3-D Model of sound pressure field in a meridinal section plane of fruit

A theoretical model was suggested for qualitative evaluation of a sound pressure field in fruit tissue, as affected by ultrasonic probe dimensions and fruit properties. The classic directivity pattern of an ideal fluid model, expressed by Bessel function of the first kind, was extended to include energy dissipation of a real material. The directional characteristics of wave propagation, as influenced by transmitter frequency and diameter, and by fruit properties, were discussed. The model indicates how to select the parameters of the ultrasonic transducer (transducer diameter, frequency and excitation power) to control the magnitude and directivity of the ultrasonic waves in the fruit tissue. The suggested theoretical model represented fairly well the experimental sound wave distribution over the half-cut surface of potato and avocado (R² > 0.862 and 0.977, respectively); the same theoretical model could not represent the sound wave distribution over a half-cut melon. Results of the study were applied in a new probe design for ultrasonic testing of whole fruit.     

高光谱技术结合特征波长/光谱指数对冬枣成熟度可视化判别

为了给冬枣采收后成熟度分级提供理论指导,运用高光谱技术获取特征波长和计算光谱指数对其成熟度可视化分级。采集三类成熟度冬枣(未成熟果、白熟-初红果、半红-全红果)样本共336个并获取其高光谱信息,通过Savitzky-Golay(S-G)平滑对原始光谱降噪后再用Kennard-Stone(K-S)方法将样本分为训练集(226个)和测试集(110个)。选用连续投影法(SPA)和竞争性自适应重加权采样法(CARS)选择特征波长(CWs);同时从水果生理成分变化角度引入7个光谱指数(SIs)。基于SPA和CARS选取的CWs和引入的SIs分别建立偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)模型,并比较了3个模型的分级效果。结果表明：基于SPA和CARS选择的特征波长和引入的SIs建立的PLS-DA模型判别精度分别为：97.27%,95.45%和98.18%。为了直观展现判别结果,选用SIs建立的PLS-DA回归系数拟合判别向量Y的回归方程,依据Y中最大值元素所在类别为该样本预测类别的规则,将结果用不同颜色直观显示。该研究为冬枣成熟度可视化分级提供了思路,引入的SIs参数为开发适于多种水果成熟度分级的设备提供了技术支撑。     

近红外光谱检测技术及其在林业中的应用

近红外光谱是20 世纪80 年代以来发展最快、最引人注目的光谱分析技术。文章介绍了近红外光谱技术的发展历程和在国外的应用概况,重点列举了近红外光谱在林业中的成功应用实例。资料表明, 近红外光谱以其快速、无损伤、操作简单、稳定性好、效率高等特点,在国外的水果品质检测、木材性质检测和林业育种中的应用已成为一个活跃的研究领域。而近红外光谱技术在我国林业上的研究和应用则刚刚起步,因此本文对国内外利用近红外光谱技术在林业上的应用作一综述,并对近红外检测技术在林业上的应用进行了展望,以推动近红外光谱技术在我国林业科技和生产中的应用。     

基于激光光致发光光谱的果实成熟度测试方法研究

介绍了一种探测果实成熟度的新方法。采用红光半导体激光器(655 nm)对果实样品进行照射,所得激光光致发光光谱在685 nm附近产生明显峰值。通过传统的糖度含量检测法测定样品的糖度含量,得到果实的激光光致发光光谱峰值强度随糖度含量增加而降低。利用最小二乘法原理对光致发光强度与糖度含量值进行比较分析,建立了两者的拟合曲线。以红心李和桃子为例, 两者之间的相关系数分别为98.92%与97.31%。设计针对该激光光致发光光谱检测系统的分析软件,实现了生成标准成熟光谱及检测未知成熟度的果实光致发光光谱两部分功能,通过比较可以自动得出果实成熟度等级的判定。结果证明,激光光致发光光谱的成熟度检测方法具有非破坏性、设备小型化、低能耗的优点,在果实成熟度的实时快速检测方面具有应用价值。     

