非线性声参量计算机模拟成像

非线性声参量B/A是生物组织超声辨认的一个重要的新参量.本文从Burgers’方程出发分析了有限振幅平面声波在层状介质中的非线性传播理论,并将它用于二次谐波的声成像,利用通常的CT算法而得的二次谐波数据进行了非线性声参量的计算机模拟成像,用滤波逆投影算法进行图像重建,对简单的样品模型得到了较好的非线性声参量断层图像.     

Model experiments on acoustic tomography of the nonlinear parameter

It is shown experimentally that the scattering of sound by sound can be observed outside the region of interaction between primary waves and that it carries information on the spatial distribution of the scatterer’s nonlinear characteristics. Based on this effect, a simple method for reconstructing the distribution of the nonlinear parameter by using complex-modulated broadband primary signals and a small number of transmit and receive transducers is implemented. The possibility of reconstructing a two-dimensional distribution of a nonlinear parameter inhomogeneity with the use of only three transducers (two transmitters and one receiver) without additional scanning in the aspect angle is demonstrated. This simple scheme loses information on the low-frequency components of the scatterer’s spatial spectrum and reconstructs the distribution of only the spatial variations of the nonlinear parameter.     

锥型热声谐振管内非线性声场的数值模拟研究

从声学角度出发,考虑粘性耗散、非线性效应及管型结构变化的影响,利用伽辽金法,对锥型热声谐振管内的一维声场进行了数值模拟研究,对谐振管结构参数对声场的影响进行了分析,给出了锥型管内压比随谐振管结构参数变化的规律,通过与圆柱型直管的比较,揭示了锥型管在抑制谐波及提高压比等方面的优越性。     

Reconstruction of the blood flow pattern by tomography of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter: Computer simulation and physical experiment

A method is proposed for reconstructing the distribution of the total blood flow velocity vector from the data obtained within the nonlinear parameter tomography scheme. The method calculates the Doppler shift of the combination frequency with the use of the spectral analysis of the combination signal and the moving target selection procedure. Results of numerical simulations are presented, and possibilities of practical application of the method are discussed. A physical experiment is carried out. The results of this experiment are found to be in good agreement with the theory and the numerical model.     

反射式非线性声参量层析成像的研究

非线性声参量B/A描述了有限振幅波在媒质中传播的非线性特性,有可能成为生物组织定征的新参量。本文提出了利用复合式换能器进行反射式的非线性参量B/A层析成像的新方法。利用反射二次谐波的传播理论及有限振幅波插入取代法给出了计算机重建B/A层析像的理论方法。对部分流体及生物组织进行了计算机模拟成像及实验研究,取得了较为满意的结果。     

螺旋型电磁超声辐射声场对缺陷检测影响的 计算机模拟*

电磁超声(EMAT)作为一种非接触超声检测技术,已得到了普遍的关注和研究。然而,EMAT目前只得到了一些有限的应用,尤其在缺陷探伤应用方面还不能替代压电超声,深入探究其原因并加以改进,对推动EMAT在缺陷检测方面的应用具有重要意义。利用有限元方法建立了螺旋型EMAT模型,分析了其辐射声场和声场特征;通过将有限元计算所得到的洛伦兹力分布简化为门函数,并结合格林函数法,得到了螺旋型EMAT辐射声场的简化解析结果。这些方法可用于计算螺旋型EMAT辐射声场指向性以及在缺陷检测中比较关心的一些特征参数,如扩散角、偏离角等参数。通过螺旋型EMAT辐射声场实验,验证了理论分析结果。通过与压电超声检测理论与实验的对比,研究认为：螺旋型EMAT辐射声场的具有横波和纵波等多种波模及多种模态转换的特点,以及相对复杂的异型声场几何分布等复杂特性,使其在缺陷检测应用方面受到局限。这些研究方法对改进EMAT设计,优化控制EMAT辐射声场,拓展EMAT在缺陷检测方面的应用具有参考价值。     

Study of acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A for seawater

I.Introductionlnthcearlyfifties,thercweremanyresearchworksonpropagatingmechanismofultrasonicwaveinseawater,itssoundve1ocity,absorptionandattenuation.Withthedevelop-mcntandapp1icationofhigh-powersoundsourcc,suchasSONARinnavy,thenonlinearacousticaleffectscausedbyfiniteamplitudeu1trasonicwavetravellingthroughseawaterbecomemoreevident.Thcrcfore,tostudythesenonlinearacousticaleffectsandtheirinfluenccsalsobecomcsmuchmoreimportant.Moreover,ithasbeenexpccted'foralongtimetogetalowfrequencyandhighlydi…     

Existence of traveling wave solutions of a high-order nonlinear acoustic wave equation

In this Letter, we present an analytical study of a high-order acoustic wave equation in one dimension, and reformulate a previously given equation in terms of an expansion of the acoustic Mach number. We search for non-trivial traveling wave solutions to this equation, and also discuss the accuracy of acoustic wave equations in terms of the range of Mach numbers for which they are valid.     

