21世纪是信息科学、合成化学和生命科学共同繁荣的世纪

从几个不同的角度阐述了21世纪是信息科学、合成化学和生命科学共同繁荣的世纪。（1）社会和青年学生对化学的质疑；（2）20世纪的化学取得了空前辉煌的成就；（3）20世纪发明了七大技术，最重要的是信息技术、化学合成技术和生物技术；（4）21世纪是信息科学、合成化学和生命科学共同繁荣的世纪；（5）化学是一门社会迫切需要的中心科学，她与生命、材料、信息、环境、能源等新兴科学都有非常密切的联系，产生了许多重要的交叉学科，但化学作为中心学科的形象反而被其交叉学科的巨大成就所埋没；（6）化学有没有理论；（7）21世纪化学的四大难题；（8）解决了化学的四大世纪难题后的美好前景；（9）21世纪的化学不但要认识世界、改造世界，而且还要保护世界；（10）我国化学基础研究取得了显著进展；（11）几点希望和建议。     

对"从诺贝尔化学奖看20世纪化学的发展"一文的评介、补充和订正

1 对《发展》的评介。《化学通报》2001年第11期“化学史”栏目载文“从诺贝尔化学奖看20世纪化学的发展”(以下简称《发展》),提出了三个问题：“化学奖主要集中在那(哪)些化学分支领域?同一领域的获奖有那(哪)些内在联系?未来化学各分支学科将如何发展?”该文用翔实的化学史实,回答了前两个问题。这是符合该文命题本意的,也是《化学通报》多年来坚持开辟“化学史”栏目,为读者又一次提供了弥足珍贵的参考资料。在此,我们谨向《化学通报》以及《发展》的作者表示诚挚的感谢。     

从诺贝尔化学奖看20世纪化学的发展——纪念诺贝尔奖颁发100周年

20 0 0年 1 0月 1 0日 ,Ａ .Ｈｅｅｇｅｒ (1 936～ )、Ａ .ＭａｃＤｉａｒｍｉｄ (1 92 7～ )和白川英树 (1 936～ )因在导电高分子领域的研究获得诺贝尔化学奖。至此 ,2 0世纪的诺贝尔化学奖全部揭晓。化学被看作是介于物理学与生物学之间的中心科学[1] ,化学奖主要集中在那些化学分支领域 ?同一领域的获奖有那些内在联系 ?未来化学各分支学科将如何发展 ?本文以诺贝尔电子陈列馆[2 ] 中的相关文献为基础 ,通过对诺贝尔化学奖的一些分析来回答这些问题。诺贝尔化学奖描绘了 2 0世纪化学及各分支学科发展的美丽图景 ,包括了化学的所有分支…     

从诺贝尔化学奖看20世纪的化学发展

本文通过对oble析统计,来揭示20世纪化学发展的水准和脉络,着重阐述了20世纪化学的发展特征和趋势。     

充满希望的新世纪——21世纪化学学科发展的一些看法

20世纪是科学突飞猛进的时代 ,作为自然科学基础学科之一的化学也经历了使人眼花缭乱的 10 0年。基于化学过程的物质生产更是有了飞跃性的发展 ,从而深刻地影响了我们这个地球村的方方面面。今天的高度物质文明离不开化学 ,即使说“化学创造了美好生活”也并不怎么过分。然而 ,当化学家自豪地回顾这百年辉煌之际 ,社会上出现了对化学品的恐惧 ,国内外选择化学作为自己事业的年轻人越来越少 ;一些其他领域的科学家认为化学科学已经发展得十分成熟了 ;而另一些其他领域的科学家则认为化学正在被肢解 ,化学作为一门独立的学科正在消亡。当然 ,…     

20世纪美国《化学与工程新闻》杂志发展简史

本文简要评述了20世纪美国《化学与工程新闻》杂志发展史,希望能为我国化学杂志的创办和完善提供些许有益的经验和启示。     

创造更美好的生活和更清洁的环境: 化学的回顾与展望

20世纪是化学科学蓬勃发展,取得巨大成就的世纪。这些成就深化了人类对自然(包括人类自身)的认识,为改造自然,创造美好生活提供了有效的手段。但是,由于知识发展的局限及其它原因,化学也造成了各种问题。本文仅就几个与人类社会关系密切的例子进行讨论。     

化学迈向辉煌的新世纪

学是一门基础科学。它不仅是认识世界,而且也是创新知识,尤其是创新物质的基础科学。面临２１世纪高科技发展的需求,化学将再创辉煌。１化学的特征在自然科学的基础学科中,化学一直有着独特的位置。１９８５年美国国家科学研究委员会（ＮＲＣ）调研报告《化学中的机会...     