Kramers-Kronig analysis of attenuation and dispersion in trabecular bone

A restricted-bandwidth form of the Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations is applied to in vitro measurements of ultrasonic attenuation and dispersion properties of trabecular bone specimens from bovine tibia. The Kramers-Kronig analysis utilizes only experimentally measured properties and avoids extrapolation of ultrasonic properties beyond the known bandwidth. Compensation for the portions of the Kramers-Kronig integrals over the unknown bandwidth is partially achieved by the method of subtractions, where a subtraction frequency acts as an adjustable parameter. Good agreement is found between experimentally measured and Kramers-Kronig reconstructed dispersions. The restricted-bandwidth approach improves upon other forms of the Kramers-Kronig relations and may provide further insight into how ultrasound interacts with trabecular bone.     

Analysis of sound attenuation in a duct with a solid or porous splitter

The equivalent singularity method is developed for the analysis of sound propagation in a duct with a thin solid or point-reacting porous splitter of a finite streamwise length. The method consists in representing the splitter by a singular plane of pressure dipoles and mass sources, distributions of which are determined so that the boundary condition at the splitter surfaces is satisfied. The boundary condition is expressed in terms of two admittance parameters giving relations between pressures and normal displacements of fluid particles at the upper and lower surfaces of the splitter. Computed results are presented to illustrate the dependence of the sound power transmitted through the splitter section on the acoustic properties, length and location of the splitter and the flow Mach number. A principal cause of the sound attenuation due to a splitter is found to be the conversion of the acoustic energy into the wake vortex energy convected downstream. A solid splitter or a porous splitter of small admittance shows tuning effects—with a peak or multiple peaks in the attenuation spectrum. The tuning frequencies can be controlled by the splitter location.     

Determination of the parameters of a linear-viscoelastic thin layer using the normally-incident ultrasonic waves

This paper proposes a method of simultaneous determination of the four layer parameters (mass density,longitudinal velocity,the thickness and attenuation) of an immersed linear-viscoelastic thin layer by using the normally-incident reflected and transmitted ultrasonic waves.The analytical formula of the layer thickness related to the measured transmitted transfer functions is derived.The two determination steps of the four layer parameters are developed,in which acoustic impedance,time-of-flight and attenuation are first determined by the reflected transfer functions.Using the derived formula,it successively calculates and determines the layer thickness,longitudinal velocity and mass density by the measured transmitted transfer functions.According to the two determination steps,a more feasible and simplified measurement setups is described.It is found that only three signals (the reference waves,the reflected and transmitted waves) need to be recorded in the whole measurement for the determination of the four layer parameters.A study of the stability of the determination method against the experimental noises and the error analysis of the four layer parameters are made.This study lays the theoretical foundation of the practical measurement of a linear-viscoelastic thin layer.     

高光谱技术结合特征波长筛选和支持向量机的哈密瓜成熟度判别研究

可溶性固形物含量(SSC)和硬度是哈密瓜划分等级的重要指标,同时也是其成熟度的表征因子。因此,为满足哈密瓜自动化分级和适宜采摘,采用高光谱技术结合特征波长筛选的方法,同时对哈密瓜的可溶性固形物含量、硬度及成熟度进行了无损检测研究。对多元散射校正(MSC)处理后的光谱分别利用连续投影算法(SPA)、竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)和CARS-SPA方法筛选了哈密瓜可溶性固形物和硬度的特征波长,并将原始光谱、MSC预处理后的光谱和所筛选的特征波长作为输入变量分别建立哈密瓜可溶性固形物和硬度的支持向量机(SVM)预测模型及成熟度判别模型。结果显示,MSC-CARS-SPA方法所建立的可溶性固形物和硬度SVM预测模型最优,其R_pre, RMSEP和RPD分别为0.940 4, 0.402 7, 2.94 1和0.825 3, 35.22, 1.771。同时对哈密瓜成熟度进行了判别分析,并分别建立了基于全光谱、单一的可溶性固形物或硬度特征波长和主成分分析(PCA)特征融合的哈密瓜成熟度SVM判别模型。结果显示,CARS-PCA-SVM模型的判别结果与全光谱SNV-SVM模型相同,其校正集和预测集判别正确率分别为95%和94%。研究表明,利用高光谱技术结合特征波长筛选方法可实现同时对哈密瓜可溶性固形物和硬度的定量预测及成熟度判别。     

