Studies on the syntheses of analgesics. Part XXXII. An alternative synthesis of 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexahydro-8-hydroxy-6,11-dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2,6-methano-3-benzazoeine [Studies on the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. Part CDLXXX]

Bischler-Napieralski reaction of the amides (VIII and IX), derived from the 3-methyl-3-pentenylamine (III) with the phenylacetic acid derivatives (V ～ VII), gave the 5,6-dihydropyridines (XII and XIII), which were reduced, followed by N-benzylation, to afford the 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines (XIX ～ XXI). Grewe-type cyclization of these compounds gave 3-benzyl-3-benzazocine (II), which was already converted into pentazocine (Ic). Moreover, the 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines (XIX ～ XXI) were also obtained from the 2-benzylidene-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (XVII ～ XVIII) from the N-benzylamine (IV) of III via the amides (X and XI).     

Studies of the elimination of 4-aryl-3-methyl-4-piperidinols—I The conformation of epimeric 1-alkyl (and aralkyl)-4-aryl-5-methyl-1,2,5-6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochlorides

A detailed study of the products of elimination of some 4-aryl-3-methyl-4-piperidinols has been made and the PMR spectra of derived 1-alkyl (and aralkyl)-4-aryl-5-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines and the corresponding hydrochloric salts reported and discussed. The 5-methyltetrahydropyridine hydrochlorides are shown to exist in epimeric forms in deuterochloroform and their PMR spectra have been interperted in terms of probable conformations.     

P-N compounds. 30. Phosphaminimides. 5. N-phosphinylimino-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines

N-[ (Diethoxyphosphinyl)imino] and N-[ (diphenylphosphinyl)imino]-5-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines were prepared by sodium borohydride reduction of the corresponding pyridinium and 3-methyl pyridinium inner salts. The carbonyl analog of this latter precusor was resynthesized and its structure completely verified.     

Stereoselective reductive tetraallylation of pyridinecarboxylic acids with triallylborane

Reductive tetraallylation of pyridine-3-and pyridine-4-carboxylic acids with triallylborane in the presence of propan-2-ol proceeded stereoselectively to yieldtrans-2,6-diallyl-3- andtrans-2,6-diallyl-4-(1-allyl-1-hydroxybut-3-en-1-yl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines, respectively. Under the same conditions, the reaction with pyridine-2-carboxylic acid gave a mixture oftrans- andcis-2,6-diallyl-2-(1-allyl-1-hydroxybut-3-en-1-yl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines in a ratio of 57:43. When 2,6-diphenylpyridine-4-carboxylic acid reacted with triallylborane, only the carboxylic group underwent reductive diallylation. When heated with triallylborane ino-xylene (130–133°C, 7 h),trans-2,6-diallyl-4-(1-allyl-1-hydroxybut-3-en-1-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine was converted to the correspondingcis-isomer. The stereochemistry oftrans-2,6-diallyl-3-(1-allyl-1-hydroxybut-3-en-1-yl)-1,2,5,6,-tetrahydropyridine was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2320–2326, November, 1998.     

Tert-Butyldiphenylsilylmethyl Triflate: Preparation and Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of 1-(Tert-Butyldiphenylsilylmethyl)-6-Cyano-4-Methyl-1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine

Alkylation of substituted pyridines with tert-butyldiphenylsilylmethyl triflate provides N-[tert-butyldiphenylsilylmethyl]pyridinium triflates in excellent yields. Reductive cyanation of the pyridinium triflates provides 1-(tert-butyldiphenylsilylmethyl)-6-cyano-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines, azomethine ylid precursors, in modest yields. An unexpected dipolar cycloaddition reaction of an ylid derived from the title 6-cyanopiperidine is described.     

Transformation of 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridines with Mycellar Fungi

It has been shown that on biotransformation of a series of 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines with strains of the mycellar fungi Cunninghamella verticillata VKPM F-430, Beauveria bassiana ATCC 7159, and Penicillium simplicissimum KM-16, the culture of Cunninghamella verticillata possesses the greatest transforming activity and selectivity. With the aid of the latter practically quantitative oxidation of 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines occurs into the corresponding trans-diol. The structure and spatial disposition of trans-1-benzyl-3,4-dihydroxypiperidine was demonstrated by data of chromato-mass spectrometric analysis and high resolution NMR spectra and was confirmed by comparison with an authentic sample obtained by an alternate synthesis using the oxidation of 1-benzyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with trifluoroperacetic acid.     

The relative stabilities of 6-membered cyclic allylamine/enamine systems

Evidence on the relative stabilities of acyclic allylamine/enamine systems and methods for the isomerisation of the former into the latter are reviewed. Previous evidence on the related question of the thermodynamic stabilities of 3-piperideines/2-piperideines is presented. The view that 6-membered cyclic allylamines are thermodynamically preferred over their enamine isomers is refuted by demonstrating the base-catalysed equilibrative isomerisations of several 1-alkyl-4-acyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines into their 1-alkyl-4-acyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine isomers. It is shown that the conjugated CO group in these examples is unnecessary to effect isomerisation: for example even in the simplest possible situation, 1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine can be isomerised into 1-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, though a stronger base is necessary.     