21世纪的化学是研究泛分子的科学(提纲)

本文提出21世纪化学的定义、内涵、六大发展趋势、四大难题和11个突破口，以及20世纪化学的一些被忽视的重要盲点。     

理论化学与下世纪“化学学科重组”前瞻

本文展望了理论化学的发展趋势并预言了下个世纪“化学学科的重组”。作者建议了现代化学的定义：化学是研究从原子,分子片,分子,超分子,生物大分子到分子的各种不同尺度和不同程度的聚集态的合成和反应,分离和分析,结构和形态,物理性能和生物活性及其规律和应用的科学． 根据这个定义,从化学的研究对象不同,在２１ 世纪化学分支学科可能发生重组,因此化学可以划分为如下八个层次：１） 原子层次的化学; ２） 分子片层次的化学; ３） 分子层次的化学; ４） 超分子层次的化学; ５）生物与分子层次的化学; ６） 宏观聚集态化学; ７） 介观聚集态化学和８） 复杂分子体系的化学     

分析化学的第二个春天

从研究分析化学的历史发展入手，以大量历史事实为根据，指出分析化学曾经历过两次重大变革。第一次变革(19世纪末至20世纪初)使分析化学从分析化学家的技艺发展为科学；第二次变革(20世纪70年代迄今)则使分析化学进入了分析化学家重新当家作主的、欣欣向荣的“第二个春天”。     

对催化不对称合成的重大贡献——2001年诺贝尔化学奖

本年度诺贝尔化学奖授予了美国化学家诺尔斯博士与日本化学家野依良治教授（合占1/2）和美国化学家沙普利斯教授（占1/2）,以表彰他们在发展催化手性/不对称合成的新方法技术及其应用于工业生产研究领域中的开创性贡献。在20世纪有机化学的发展中,最重要的突破之一是催化手性/不对称合成的研究成功。本文对催化手性/不对称合成的基本原理、应用与进展及3位杰出科学家的贡献做了简明扼要介绍。     

A century of progress in the sciences due to atomic weight and isotopic composition measurements

Even before the 20th century, a consistent set of internationally accepted atomic weights was an important objective of the scientific community because of the fundamental importance of these values to science, technology and trade. As the 20th century progressed, physicists, geoscientists, and metrologists collaborated with chemists to revolutionize the science of atomic weights. At the beginning of the century, atomic weights were determined from mass relationships between chemical reactants and products of known stoichiometry. They are now derived from the measured isotopic composition of elements and the atomic masses of the isotopes. Accuracy in measuring atomic weights has improved continually, leading to the revelation of small but significant variations in the isotope abundances of many elements in their normal terrestrial occurrences caused by radioactivity and a variety of physicochemical and biochemical fractionation mechanisms. This atomic-weight variability has now been recognized as providing new scientific insights into and knowledge of the history of materials. Atomic weights, except those of the monoisotopic elements, are thus no longer regarded as "constants of nature". At the beginning of the 20th century, two scales for atomic weights were in common use: that based on the atomic weight of hydrogen being 1 and that based on the atomic weight of oxygen being 16. Atomic weights are now scaled to (12)C, which has the value 12 exactly. Accurate atomic weights of silicon, silver, and argon, have enabled the values of the Avogadro, Faraday and Universal Gas constants, respectively, to be established, with consequent effects on other fundamental constants.     