自然场景下不同成熟度柑橘的自适应识别

针对果实在未完全成熟前就需采摘以满足市场销售需求的实际情况,以及采摘机器人作业环境的复杂性,研究了自然场景下不同成熟度柑橘的识别方法。通过R与G分量间比值变换得到具有独特信息的比值图像,并在Munsell HSV颜色空间上,利用共轭激励法融合H和S分量图像,针对其与上述比值图像的弱相关性与强正交性,用其构建掩膜,来去除比值图像的背景,实现柑橘识别。实验结果表明此方法对柑橘识别精度达到92％,可以自适应地识别自然场景下不同成熟度的柑橘,且识别精度高,鲁棒性强。     

Using a multi-layered transducer model to estimate the properties of paraffin wax deposited on steel

When using ultrasound for detecting low impedance materials on the surface of high impedance materials, a major challenge is the contrast difference between the strong reverberations from the high impedance material and the weak echoes received from the low impedance material. The purpose of this work is to present the theoretical and experimental validation of an ultrasonic methodology for estimating the acoustical properties of paraffin wax on the surface of steel. The method is based on modeling and inversion of the complete electro-acoustic channel from the transmitted voltage over the active piezoelectric element, to the received voltage resulting from the acoustic reverberations in the multilayered structure. In the current work, two conceptually different models of the same multi-layer transducer structure attached to steel is developed and compared with measurements. A method is then suggested for suppressing the strong reverberations in steel, hence isolating the wax signals. This contrast enhancement method is fitted to the model of the structure, facilitating parameter inversion from the wax layer. The results show that the models agree well with measurements and that up to three parameters (travel time, impedance and attenuation) can be inverted from the wax simultaneously. Hence, given one of the three parameters, density, sound speed or thickness, the other two can be estimated in addition to the attenuation.     

非侵入式超声波浆料浓度测量技术研究*

设计了一种基于非侵入式超声波透射衰减法的浆料浓度测量系统,根据超声传播衰减原理,建立超声衰减值与浆料浓度之间的关系。实验中采用生物显微镜和激光粒度仪对颗粒标称粒径进行验证,采用中心频率为200 kHz的超声波换能器,利用一发一收模式对超声波在有机玻璃管内的浆料进行非侵入式测量并分析透射波信号,对体积百分浓度小于25%、不同粒径的石英砂浆料进行测量,通过拟合方法获得浆料温度、体积百分浓度与声衰减对应的关系,并据此构造浓度求解方程,通过现场实时在线测量并与取样结果进行对比验证方程的准确性,结果显示,本方法可有效测量浆料浓度。     

声速和衰减系数与含蜡原油特性的关系

当含蜡原油的温度低于蜡的析出温度后,蜡晶将不断析出并相互交联成网状结构,若网状结构达到一定强度,原油将失去流动而凝结。在该过程中不仅含蜡原油的流动特性发生变化,原油的声速和衰减系数也发生变化。本研究结果表明：含蜡原油的超速及衰减系数均随温度降低而增大;含蜡原油在凝结温度前后表现出不同的声速与温度的对应关系;含蜡原油在凝结后的声速的温度的关系同原油的含蜡量有关;含蜡原油的衰减系数在接近凝结温度时急剧     