Theoretical calculation of acoustic non-linearity parameter B/A of binary mixtures

Acoustic non-linearity parameter B/A is calculated for five binary liquid mixtures using Tong and Dong equation along with the Flory’s statistical theory. Similar to other excess thermodynamical quantities an excess non-linearity parameter (B/A)^E is defined for binary liquid mixtures. The interactions in the liquid mixtures are explained on the basis of the excess non-linearity parameter.     

Determination of nonlinear medium parameter B/A using model assisted variable-length measurement approach

This work addresses the difficulties in the measurements of the nonlinear medium parameter B/A and presents a modification of the finite amplitude method (FAM), one of the accepted procedures to determine this parameter. The modification is based on iterative, hybrid approach and entails the use of the versatile and comprehensive model to predict distortion of the pressure–time waveform and its subsequent comparison with the one experimentally determined. The measured p–t waveform contained at least 18 harmonics generated by 2.25 MHz, 29 mm effective diameter, single element, focused PZT source (f-number 3.5) and was recorded by Sonora membrane hydrophone calibrated in the frequency range 1–40 MHz. The hydrophone was positioned coaxially at the distal end of the specially designed, two-section assembly comprising of one, fixed length (60 mm), water-filled cylindrical container and the second, variable length (60–120 mm) container that was filled with unknown medium. The details of the measurement chamber are described and the reasons for this specific design are analyzed. The data were collected with the variable length chamber filled with 1.3-butanediol, which was used as a close approximation of tissue mimicking phantom. The results obtained provide evidence that a novel combination of the FAM with the semi-empirical nonlinear propagation model based on the hyperbolic operator is capable of reducing the overall uncertainty of the B/A measurements as compared to those reported in the literature. The overall uncertainty of the method reported here was determined to be ±2%, which enhances the confidence in the numerical values of B/A measured for different, clinically relevant media. Optimization of the approach is also discussed and it is shown that it involves an iterative procedure that entails a careful selection of the acoustic source and its geometry and the axial distance over which the measurements need to be performed. The optimization also depends critically on the experimental determination of the source surface pressure amplitude.     

Contact phase modulation method for acoustic nonlinear parameter measurement in solid

In this work, a new method to measure in contact the nonlinearity parameter beta of solid plates is presented. A high frequency (HF) tone-burst signal of 20 MHz is inserted in the material by a contact-transducer (with a suitable coupling). A low frequency (LF) pulse (2.5 MHz) is applied to the other face, in the opposite direction, so that the nonlinear interaction of the two waves takes place during the back propagation toward the HF transducer. This collinear interaction creates a phase modulation of the HF tone-burst which is proportional to the beta coefficient and the particle velocity of the LF wave. To determine this particle velocity, in time domain, an extended self-reciprocity calibration of the contact LF transducer is used. A numeric phase demodulation is then performed, giving the beta coefficient of the sample. The proposed method is validated by nonlinearity parameter measurements in Fused Silica. The nonlinear parameter of Fused Silica measured is found to be in good agreement with the literature, and specially the negative sign of this parameter.     

Numerical simulation of ultrasound-thermotherapy combining nonlinear wave propagation with broadband soft-tissue absorption

Ultrasound (US) thermotherapy is used to treat tumours, located deep in human tissue, by heat. It features by the application of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), high local temperatures of about 90 degrees C and short treating time of a few seconds. Dosage of the therapy remains a problem. To get it under control, one has to know the heat source, i.e. the amount of absorbed US power, which shows nonlinear influences. Therefore, accurate simulations are essential. In this paper, an improved simulation model is introduced which enables accurate investigations of US thermotherapy. It combines nonlinear US propagation effects, which lead to generation of higher harmonics, with a broadband frequency-power law absorption typical for soft tissue. Only the combination of both provides a reliable calculation of the generated heat. Simulations show the influence of nonlinearities and broadband damping for different source signals on the absorbed US power density distribution.     

