基本不变量神经网络解析梯度方法的研究

提升势能面的运行速度对于动力学模拟至关重要. 相对于计算简单、 但耗时更长的数值梯度计算, 直接求解势能面梯度的解析公式能够大幅提高势能面的运行效率. 本文发展了基本不变量神经网络解析梯度的生成方法. 计算解析梯度的代码可以通过程序自动生成. 对大量数据点进行测试后, 证明了该方法可以得到正确的势能面梯度输出结果. 通过测试不同势能面的调用时间, 发现采用解析梯度方法能够带来10倍以上的性能提升. 随着体系的增大, 这种性能提升也会越明显.     

D354弱碱性离子交换树脂的水处理工艺性能

本文介绍D354弱碱性离子交换树脂用于水处理时的运行规律和工艺性能。根据本文提供的曲线和计算方法,可以求出给定条件下D354树脂的工作交换容量和出水水质。用广泛现场调查所得数据与查图计算值相对照,吻合较好。     

多组份多出口稀土串级萃取静态优化设计研究(Ⅱ)静态程序设计及动态仿真验证

基于多组分多出口稀土串级萃取优化参数的静态设计算法, 设计了相应的计算程序, 采用该程序针对某稀土分离实例进行了静态参数计算, 并对最优化工艺参数进行了动态仿真验证. 结果表明, 采用该静态设计算法的软件在参数计算中运行快速、结果准确, 完全可满足萃取分离工艺的参数设计要求.     

CurTiPot软件在溶液酸度计算中的应用

介绍了CurTiPot软件的pH计算器功能。CurTiPot是近年来使用最为广泛的溶液酸度计算方面的软件。使用者既不需要掌握专门的计算机语言,也不需要在使用中掌握和录入很长的计算公式。CurTiPot软件的pH计算器功能可实现各种溶液体系pH的准确、快速计算,为溶液酸度计算的教学和学习提供了一个新的辅助工具。该软件可免费下载,不经安装就可在MS Excel环境下运行。     

中型石英光电直读光谱仪温度补偿的理论计算

我们参考了文献所述的光电头,结合我国实际,研制成WD-701型中型石英光电直读光谱仪,1971年在抚顺铝厂的非恒温室中运行后,许多同志对该仪器的温度补偿问题感到关切。为此,我们作了温度补偿实验和理论计算。实验和计算都证实了,在室温偏离调整出缝温度的±5℃范围内,温度补偿机构就能克服温度的影响。一、温度对中型石英光谱仪影响的计算     

用PC-1500计算机处理分析数据

用BASIC语言编写的程序,在PC-1500计算机上运行,可用于分光光度法、原子吸收光谱法、发射光谱法和其它需要通过回归分析绘制工作曲线的数据处理。程序包括标准点可疑值自动舍弃、多项式拟合回归分析、绘制工作曲线、计算、打印分析结果,以及在已知多项式系数情况下分析结果的计算,见图1。     

微机模拟计算各种类型酸的滴定曲线以及滴定误差

本文对三元酸滴定曲线的精确计算公式加以改进,设计出适合各种类型酸的滴定曲线和滴定误差的模拟计算程序,通过在Rainbow-100机上运行,计算结果与文献报道相符。此法简单、快速,对选择滴定条件,优化实验方法具有很重要的应用价值。     

增设弱型树脂对化学除盐系统的改造和收益

本文简要介绍了弱型树脂的使用特点及改造中的计算原则，并以运行统计结果证实了利用增设弱型树脂对原系统进行改造，有较好的效果和收益．     

计算机在镧系络合物光谱分析中的应用

本文介绍了一个可用于镧系络合物光谱分析的计算机程序。该程序包括五个程序块,分别计算络合物的共价参数、光谱跃迁的振子强度、τ_λ参数、超灵敏跃迁振子强度与τ_λ的关系以及各元素超灵敏跃迁振子强度之间的相关关系。该程序全部采用会话式BASIC语言,可在APPLEⅡ及HKC8800微机上运行。经计算证明,该程序使用简单,速度快,准确性高。     

纤维素Iβ晶体热力学性质的分子动力学研究

利用分子动力学, 对纤维素Iβ晶体在不同温度下的热力学性能进行了研究. 采用Nishiyama等给出的纤维素Iβ晶体数据模型, 计算了晶体的力学参数. 数据表明, 纤维素Iβ晶体具有良好的延展性, 为各向异性弹性材料, 在纤维素链方向的弹性较强; 计算得到的杨氏模量与Tanaka等的计算值相符. 在变压器运行温度下对纤维素Iβ晶体的力学性能的研究表明, 不同温度下晶体的力学参数无明显变化, 说明变压器运行的温度范围对纤维素Iβ晶体的力学性能并未构成实质性的影响, 与老化实验中纤维素纸结晶度的变化规律相吻合; 不同温度时晶体内氢键密度变化亦不明显, 但晶体内氢键密度的标准差随温度的增加而变大, 反映出温度对纤维素晶体稳定性的影响; 晶体层间方向的密度随温度的升高, 晶体结构的有序性被弱化. 最后对纤维素的链运动进行了研究, 发现温度越高, 链运动越加强烈, 与晶体内氢键密度的变化规律相对应.     

Investigation of the sorption of water vapor on cation-substituted vermiculite. 2. Thermodynamic description of sorption equilibria

The changes in the thermodynamic functions of the sorbents were calculated for the first time from measurements of the deformations of vermiculite during the sorption of water vapor and adsorption-calorimetric data.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Institute of Colloid Chemistry and the Chemistry of Water, Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 252180 Kiev. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1270–1275, June, 1992.     