基于遗传算法和间隔偏最小二乘的苹果硬度特征波长分析研究

利用傅里叶近红外光谱(FT-NIRS)测定了苹果的硬度。通过使用几种基于遗传算法和间隔偏最小二乘法的特征波长选取方法,包括动态向后间隔偏最小二乘(dynamic backward version of interval PLS,dynamic biPLS)、动态向后间隔偏最小二乘结合遗传算法(dynamic biPLS & GA-PLS)和反复的遗传算法(iterative GA-PLS),分析了苹果硬度的特征波长。结果表明,运用遗传算法和间隔偏最小二乘选择特征波长后,不但可以降低模型的复杂度,同时能够达到提高模型预测精度的效果。在此基础上,研究分析了苹果硬度特征波长的物理化学意义。由于果胶是在苹果成熟过程中一种和硬度有很大关联的物质,通过比较苹果硬度的特征波长和果胶的特征吸收峰,发现两者具有有很好的一致性。因此,采用遗传算法和间隔偏最小二乘法得到的苹果硬度的特征波长能够反映果胶的吸收信息,从而解释了近红外技术检测苹果硬度的机理。     

On the applicability of Kramers-Kronig relations for ultrasonic attenuation obeying a frequency power law

In the recent literature concern has been raised regarding the validity of Kramers-Kronig relations for media with ultrasonic attenuation obeying a frequency power law. It is demonstrated, however, that the Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations for application to these types of media are available. The developed dispersion relations are compared with measurements on several liquids, and agreement is found to better than 1 m/s over the experimentally available bandwidth. A discussion regarding the validity of these dispersion relations, in particular how the dispersion relations relate to the so-called Paley-Wiener conditions, forms the conclusion.     

Investigation of intracranial media ultrasonic monitoring model

The objectives are to investigate the peculiarities of the ultrasound pulse propagation through human extra/intracranial media by mathematical simulation and to confirm the simulation results experimentally by proving the suitability of the ultrasonic time-of-flight measurement method for human intracranial media (IM) physiological non-invasive monitoring. The mathematical model of ultrasound pulse propagation through the human extra/intracranial media is described. The simulation of various physiological phenomena were performed to determine the relationship between the characteristics of the transmitted ultrasound pulse through the human head and the acoustic properties of the IM. It is shown that non-invasive monitoring of the IM acoustic properties is possible by measuring the changes of the ultrasonic signal time-of-flight and the oscillation period. The influence made by variations in acoustic parameters of the external tissue/skull bones on the non-invasive measurement data is investigated and methods of compensation of that influence are presented. The models were applied for developing of a new non-invasive sonographic intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor (Vittamed). Comparative studies of this monitor with the invasive ICP monitor (Camino) have shown the possibility of achieving clinically acceptable accuracy of the long term non-invasive ICP monitoring of head injured patients in intensive care units.     

可见/近红外光谱漫透射技术检测西瓜坚实度的研究

西瓜是一种广受世界各国消费者喜爱的水果,坚实度是西瓜的一个重要品质指标,文章利用可见/近红外漫透射光谱技术进行了西瓜坚实度(FM)的无损检测研究。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)和主成分回归法(PCR)建立了FM与漫透射光谱的无损检测数学模型,对比分析了不同光谱预处理方法(原始光谱%T,一阶微分处理光谱D1(%T ),二阶微分处理光谱D2(%T )以及光谱的Savitsky-Golay法滤波)对模型预测性能的影响。根据模型相关系数(r)及预测平方根标准偏差(RMSEP)进行了不同模型的预测性能对比,结果表明：光谱经二阶微分处理并使用Savitsky-Golay法滤波后,采用PLS法可以得到最好的FM建模结果(r=0.974,RMSEP=0.589 N)。研究表明：应用可见/近红外漫透射光谱技术检测西瓜的坚实度是可行的,为今后快速无损评价大果形厚果皮类水果坚实度提供了理论依据。     

Temperature dependent ultrasonic properties of aluminium nitride

Hexagonal wurtzite structured aluminium nitride has been characterized by the theoretical calculation of ultrasonic attenuation, ultrasonic velocity, higher order elastic constants, thermal relaxation time, acoustic coupling constants and other related parameters in temperature range 200-800 K for wave propagation along the unique axis of the crystal. Higher order elastic constants of AlN at different temperatures are calculated using Lennard-Jones potential for the determination of ultrasonic attenuation. A decrease in ultrasonic velocity with temperature has been predicted, which is caused by reduction in higher order elastic constants with temperature. The temperature dependent ultrasonic properties have been discussed in correlation with higher order elastic constants, thermal relaxation time, thermal conductivity, acoustic coupling constants and thermal energy density. Anomalous behaviour of the attenuation is found at 400 K. On the basis of attenuation, the ductility and performance of AlN have been studied.     

