被动式人体太赫兹图像中的目标辅助识别

提出一种被动式人体太赫兹安检仪的图像目标标注方法,用于辅助识别被安检人员隐藏携带的违禁物品。分析了探测器中心频率为0.1THz的被动式太赫兹人体安检仪图像特点,根据其特点进行图像增强、分割、轮廓提取等处理,进而实现图像中的目标检测,将其目标位置映射在同场景同时间采集的可见光图像上。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效地提取并标示可疑目标,帮助快速发现衣物下的隐匿物品,提高太赫兹安检仪的实用性。     

α粒子散射对爆炸物检测时间分辨的影响

对爆炸物检测中伴随α粒子技术的时间谱进行了研究,建立了一套基于伴随α粒子技术的时间谱测量装置,分析了影响时间谱分辨的若干因素。采用60μm厚的铜箔设计了一个锥形准直筒对散射的α粒子进行屏蔽,以500 g尿素为样品测量了α-γ符合时间谱。结果表明,α粒子在靶室内壁的散射是影响时间谱分辨的重要因素,锥形准直筒抑制了与α散射相关中子产生的γ射线,提高了α-γ符合时间谱的分辨。在有无锥形准直筒的条件下,符合时间谱特征瞬发峰γ的半高宽分辨力分别为1.8 ns和6.4 ns。分辨力高的时间谱可用于获取爆炸物样品的特征瞬发γ能谱。     

第一代伴随粒子靶管的研制

研究伴随粒子成像技术(API),就必须研制带有伴随粒子探测器的伴随粒子靶管,因而对D-T反应及其产物中子与α粒子的关系、伴随α粒子探测器及其输出电路等关键技术进行了研究。综合考虑不同类型的D-T中子发生器,制作了一个相对可靠、安全的D-T中子发生器。通过实验测试了多阳极光电倍增管(PSPMT)及其两种输出电路的性能,证明了SCDC输出电路路具有比DPC输出电更小的畸变和更高的位置分辨。实验验证了第一代带伴随粒子探测器的伴随粒子靶管的设计方案的可行性,测得伴随α粒子与中子在时间和位置上的关联,中子角度不确定度为7°,与理论相符。     

伴随粒子成像技术及其研究进展

综述伴随粒子成像技术的基本原理、主要性能和研究进展．伴随α粒子方法可以实现位置灵敏,可以用于需要位置灵敏的检查中,如机场隐蔽爆炸物的检查和毒品的检查,有着重要的应用前景． The basic principles, important characteristics and recent progress of associated particle imaging were reviewed. Associated particle imaging is position sensitive. It can be used in position sensitive examinations, for instance, hidden explosive inspection in airfield custom examination, drug examination. It has an important perspective in application.     

爆炸物检测中典型样品的瞬发γ谱测量

在中子检测爆炸物的研究中,利用14 MeV中子与原子序数大于5的原子核相互作用可产生特征射线的特性,采用伴随粒子法结合D-T中子飞行时间技术,使用尺寸为12.5 cm20 cm的大体积NaI(Tl)探测器,对爆炸物所含元素C,N,O以及一些模拟炸药样品进行了瞬发谱测量。获得了几种典型样品的特征谱,并对其进行了分析。实验结果与欧盟同期结果进行了比较,表明本实验研究达到了目前国际同类实验的水平,可以为中子检测爆炸物识别技术提供实验支持。     

一种基于快中子的化学战剂无损检测技术

为了检测标识不清的弹体内的装药成分是否含有化学战剂,建立了一套基于伴随粒子技术的快中子化学战剂无损检测系统。系统的主要部分包括D-T中子源、粒子探测器、探测器及其屏蔽体以及相应的电子学处理系统等。利用该系统对沙林、VX、芥子气和亚当氏剂四种具有代表性的化学战剂进行测量,获得了四种化学战剂的14 MeV中子诱发的特征谱。谱分析的结果表明,除了As元素外,P,F,S,Cl元素的特征峰清晰可见,说明采用这种方法可以实现化学战剂的无损检测。     

