Variation of even-odd proton effects with excitation energy in fission of 252Cf: Confirmation of fine structure in v(A)

The existence of even-odd proton effects (fine structure) in νv(A) of individual fragments from ²⁵²Cf(sf) has been confirmed by analysis of previously reported data. The fine structure is seen to increase in amplitude as the fragment excitation energy decreases, a behaviour similar to the well-known behaviour of the mass yield curve. The present mass yield data also show these effects, as expected. Conversely, our total kinetic energy data TKE(A), not previously reported, show very little even-odd proton effect. It is shown that energy balance considerations, also, support the existence of even-odd proton effects in neutron emission from ²⁵²Cf(sf).     

Phenomenological analysis connecting proton–proton and antiproton–proton elastic scattering

Based on the behavior of the elastic scattering data, we introduce an almost model-independent parameterization for the imaginary part of the scattering amplitude, with the energy and momentum transfer dependences inferred on an empirical basis and selected by rigorous theorems and bounds from axiomatic quantum field theory. The corresponding real part is analytically evaluated by means of dispersion relations, allowing connections between particle–particle and particle–antiparticle scattering. Simultaneous fits to proton–proton and antiproton–proton experimental data in the forward direction and also including data beyond the forward direction lead to a predictive formalism in both energy and momentum transfer. We compare our extrapolations with predictions from some popular models and discuss the applicability of the results in the normalization of elastic rates that can be extracted from present and future accelerator experiments (Tevatron, RHIC and LHC). PACS 13.85.Dz, 13.85.-t     

鞘场加速机理中质子束的特性与其初始尺寸的关系

为了研究激光鞘场中质子层的尺寸对质子束特性的影响,本文应用中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心的二维Particle-In-Cell (2D-PIC)数值模拟程序Flips2D进行了相关数值模拟研究. 研究了质子束总能量随时间的变化,得出了加速持续过程与激光脉冲持续时间的关系; 研究了质子层的宽度对加速后质子束发散角和能谱的影响;研究了质子层的厚与加速后质子束 发散角和能谱的关系;得出了质子层的初始尺寸对加速后质子特性的影响规律.     

Energy evolution of proton shapes

The shape and darkness of the interaction region for colliding protons change as their energies increase. The ratio of the diffraction-cone slope to the total cross section is a crucial parameter here. Experimental data at different energies are indicative of its energy evolution. It is shown that the darkness of the proton interaction region in central collisions is fully governed by this parameter. At LHC energies, the interactions become completely absorptive at small impact parameters. This results in interesting predictions for inelastic processes (especially, for dijet production). A lower limit on the ratio in question is determined. This imposes some restrictions on its energy behavior. Its effect on the differential cross section outside the diffraction cone is discussed. It is shown that the real part of the amplitude becomes very important there at the LHC energies, its sign being opposite to the sign of the imaginary part. It is argued that the black-disk limit is not reached at present-day energies, but that it can probably be approached at extremely high energies. However, the structure of the interaction region in this limiting case reminds a torus rather than a black disk.     

强磁场中修正URCA过程的中微子产能率

基于n-p-e模型并考虑修正URCA过程中的质子分支,研究了强磁场对中子星核心区域修正URCA过程中微子产能率的影响.结果表明,强磁场使修正URCA过程的中微子产能率产生明显振荡;与中子分支相比,强磁场对质子分支中微子产能率的影响偏弱,但是它将提高总的中微子产能率.所得结论将有助于进一步研究中子星的冷却机理. 关键词： 中子星 强磁场 修正的URCA过程     

质子在碳化硅中不同深度的非电离能量损失

利用蒙特卡罗方法,应用Geant4程序,模拟计算了1—500 MeV质子在碳化硅材料中的非电离能量损失,并研究了不同种类的初级反冲原子对非电离能量损失的贡献.模拟结果表明:在相同质子辐照下,碳化硅材料中的非电离能量损失要比硅、镓等半导体材料更小,说明碳化硅器件的稳定性更好,抗位移损伤能力更强;当靶材料足够厚时,在不同能量质子辐照下,材料损伤最严重的区域会随着质子入射能量的增加从质子射程末端逐渐前移到材料表面;不同种类的初级反冲原子对非电离能量损失的贡献表明,在低能质子辐照下,28Si和~(12)C是位移损伤的主要原因,而随着质子能量的增加,通过核反应等过程产生的次级离子迅速增多,并对材料浅层造成严重的位移损伤.     