Texture analysis of MR image for predicting the firmness of Huanghua pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai, cv. Huanghua) during storage using an artificial neural network

Firmness, a main index of quality changes, is important for the quality evaluation of fruits. In the present study, texture analysis (TA) of magnetic resonance images was applied to predict the firmness of Huanghua pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai, cv. Huanghua) during storage using an artificial neural network (ANN). Seven co-occurrence matrix-derived TA parameters and one run-length matrix TA parameter significantly correlated with firmness were considered as inputs to the ANN. Several ANN models were evaluated when developing the optimal topology. The optimal ANN model consisted of one hidden layer with 17 neurons in the hidden layer. This model was able to predict the firmness of the pears with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.539 N and R=0.969. Our data showed the potential of TA parameters of MR images combined with ANN for investigating the internal quality characteristics of fruits during storage.     

Simulation of ultrasonic attenuation in theelastic mixing particle system

For the study of predicting ultrasonic attenuation of elastic, spherical mixing particles in the liquid-solid two-phase system, the Monte Carlo method(MCM) is introduced,serving as a probability and statistics technique to evaluate the inside ultrasonic events during the ultrasound propagation. On the basis of ultrasonic scattering and aborption, the continuous ultrasonic waves are represented as discrete and independent phonons. By recording the scattering events, tracing the trajectory of a moving phonon and calculating the number of phonons that finally reach the receiving transducer, the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient is obtained to be a frequence-dependent spectrum. Numerical investigations have been carried out to predict and compare the ultrasonic attenuation for a solid-liquid two-phase system with a single type particle. After verifing its feasibility, such a method is then appalied into mixing particle system, where the mixing iron particles and glass beads with various ratios are set as examples for the purpose of predicting ultrasonic attenuation for the monodisperse and polydisperse mixing particle systems. The results of MCM, the ECAH model, the Lloyd Berry(LB) model and the Waterman model match well when the particle volume concentration is lower than 10%,corresponding to iron particles and glass beads respectively. In the case of two-phase system with mixing particles, it is shown that as the particle volume concentration increases to 10%, the variation of the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient with mixing ratio yields a nonlinear tendency.The physical properties of particles can also influence ultrasonic attenuation significantly.     

果皮厚度对水果组织中光传输特性的影响

水果产品品质检测技术在水果的生产和消费中起着十分重要的作用。利用水果产品的光学特性进行无损检测是水果品质无损检测与分级技术中最实用的和最成功的技术之一。深入研究光在水果组织中的输运规律,对于水果产品品质的光学检测有着十分重要的意义。本文以仁果类薄皮水果苹果和厚皮水果柑橘为例,建立果皮和果肉两层组织模型,利用蒙特卡罗法模拟了808 nm的波长下高斯光束在水果组织中传输的光学特性,揭示了水果果皮厚度对光在组织中的传输特性如漫反射率、透射率、内部吸收率和穿透深度等特性的影响,分析了果肉组织的检测效率。研究结果表明,果皮越厚,透射率和穿透深度越小,果皮比果肉的光吸收能量密度在径向距离上的分布范围更广,随着水果组织内部深度的增加,光吸收能量密度逐渐减小,径向方向减弱的更快。而对于漫反射率,在径向距离0.2～1.2 cm之间,果皮越薄漫反射率越小,在1.2～4.0 cm之间,果皮越厚漫反射率越小。此研究结果表明在用光学检测方法对水果进行无损检测和分级时,无论是透射或反射测量,果皮厚度和光束的相互作用都不应忽视,也为不同类型的水果产品设计更为有效的光学检测装置(如光源的强度、检测器的大小以及位置等)提供了理论基础,对于水果产品品质的光学检测有着十分重要的意义。