低能停止粒子探测器

低能带电重粒子在接近射程末端处,电离比值上升.因此,带电粒子在薄层探测器中产生的电离,当接近粒子射程末端时比粒子穿过时为大.利用这个现象,就可以做成探测接近射程末端的停止粒子探测器.工作[1,2]曾经用固体闪烁体研究过负π介子星裂探测器以及记录中能π介子和μ子的停止粒子探测器.后来,已将固体闪烁体用于高穿透粒子本底中测量停止粒子,成功地测量过π~+停止后的稀有衰变方式.但未见到用气体介质对低能粒子作停止粒子探测器的报导.这里,我们对记录低能α粒子的停止粒子探测器进行了初步实验.结果表明,可以用薄窗正比计数管做成简单的低能停止粒子探测器.     

基于4H-SiC的高能量分辨率α粒子探测器北大核心CSCD

为突破传统半导体核探测器耐高温与抗辐照性能不足的瓶颈,采用4H-SiC宽禁带半导体材料研制了4H-SiC探测器,并研究其构成的探测系统对α粒子的能量分辨率和能量线性度。所研制4H-SiC探测器漏电流低,当外加反向偏压为200V时,其漏电流仅14.92nA/cm2。采用具有5种主要能量α粒子的226 Ra源研究其构成的探测系统对α粒子的能量分辨率,获得4H-SiC探测系统对4.8~7.7 MeV能量范围内α粒子的能量分辨率为0.61%~0.90%,与国际上报道的高分辨4H-SiC探测系统能量分辨率一致。同时,实验结果表明：4H-SiC探测系统对该能量范围内α粒子的能量线性度十分优异,线性相关系数为0.999 99。     

基于4H-SiC的高能量分辨率α粒子探测器

为突破传统半导体核探测器耐高温与抗辐照性能不足的瓶颈,采用4H-SiC宽禁带半导体材料研制了4H-SiC探测器,并研究其构成的探测系统对α粒子的能量分辨率和能量线性度。所研制4H-SiC探测器漏电流低,当外加反向偏压为200V时,其漏电流仅14.92nA/cm2。采用具有5种主要能量α粒子的226 Ra源研究其构成的探测系统对α粒子的能量分辨率,获得4H-SiC探测系统对4.8~7.7 MeV能量范围内α粒子的能量分辨率为0.61%~0.90%,与国际上报道的高分辨4H-SiC探测系统能量分辨率一致。同时,实验结果表明:4H-SiC探测系统对该能量范围内α粒子的能量线性度十分优异,线性相关系数为0.999 99。     

SiC-pn结二极管α粒子辐射效应

为了研究6HSiC材料制作的pn结二极管探测器的辐照特性,采用蒙卡程序模拟研究了4.3和1.8MeV能量的α粒子在辐照探测器中的物理过程。介绍了二极管探测器的工艺制作和物理参数,根据其结构建立了仿真模型,利用蒙卡程序进行了α粒子照射的仿真研究。研究结果直观地反映了α粒子在探测器中的输运情况。α粒子在探测器中的辐射效应主要是电离作用,电离产生的电子空穴对形成一定的分布。给出了α粒子在探测器中的电离能量损失分布及二极管探测器的电荷收集效率表达式。     