牛奶变质的超声非线性定征

本文利用有限振幅声波插入取代法实验研究了牛奶变质过程中非线性参量B／A的变化。变质初始阶段,非线性声参量B／A的值显著增加。结合物理化学性质(PH值和粘度)对实验结果进行了讨论。与线性声参量相比,非线性声参量对牛奶的变质更为敏感,可应用于乳品质量检验及质量控制。     

Numerical simulation of nonlinear acoustic attenuation of multi-component gas mixture

The direct simulation Monte Carlo （DSMC） method was introduced to model the acoustic propagation in multi-component gas mixtures. And a theoretical predictive model of acoustic attenuation was proposed, which does not rely on experiential parameters. The acoustic attenuation spectra of various multi-component gas mixtures, consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane and water, were estimated by the DSMC method. The sound frequency range of interest is from 8 MHz to 232 MHz. Compared with the result of the relaxation attenuation based on the DL model plus that of the classical attenuation calculated by the Stokes-Kirchhoff formula, the estimations of acoustic attenuation of our model agreed with them. The precision of the model depends upon the understanding of the physical mechanism of molecule collision from which the attenuation arises. In addition, the result of our model shows that the characters of the frequency-dependent acoustic attenuation rely on the composition of the gas mixtures. And this could lead to the development of smart acoustic gas sensors capable of quantitatively determining gas composition in various environments and processes.     

多元混合气体中非线性声衰减的数值模拟

采用直接模拟蒙特卡罗方法(DSMC)对多元混合气体中的非线性声衰减进行数值模拟,提出了一种不依赖于经验参数的声衰减的理论预测模型。通过DSMC数值模拟方法获得了包括氮气、氧气、二氧化碳、甲烷和水蒸气在内的多种多元混合气体的声衰减谱,研究的声波频率范围从8MHz到232MHz。与弛豫衰减的DL模型和经典衰减的Stokes-Kirchhoff公式的结果比较表明,该模型的声衰减预测结果与之相符,其预测精度取决于对产生声衰减的分子碰撞过程的正确认识。另外数值模拟结果还表明,不同频率声波的声衰减对包含不同气体成分的混合气体特征不同,这将使得开发能够定量的检测不同环境和过程中的气体成分的智能声气体传感器成为可能。     

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional nonlinear water waves

We present an accurate and efficient numerical model for the simulation of fully nonlinear (non-breaking), three-dimensional surface water waves on infinite or finite depth. As an extension of the work of Craig and Sulem [19], the numerical method is based on the reduction of the problem to a lower-dimensional Hamiltonian system involving surface quantities alone. This is accomplished by introducing the Dirichlet–Neumann operator which is described in terms of its Taylor series expansion in homogeneous powers of the surface elevation. Each term in this Taylor series can be computed efficiently using the fast Fourier transform. An important contribution of this paper is the development and implementation of a symplectic implicit scheme for the time integration of the Hamiltonian equations of motion, as well as detailed numerical tests on the convergence of the Dirichlet–Neumann operator. The performance of the model is illustrated by simulating the long-time evolution of two-dimensional steadily progressing waves, as well as the development of three-dimensional (short-crested) nonlinear waves, both in deep and shallow water.     

Computer simulation of nonlinear coupling of high-power microwaveswith slots

Numerical calculations are used to determine the effects of air breakdown on the coupling of intense microwave pulses passing through enclosed slot apertures. The calculations are based on Maxwell's equations and a set of electron-fluid equations. Variations in the energies of microwaves transmitted through slot apertures as a function of incident-field intensity and aperture size are addressed. Results show that air-breakdown threshold energies in apertures have a functional dependence on pressure similar to that of air-breakdown threshold energies in the atmosphere     

Exploiting dynamical coherence: A geometric approach to parameter estimation in nonlinear models

Parameter estimation in nonlinear models is a common task, and one for which there is no general solution at present. In the case of linear models, the distribution of forecast errors provides a reliable guide to parameter estimation, but in nonlinear models the facts that predictability may vary with location in state space, and that the distribution of forecast errors is expected not to be Normal, means that parameter estimation based on least squares methods will result in systematic errors. A new approach to parameter estimation is presented which focuses on the geometry of trajectories of the model rather than the distribution of distances between model forecast and the observation at a given lead time. Specifically, we test a number of candidate trajectories to determine the duration for which they can shadow the observations, rather than evaluating a forecast error statistic at any specific lead time(s). This yields insights into both the parameters of the dynamical model and those of the observational noise model. The advances reported here are made possible by extracting more information from the dynamical equations, and thus improving the balance between information gleaned from the structural form of the equations and that from the observations. The technique is illustrated for both flows and maps, applied in 2-, 3-, and 8-dimensional dynamical systems, and shown to be effective in a case of incomplete observation where some components of the state are not observed at all. While the demonstration of effectiveness is strong, there remain fundamental challenges in the problem of estimating model parameters when the system that generated the observations is not a member of the model class. Parameter estimation appears ill defined in this case.