面微观形貌。低温、低浓度硝酸氧化改性,增加了活性炭的比表面积,对四环素的吸附以物理吸附为主。高温氧化改性使得比表面积降低,酸性基团增加,且吸附容量与活性炭比表面积、表面总酸度呈一定的线性关系。     

Fabrication and characterization of functional graded polyurethane foam (FGPUF)

In this study, functionally graded polyurethane foams (FGPUFs) were produced using a layer‐by‐layer casting technique. Discontinuous FGPUFs were fabricated by this method. The scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of all specimens. The mechanical properties of the polyurethane foams (PUFs) were evaluated by compression, indentation force deflection, drop weight tests, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs taken from different zones of functionally graded material showed the variation of the morphology of cells as well as the suitable interfaces between the layers of PUF. Investigation of mechanical properties suggested that FGPUF specimens have an optimum behavior between other specimens in compression and indentation force deflection tests. The results of drop weight test showed that FGPUF samples behaved like an energy absorber (14.31 KN) in comparison to other PUFs. The results of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis data showed an improvement in glass transition temperature (T_g) to −47.2°C and stability of modulus of FGPUFs as temperature increases.     

Kinetics and retention characteristics of some nitrophenols onto polyurethane foams

The kinetics of sorption of the nitrophenols by the unloaded polyurethane foams (PUFs) were found fast, reached equilibrium in few minutes and followed a first-order rate equation with an overall rate constant k in the range (0.16-0.21)±0.01 min⁻¹. The retention of the tested nitrophenols by the unloaded foams is consistent with the “solvent extraction” mechanism. However, the sorption also followed Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. The mean free sorption energy of the nitrophenols onto the PUF was found equal to 7.5±0.4 kJ/mol, which reflects physical sorption. Thus, a dual-mode involves both absorption related to solvent extraction and an added component for surface adsorption seems a more likely sorption mechanism model. While a dual-mode sorption model explains the observed retention behavior, the data suggest that, solvent extraction plays a much larger role than the added component for surface adsorption. The sorption and recovery percentages of the nitrophenols from fresh, natural and industrial wastewater by the proposed unloaded foam columns were quantitatively achieved. The height equivalent to theoretical plates (HETP), N, the breakthrough capacity and the critical capacity for the unloaded foam columns were found in the range of (0.8-1.1)±0.6 mm, (94-132)±3, 3.2-4.02 and 1.5-2.67 mg/g, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the retention and recovery of the tested nitrophenols spiked to fresh and industrial wastewaters.     

Study of Protein Adsorption/Adhesion Behaviors on Solid Beads Surface with Different Surface Properties

Three kinds of chitosan (CS) derivatives have been prepared via polyethyleneimine (PEI) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) together with PEI modified chitosan. FTIR, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermal analysis (DTA) proved the successful linkage, and XPS and zeta potential analysis show that these derivatives beads possess different surface nature. The PEI modified chitosan derivative is made in acid solution (A-PEI-CS) and the one added with additional PEG (PEG–CS-PEI) has showed higher swelling degree than their counterpart derivative prepared at basic condition (B-PEI-CS). Although the nitrogen content of A-PEI-CS is higher than that of B-PEI-CS, due to the better surface hydrophilicity, the B-PEI-CS beads are more capable of adsorbing bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. Electrostatic attraction facilitates protein adsorption in a narrow acidic pH range while hydrophilicity hinders protein adhering to the beads’ surface at any pH.