表面增强拉曼光谱检测爆炸物研究进展

近年来,恐怖袭击、刑事犯罪等爆炸事件频发,对社会的公共安全构成了严峻挑战。炸药是各种爆炸物的核心成分,因此对炸药的分析检测与识别是公共安全领域研究的热点之一。表面增强拉曼光谱可以对爆炸物分子实现指纹谱性、超痕量、实时高效的探测和识别,在安全检测和法庭科学等公共安全领域展现了极具诱惑力的应用前景。最近几年,国际上针对表面增强拉曼光谱检测爆炸物的研究十分活跃,取得了丰富的成果,文章综述了爆炸物表面增强拉曼基底,包括表面修饰改性和复合功能结构基底;有机和无机爆炸物的检测;以及爆炸物光谱识别的研究进展。分析了需要面对的问题,并总结展望了未来的发展趋势。相信随着纳米科学与技术、表面科学、仪器科学以及深度学习等新兴科技的快速发展,表面增强拉曼光谱一定能在爆炸物检测和识别方面取得更大进展。     

A dose meter for pulsed neutron fields

Many active radiation detectors exhibit severe limitations in pulsed radiation fields, which cannot be easily overcome without the design of new technology. Therefore a new area dose monitor for the measurement of pulsed and continuous neutron and gamma radiation fields was developed. The measurement of pulsed radiation is based on activation of short-lived nuclides in the detector materials or in the surroundings. The instrument comprises a thermal neutron detector in a moderator for neutron detection and a plastic scintillator for beta and gamma detection. These detectors are measuring direct radiation and also decay particles from the instable activated nuclei. The data are time-resolved acquired by a fast FADC module and the delayed decay products are identified by analyzing their timing characteristics. Measurements with pulsed and with continuous radiation are reported.     

Applications of Prompt Gamma Ray Neutron Activation Analysis: Detection of Illicit Materials

Abstract

Prompt gamma ray neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) is an efficient nondestructive multi-elemental detection technique for samples such as metals, coal (mineral), cement, and radioactive materials as well as for explosives, chemical warfare agents, various narcotics, land mines, etc. The technique can be used in the laboratory or for on-site analysis for various samples. In addition, the PGNAA technique in elemental analysis can provide more accurate detection results with low false alarm in variety of application fields when combined with image scanning and chemometric treatment of the obtained data. The development of small-sized neutron generators enabled and widened these applications because a stationary nuclear reactor is no longer an indispensible element in PGNAA.     

Atom probe tomography (APT) of carbonate minerals

Atom probe tomography (APT) combines the highest spatial resolution with chemical data at atomic scale for the analysis of materials. For geological specimens, the process of field evaporation and molecular ion formation and interpretation is not yet entirely understood. The objective of this study is to determine the best conditions for the preparation and analysis by APT of carbonate minerals, of great importance in the interpretation of geological processes, focusing on the bulk chemical composition. Results show that the complexity of the mass spectrum is different for calcite and dolomite and relates to dissimilarities in crystalochemical parameters. In addition, APT bulk chemistry of calcite closely matches the expected stoichiometry but fails to provide accurate atomic percentages for elements in dolomite under the experimental conditions evaluated in this work. For both calcite and dolomite, APT underestimates the amount of oxygen based on their chemical formula, whereas it is able to detect small percentages of elemental substitutions in crystal lattices. Overall, our results demonstrate that APT of carbonate minerals is possible, but further optimization of the experimental parameters are required to improve the use of atom probe tomography for the correct interpretation of mineral geochemistry.     

Alpha particle detector based on micropixel avalanche photodiodes

The main goal of this work is to study the possibility of detecting alpha particles with a micropixel avalanche photodiode (MAPD) in combination with Lutetium Fine Silicate (LFS) scintillators (500 μm thick). The results show that alpha detectors based on the MAPD are expected to be useful in many applications: public security (associated particle imaging for explosives and drugs detection), radioactive contamination monitoring in various environments, and detection of charged particles from nuclear reactions.     

Cosmic-ray neutron spectrometry by solid state detectors

Extensive data have been gathered since the early 1990s on the response of different detectors based on the registration of neutron-induced fission in bismuth, gold, tantalum by the spark replica counter and the thin film breakdown counter. These detectors make it possible to exploit the excellent characteristics of the fission reactions in bismuth, gold and tantalum for the measurements of high-energy neutrons.