Thermodynamics of ionization of water over wide ranges of temperature and pressure

We have summarized results of many experimental investigations of the thermodynamics of ionization of H₂O(liq.) from 0–300°C and from 1.0 atm to nearly 8000 atm. Results of these investigations (equilibrium constants, enthalpies of ionization, heat capacities, partial molal volumes, and compressibilities) have been used for a number of thermodynamic calculations. It is particularly noteworthy that it is possible to use thermal data from 0–145°C with an equilibrium constant for 25°C in calculating reasonably accurate equilibrium constants for temperatures as high as 300°C. Similarly, it is possible to use volumetric data that refer to 1.0 atm in calculating useful equilibrium constants that apply for pressures as high as 2000 atm.Much of the work reported here was done while the author was on leave at the University of Lethbridge.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases. VIII. Enthalpies of hydration of 6-alkyluracils

Enthalpies of solution in water H _sol ^o and enthalpies of sublimation H _sub ^o were determined for a number of crystalline derivatives of uracil: 1,6-dimethyluracil (m ₂ ^1,6 Ura), 1,3,6-trimethyluracil (m ₃ ^1,3,6 Ura), 6-ethyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (e⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura), 6-propyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (pr⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura) and 6-butyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (but⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura). Standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o and standard enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells were calculated. The data obtained show that dependence of H _int ^o on the number of-CH₂- groups of n-alkyl chain added upon substitution of diketopyrimidine ring is nonlinear. This finding is discussed in connection with results of X-ray diffraction structure determinations for the crystalline compounds.     

计量数比规则与等物质的量规则的比较

指出了计量数比规则存在的缺陷:不利于贯彻有关物质的量及其单位摩尔的SI规定,不能继承当量定律的数据资料,不能表示反应的性质,不能正确表达水硬度、碱度、树脂交换容量及电解定律,缺乏科学的导出过程及计量关系表达式,计算过程繁杂。而等物质的量规则继承和发展了当量定律,使整个滴定分析计算简单规范。     

从科学哲学的视角分析科学课堂教学——以“质量守恒定律”为例

以“质量守恒定律”为例,选取科学革命、科学问题、科学实验、归纳与重复、解释与预测等几个视角对科学课堂教学的各个环节进行了分析。通过分析,各环节中所蕴含的科学哲学内容得以显现,对科学课堂教学的认识更为全面,对科学本质的认识更加深刻。     

Thermodynamics of lonization of aqueous lodic acid,an “almost-strong” electrolyte

We have made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of dilution of aqueous iodic acid and have used these results for evaluation of the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). We have also made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of addition of perchloric acid solution to aqueous solutions of KIO₃, KNO₃, NaIO₃, and NaNO₃ and have used these results to obtain further values for the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). On the basis of all these results, we have selected H^o=–660±125 cal-mole^–1 as the best available standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.) at 298.15°K, compared to the previously accepted –2400 cal-mole^–1. Using the best available K=0.157 for ionization, we also obtain G^o=1097 cal-mole^–1 and S^o=–5.9 cal-^oK^–1-mole^–1 for ionization of HIO₃(aq) at 298.15°K.On study leave from Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.On study leave from Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, N.S.W. 2500, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.     

对离子反应发生条件中“放出气体”的再认识

离子反应发生条件中的“放出气体”,与其他资料中对生成物的描述不一致,也与有关反应事实不符。“放出气体”的出现,使教材中对气体生成物的描述时此时彼,没有时序性、规律性。对其与化学反应的关系及其与“生成气体”的区别进行了论述,并提出了修改的建议。     

Thermodynamics of vaporization of gallium trichloride

The unsaturated and saturated pressures of gallium trichloride vapor were measured by the static method with membrane-gauge manometers in wide pressure (0.2–760 Torr) and temperature (313–1071 K) intervals. Scanning calorimetry was used to determine the thermodynamic characteristics of GaCl₃ fusion. The thermodynamic characteristics were obtained for sublimation, fusion, vaporization, and association in the vapor of GaCl₃ molecules. The enthalpies of formation and the absolute entropies of GaCl₃ in the liquid and gaseous phases and Ga₂Cl₆ in the gaseous phase were calculated using literature data. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1266–1269, July, 2007.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases V. Enthalpies of hydration of N-methylated adenines

Enthalpies of solution in water, H _sol ^o , and of sublimation, H _subl ^o , were determined experimentally for a number of crystalline N-methyl adenines: m⁶Ade, m ₂ ^6,6 Ade, m⁹Ade, m ₂ ^6,9 Ade, and m ₃ ^6,6,9 Ade. Derived standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o , were corrected for the calculated cavity terms H _cav ^o to yield enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells. The increments of H _int ^o per unit area of the water-accessible molecular surface S _B , H _int ^o (CH₃)/S _B (CH₃), for the particular methyl groups: is considered to be the net effect of the gain in the energy resulting from van der Waals' interactions and of the loss in the energy due to polar interactions upon methyl substitution. It proved to vary somewhat numerically in agreement with the theoretically predicted hydration schemes of adenine. Comparison of H _int ^o /S _B value for adenine with those previously determined for uracil and thymine indicates that the aminopurine moiety is less hydrated than the diketopyrimidine ring.     

Effect of specific adsorption of anions on the kinetics of the current relaxation after pulsed anodic activation of dissolution of hydrophilic metals

Based on the model of spatial separation of the dissolution and passivation of hydrophilic metals, the effect of strong specific adsorption of anions on the shape of curves for the relaxation of anodic current of metals in acid solutions after switching an anodic activation pulse off is considered by using iron as an example.