纳米静态随机存储器质子单粒子多位翻转角度相关性研究

器件特征尺寸的减小带来单粒子多位翻转的急剧增加, 对现有加固技术带来了极大挑战. 针对90 nm SRAM(static random access memory, 静态随机存储器)开展了中高能质子入射角度对单粒子多位翻转影响的试验研究, 结果表明随着质子能量的增加, 单粒子多位翻转百分比和多样性增加, 质子单粒子多位翻转角度效应与质子能量相关. 采用一种快速计算质子核反应引起单粒子多位翻转的截面积分算法, 以Geant4中Binary Cascade模型作为中高能质子核反应事件发生器, 从次级粒子的能量和角度分布出发, 揭示了质子与材料核反应产生的次级粒子中, LET(linear energy transfer)最大, 射程最长的粒子优先前向发射是引起单粒子多位翻转角度相关性的根本原因. 质子能量、临界电荷的大小是影响纳米SRAM器件质子多位翻转角度相关性的关键因素. 质子能量越小, 多位翻转截面角度增强效应越大; 临界电荷的增加将增强质子多位翻转角度效应.     

束流发射度对质子照相色差模糊的影响

分析了质子照相过程中发射度的增长过程。开展了照相系统设计,针对设计的照相系统,采用理论分析和蒙特卡罗计算的方法,具体分析了各个发射度增长因素的影响程度。分析结果表明:对于高能质子照相,加速器的引出发射度对系统的色差模糊的影响可以忽略,但对于中能质子照相,加速器的引出发射度不可忽略。可通过提高加速器引出系统的聚焦能力和减小散束器的厚度来减小发射度影响。     

Spectral enhancement in the double pulse regime of laser proton acceleration

The use of two separate ultraintense laser pulses in laser-proton acceleration was compared to the single pulse case employing the same total laser energy. A double pulse profile, with the temporal separation of the pulses varied between 0.75-2.5?ps, was shown to result in an increased maximum proton energy and an increase in conversion efficiency to fast protons by up to a factor of 3.3. Particle-in-cell simulations indicate the existence of a two stage acceleration process. The second phase, induced by the main pulse preferentially accelerates slower protons located deeper in the plasma, in contrast to conventional target normal sheath acceleration.     

Collision site effect on the radiation dynamics of cytosine induced by proton

By combing the time-dependent density functional calculations for electrons with molecular dynamics simulations for ions (TDDFT-MD) nonadiabatically in real time, we investigate the microscopic mechanism of collisions between cytosine and low-energy protons with incident energy ranging from 150 eV to 1000 eV. To explore the effects of the collision site and the proton incident energy on irradiation processes of cytosine, two collision sites are specially considered, which are N and O both acting as the proton receptors when forming hydrogen bonds with guanine. Not only the energy loss and the scattering angle of the projectile but also the electronic and ionic degrees of freedom of the target are identified. It is found that the energy loss of proton increases linearly with the increase of the incident energy in both situations, which are 14.2% and 21.1% of the incident energy respectively. However, the scattering angles show different behaviors in these two situations when the incident kinetic energy increases. When proton collides with O, the scattering angle of proton is larger and the energy lost is more, while proton captures less electrons from O. The calculated fragment mass distribution shows the high counts of the fragment mass of 1, implying the production of H⁺ fragment ion from cytosine even for proton with the incident energy lower than keV. Furthermore, the calculated results show that N on cytosine is easier to be combined with low-energy protons to form NH bonds than O.     