Most of the investigations have been carried out at the quasi-monoenergetic neutron beam facility at The Svedberg Laboratory-TSL of the Uppsala University in cooperation with the Khlopin Radium Institute (KRI).

The responses of different fission detectors in the intermediate range of neutron energy (35–180 MeV) have been evaluated: a region where the predictive power of available nuclear reaction models and codes is not reliable yet. For neutron energy greater than 200 MeV, the fission-detector responses have been derived from the data of the proton fission cross-sections.

Finally, by using the ratio of the responses of these detectors, a simple and accurate way to evaluate the spectrum hardness can be obtained, thus providing a tool to obtain spectral information needed for neutron dosimetry without the need to know the entire spectrum.

The experimentally measured spectra obtained to-date have different shapes and they are also different from those calculated.

In this paper, a new approach will be reported to analyse the existing spectra by using response ratios of different detectors. Preliminary data have been already obtained for the high-energy neutron spectrum from the CERN concrete facility.     

Multidetector system for nanosecond tagged neutron technology based on hardware selection of events

At the T(d, n)He⁴ reaction a neutron is accompanied by an associated alpha-particle emitted in the opposite direction. A time and a direction of the neutron escape can be determined by measuring a time and coordinates of the alpha particle at the position-sensitive alpha-detector. The nanosecond tagged neutron technology (NTNT) based on this principle has great potentialities for various applications, e.g., for remote detection of explosives. A spectrum of gamma-rays emitted at the interaction of tagged neutrons with nuclei of chemical elements allows identify a chemical composition of an irradiated object. For practical realization of NTNT, a time resolution of recording the alpha-gamma coincidences should be close to 1 ns. The total intensity of signals can exceed 1 × 10⁶ 1/s from all gamma-detectors and 7 × 10⁶ 1/s from the alpha-detector. The processing of such stream of data without losses and distortion of information is one of challenging problems of NTNT. Several models of analog DAQ system based on hardware selection of events were devised and their characteristics are examined. The comparison with the digital DAQ systems demonstrated that the analog DAQ provides better timing parameters, lower power consumption, and higher maximum rate of useful events.     

Fundamentals of stand‐off Raman scattering spectroscopy for explosive fingerprinting

The fact that a Raman spectrum may be considered the fingerprint of an interrogated target by providing specific information on the particular chemical structures of the molecules present, has boosted the use of Raman spectroscopy for explosives detection in homeland and security applications. Also, the possibility of direct and distant access to suspect targets by stand‐off Raman measurements makes this analytical technique a valuable tool in operational scenarios for security forces. The modest detection power as a result of the well‐known, inherently low efficiency of the Raman scattering requires a careful evaluation of the experimental parameters governing the analytical response of this technique, particularly in respect to the amenable distance to target, the data acquisition speed, and the sources of uncertainty in any given measurement. The present paper highlights the importance of adequate instrumental parameters of the sensor according to the operational scenario when analyzing unknown targets. Raman fingerprints collected from a wide range of high explosives and associated compounds under different analysis conditions and operational scenarios have been evaluated in terms of signal strength, signal‐to‐noise ratio, analytical sensitivity, and signal stability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Neutron detectors for scattering experiments at HANARO

Position sensitive detectors (PSD) measure the distribution of scattered neutrons and are essential tools for neutron scattering experiments. Various types of neutron detectors used at neutron diffractometers are conventional tube detectors, 1-D and 2-D PSDs. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has been developing various kinds of PSDs to improve the instrument performance and to develop new scattering instruments. Our development work is initiated with 1-D PSD for residual stress analysis spectrometer and finally the technology is extended to development of 2-D PSD with planar and curved geometry. All PSDs are based on multiwire grid assembly with delay line readout method for position encoding, as the response is faster than charge division method and enables higher count rate capability. Design details and operational characteristics of some of the PSDs developed, for application at neutron scattering instruments are presented.