Nitroimidazoles. V . Synthesis of 1-methyl-2-(2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)nitroimidazoles

Reaction of readily available 2-methyl-4-formylthiazole ( 1 ) with glyoxal and ammonia gave 2-(2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)imidazole ( 2 ). Nitration of 2 with a mixture of nitric acid-sulfuric acid at 100° yielded 2-(2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)-4,5-dinitroimidazole ( 3 ) as the sole reaction product, while nitration at 65° afforded 2-(2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)-4-(or 5)-nitroimidazole ( 4 ). N-Methylation of compound 4 in the presence of base gave 1-methyl-2-(2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)4-nitroimidazole ( 6 ), whereas N-methylation with diazomethane afforded 1-methyl-2-(2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)-5-nitroimidazole ( 5 ). N-Methylation of compound 3 yielded 1-methyl-2-(2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)-3,5-dinitroimidazole ( 7 ) in high yield.     

A flexible method for the synthesis of 2-substituted 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines and piperidines from chloro-containing propargylamines

A general approach for the stereoselective synthesis of 2-substituted 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines and piperidines is described. The addition of 4-chloro-1-butyne to Ellman sulfinimines to produce chloro-containing propargylamines, reduction with Lindlar catalyst, and cyclization using LHMDS provides efficient, stereoselective access to diverse 2-substituted 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines. For substrates incompatible with the LHMDS cyclization reaction conditions removal of the sulfinamide moiety and cyclization with Cs₂CO₃ allows the preparation of the corresponding 2-substituted 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines. This method can be extended to the synthesis of 2-substituted piperidines through reduction of the chloro-containing propargylamine with PtO₂.     

Benzomorphan related compounds. IV. The stevens rearrangement of a trimethoxybenzyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridinium salt

The potassium hydroxide-induced (Stevens) rearrangement of 1,3,4-trimethyl-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridinium chloride (I) gives the desired 1,3,4-trimethyl-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (III) and the Hofmann elimination product, N-methyl-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-2,3-dimethyl-2,4-pentadienamine (II). In the presence of ethereal phenyllithium, the salt I undergoes rearrangement giving the expected tetrahydropyridine III in about 17% yield and four other products, N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)methylamine (VI), 1,3,4-trimethyl-2-(6-methyl-2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (IV), 1,3,3-trirnethyl-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4-rnethylenepiperidine (V) and 1,3,4-trimethyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (VII), the latter being the 1,4-Stevens rearrangement product which cyclizes easily to β-2′,3′,4′-trimethoxy-2,5,9-trimethyl-7,8-benzomorphan (VIII). Their structures have been proved both by analytical and spectral data. A possible route for VIII and its stereochemical aspects are discussed.     

Oxidative reactions of azines

Oxidative coupling of 1-alkyl(benzyl)-4-(γ-pyridyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines with acetone in the presence of KMnO₄ follows two pathways and yields both 1-R-2-(acetylmethylene)tetrahydropyridines and 1-R-3,4-dihydroxypiperidin-2-ones. When acetonitrile is used instead of acetone, the reaction under similar conditions occurs as selective ketodihydroxylation of the starting piperideines yielding 1-R-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(γ-pyridyl)piperidin-2-ones. The molecular and crystal structures of one of these products (R=Et) was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. For part 4, see Ref. 1 Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2020–2023, November, 1997.     

Synthesis of cis-3,4-diarylpiperidines and cis-3,4-diaryltetrahydropyrans

Substituted cis-3,4-diarylpiperidines and cis-3,4-diaryltetrahydropyrans are synthesized in modest overall yields starting from 4-aryl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines and 4-aryl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrans via the following sequence: (1) pinacol-type ring contraction having the combination of m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid and boron trifluoride etherate, (2) Grignard addition with arylmagnesium bromide reagents and followed by boron trifluoride etherate-mediated intramolecular ring-expanded rearrangement, and (3) hydrogenation with hydrogen on 10% palladium-activated carbon. A facile synthesis of 3,4-diarylpyridines was also described by base-induced aromatization.     

Polycyclic N-heterocyclic compounds. XLI. Synthesis of 4-substituted 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrimido[5,4-d][1]benzazepines, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-imidazo[1′,2′:1,6]pyrimido[5,4-d][1]benzazepines and their related compounds as a series of potential blood platelet aggregation inhibitors

As a series of polyheterocyclic compounds for exploitation as anti-platelet agents, tricyclic heterocyclic compounds, 4-substituted 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrimido[5,4-d][1]benzazepines 3–6, 9, 12–14 , and 16–26 , having nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur containing functional groups at the 4-position, were prepared. In addition, tetra-cyclic heterocyclic compounds, 3-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-imidazo[1′,2′:1,6]pyrimido[5,4-d][1]benzaze-pinium chloride ( 7 ), 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-imidazo[1′,2′:1,6]pyrimido[5,4-d][1]benzazepines 10a-e , 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H 5H-pyrimido[1′,2′:1,6]pyrimido[5,4-d][1]benzazepine ( 11 ), and 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-thiazolo-[3′,2′:1,6]pyrimido[5,4-d][1]benzazepinium chloride ( 15 ) via ring closure of 4-(hydroxyalkylamino)- 6, 9a-e , and 3c , and 4-(2-hydroxyethylthio)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrimido[5,4-d][1]benzazepine ( 14 ) with phosphoryl chloride or thionyl chloride, respectively, were also prepared. Their inhibitory activities against collagen-induced aggregation of rabbit blood platelets in vitro were investigated. Among them, compound 5 having a morpholino group at the 4-position on the tricyclic nucleus, which enhanced the activity more than 14-fold as compared with aspirin, was found to have the most satisfactory in inhibitory activity.     