第一个人工合成元素锝：化学家与物理学家合作的结晶

1871年，门捷列夫依据元素周期律和元素周期表预见了“类锰”（即锝元素）的存在；至20世纪，随着科学家对原子核变化的研究进展、回旋加速器的发明以及人工放射性元素的发现，化学家和物理学家一起用回旋加速器加速的氚核轰击钼靶得到了锝元素。锝成为了第一个人工合成的元素，是化学家与物理学家合作的结晶。它的发现不仅显示了先进的科学方法和科学仪器的重要作用，也证明了学科间合作的重要性。     

Highlights of Spanish chemistry at the time of the chemical revolution of the 18th century

Summary A number of outstanding Spanish chemists and some of their major chemical contributions in the 18th century are briefly considered indicating that Spanish chemistry got a very high level at the end of the century, departing practically from nothing at the beginning of the century. The Vergara School played a very important role as the first national institution for chemistry despite of the fact that it decayed in a few years for a number of reasons. The discovery of three new elements is briefly dealt with (Pt, W, V) and the adoption of the new modern French chemistry in Spain as well as a number of critics against some of Lavoisier's theories and nomenclature posed by some Spanish chemists are considered.     

A Hundred Years of Stereochemistry—The Principal Development Phases in Retrospect

The theory of the arrangement of atoms in space was initiated in 1874 by van't Hoff and Le Bel. The starting points were mainly in the fields of structural chemistry and optical activity. After early difficulties, stereochemistry gained acceptance in the last quarter of the 19th century and led to many interesting investigations and discoveries: the investigation of geometrical isomerism, the Baeyer strain theory, the stereochemistry of nitrogen, the determination of the configurations of carbohydrates, Walden inversion, and the beginning of inorganic stereochemistry all fall in this period. Theoretical verification of the principal stereochemical hypotheses and the exact determination of the steric arrangement of atoms by physical methods were achieved only in the 20th century.     

Chemical Aspects of Fusion Technology

Managing thermally controlled nuclear fusion will certainly be regarded one day as one of the most successful accomplishments in nuclear physics. At the same time, however, it will represent a technical achievement unparalleled in the history of science and engineering. This in turn would mean, in retrospect, that decisive contributions had to come from a number of disciplines as diverse as materials and engineering sciences and classical chemistry, and that the same collaboration will have to continue in the future in order to reach the ultimate goal, to construct a reactor capable of producing energy from almost inexhaustible source materials (fuels), such as deuterium and lithium. What is the chemist's role in this development? Similarly as in the development of fission reactors, i.e., the nuclear power plants currently in operation, chemists will have to ensure the existence of a reliable fuel cycle–starting from the availability, storage and reprocessing of the fuel through to the provision for safe storage of the waste. In this review article an attempt will be made to outline the problems associated with these tasks and the approaches to be made by the chemist in solving them.     

Beginnings of chemical science in Russia

The genesis and advancement of chemistry in Russia is tracked during the 18th century marked by founding the Russian Academy of Sciences. The role of M.V. Lomonosov and other first Russian chemists is characterized in formation of basic concepts of chemical science. The creation of the first Russian scientific chemical laboratory and its achievements are described.     

Molecular Magnesium Hydrides

Solid magnesium hydride [MgH₂]_∞ has been pursued as a potential hydrogen‐storage material. Organic chemists were rather interested in soluble magnesium hydride reagents from mid‐20th century. It was only in the last two decades that molecular magnesium hydride chemistry received a major boost from organometallic chemists with a series of structurally well‐characterized examples that continues to build a whole new class of compounds. More than 40 such species have been isolated, ranging from mononuclear terminal hydrides to large hydride clusters with more than 10 magnesium atoms. They provide not only insights into the structure and bonding of Mg?H motifs, but also serve as models for hydrogen‐storage materials. Some of them are also recognized to participate in catalytic transformations, such as hydroelementation. Herein, an overview of these molecular magnesium hydrides is given, focusing on their synthesis and structural characterization.     

A Chemical History of Polycyclic Musks

Musk odorants are ubiquitous in fine perfumery as well as household products, and are divided into four main families, the nitromusks, the macrocyclic musks, the polycyclic aromatic musks, and the alicyclic musks, following their order of appearance on the perfumery market. This article presents the scientific and industrial adventures during the discovery of the seven commercial polycyclic musks, which invigorated the aroma chemistry corporations during the second half of the 20th century, resulting in relentless competition. Research and development strategies are exposed, and reactivity, analytical, mechanistic, and structure–activity relationships aspects are discussed as well as some biographical elements of the main scientific actors, and some fine perfumery examples are given as illustrations of their use.