The Mukaiyama-Michael reaction of N-acyl-2,3-dihydro-4-pyridones: regio- and stereoselective synthesis of cis-2,6-disubstituted 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines

[formula: see text] A convenient regio- and stereoselective preparation of 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines of the type 1 has been developed, starting from readily available N-acyl-2,3-dihydro-4-pyridones 2.     

Stereochemistry of hydroboration of 3(or 5)-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines

Hydroboration of N-substituted 5 - methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1,2,5,6 - tetrahydropyridines gave, as a sole product, the 5-methyl-4-phenyl-3-piperidinols, while the 3 - methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1,2,5,6 - tetrahydropyridines gave the 3-methyl-4-phenyl-3-piperidinols together with the 4-boryl-3-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine amine boranes. Structural and configurational assignments were made through the analysis of spectral data (IR, ¹H NMR and MS).     

Facile domino reactions in the statistically controlled product- and stereoselective synthesis of densely functionalized cis-1,4-cyclohexa-1,4-dienes and trans,trans-trisubstituted-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines

The domino reactions of ethyl 3-oxo-4-(arylsulfonyl)butanoates with aromatic aldehydes in a 2:1 molar ratio in the presence of a catalytic amount of ammonium acetate furnished densely functionalized cyclohexa-1,4-dienes stereoselectively, while the domino reactions of ethyl 3-oxo-4-(arylsulfonyl)butanoates, aromatic aldehydes, and ammonium acetate in a 1:2:2 molar ratio afforded highly functionalized 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines stereoselectively.     

Addition reactions of thiophenols with dihydro- and tetrahydropyridinecarbonitriles. A comparison with reactions of phenols

p-Chlorothiophenol reacts with 1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-X-carbonitriles ( 1 , X = 4, 6 , X = 3) and with 1-methyl-1,Y-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (7, Y = 6, 8 , Y = 4) to give the anticipated addition products. Geometric isomers were formed from 6 , but not from 1 , and the stereochemistry of the products has been determined. The chemistry of the reactions with p-cresol was quite different. No reaction occurred with 6 or 7 , while 8 gave a 6-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)- derivative, analogous to the unexpected product obtained previously from 1 .     

Borane complexes of 2-(1-Methyl-1,2,5,6-tetra-hydropyridin-3-yl)benzoxazoles

2-Pyridin-3-ylbenzoxazoles were synthesized by the reaction between 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde and substituted o-aminophenols in the presence of iodobenzene diacetate. The resulting benzoxazoles 3 were treated with methyl iodide to give the corresponding pyridinium salts 4 which underwent the hydride reduction with sodium borohydride or sodium cyanoborohydride to produce 2-(1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahy-dropyridin-3-yl)benzoxazole borane complex derivatives.     

Reductivetrans-2,6-diallylation of pyridines with allylboranes. Synthesis oftrans- andcis-2,6-diallyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines and their deuterated derivatives

The reductivetrans-2,6-diallylation of pyridines with triallyl- and allyl(dialkyl)boranes has been discovered. Heating (40–100 °C) of pyridine, deuteropyridine, or 3-bromopyridine complexes with triallylborane in the presence of alcohols (ROH or CH₃OD), water, or Et₂NH results in the respectivetrans-2,6-diaIlyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines (2,3,22, or25) in 20–97 % yields. A preparative method for the isomerization oftrans-2,6-diallyl compounds2 and25 into the respectivecis-isomers4 and28 by heating them with triallyl- or allyl(dialkyl)boranes (125–150 °C) has been suggested. The hydrogenation oftrans- orcis-2,6-diallyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines gavetrans- orcis-2,6-dipropylpiperidines, respectively. Thecis- andtrans-configurations of compounds2 and4 were established by analyzing the NMR spectra ofN-benzyl (7 and13) andN,N-dimethyl (6 and 14) derivatives of piperidine derivatives5 and8. A possible mechanism for the reductive diallylation of pyridines has been discussed.Translated fromIzyestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 693–704, April, 1994.This study was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project 93-03-18193).     

Synthesis of 1,2,4-trisubstituted-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines

A novel method for the synthesis of 1,2,4-trisubstituted- or 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine is presented. The process was carried out by the bromomethoxylation of 4-substituted-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines 1 with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in methanol, dehydrobromination with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), and boron trifluoride etherate (BF₃-OEt₂)-catalyzed cross coupling of the corresponding enamine with trimethylsilyl-based nucleophiles. Homokainoid analogs were also synthesized via the protocol.