Dependence of single event upsets sensitivity of low energy proton on test factors in 65 nm SRAM

In order to accurately predict the single event upsets(SEU) rate of on-orbit proton, the influence of the proton energy distribution, incident angle, supply voltage, and test pattern on the height, width, and position of SEU peak of low energy protons(LEP) in 65 nm static random access memory(SRAM) are quantitatively evaluated and analyzed based on LEP testing data and Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that different initial proton energies used to degrade the beam energy will bring about the difference in the energy distribution of average proton energy at the surface and sensitive region of the device under test(DUT), which further leads to significant differences including the height of SEU peak and the threshold energy of SEU. Using the lowest initial proton energy is extremely important for SEU testing with low energy protons. The proton energy corresponding to the SEU peak shifts to higher average proton energies with the increase of the tilt angle, and the SEU peaks also increase significantly. The reduction of supply voltage lowers the critical charge of SEU, leading to the increase of LEP SEU cross section. For standard 6-transitor SRAM with bit-interleaving technology,SEU peak does not show clear dependence on three test patterns of logical checkerboard 55 H, all "1", and all "0". It should be noted that all the SEUs in 65 nm SRAM are single cell upset in LEP testing due to proton's low linear energy transfer(LET) value.     

Relativistic mean-field study on proton skins and proton halos in exotic nuclei

We investigate the ground state properties of proton-rich nuclei in the framework of the relativistic mean-field model. Calculations show that the experimental proton halo in the nuclei ^26,27,28P can be reproduced by the model. The proton halos can appear in proton-rich nuclei because the total nuclear potential is attractive up to the radial distance r ≈ 5.5 fm. But the size of proton halos is finite due to the limitation of the Coulomb potential barrier. The mean-square radius of a halo proton is not very sensitive to the separation energy of the last proton in some very proton-rich nuclei due to the effect of the Coulomb barrier. This behavior is different from the case of a neutron halo where the mean-square radius of a halo neutron is inversely proportional to the separation energy of the last halo neutron. We have also analysed the differences of the relativistic mean-field potentials of ²⁵Al and ²⁶P and found that the isovector potential from the p meson has an important effect on the differences.     

Energetic proton emission in heavy ion collisions at intermediate energy: Pre-equilibrium and cooperative effects

Energetic proton emission has been investigated as a function of the centrality in the reaction ⁵⁸Ni + ⁵⁸Ni at 30 AMeV. Protons with energy extending up to a relevant fraction of the total available energy in the reaction were measured and studied. The dependence on the reaction centrality has been extensively investigated and data have been compared with the results of microscopic transport calculations. The more striking observation concerns the extremely energetic proton (E^NN _P ≥ 130 MeV) multiplicity which is found to increase almost quadratically with the number of participant nucleons thus indicating the onset of a mechanism beyond one and two-body dynamics.     

Light driven proton pumps

Biological systems efficiently use photon powered proton pumps and protonic-electrical circuits for energy conversion. There is no fundamental reason why light driven proton based technical, photoelectrochemical, photovoltaic, and photographic devices should not be feasible. Furthermore, they may be attractive because they could also provide a convenient storage mechanism for solar energy. The biggest challenge is the choice of appropriate materials. Can materials be found which are cheaper, or easier to prepare than electronic photovoltaic materials? Can such systems be tailored to become highly efficient and can they be made to be photochemically stable? The experience with two model systems studied in electrochemical two-compartment cells is discussed. The permeation rate for proton insertion and hydrogen transport through FeS₂ (pyrite) with a diffusion coefficient of D=10^?5 cm²/s could be increased by illumination from 0.45 to 0.8 parallel with a generation of 150 mV of photopotential. The second system studied was the semiconducting thiophene sexithiophene in which illumination could also increase the permeation rate of protons by a factor of two. An effort was made to learn from a biological model system like the proton pumping bacteriorhodopsin. The light utilization here is based on a photoinduced molecular structure change which, via an aminoacid chain, energizes an array of protonation sites which alter their pK-value. By utilizing the stored chemical energy an autocatalytic process then moves the protons against the existing membrane electrical field. Such biomolecular mechanisms may technically become accessible by genetic engineering only but presently provide interesting model systems for learning about choices in letting protons utilize solar light to perform work and store energy.     

Intense laser-driven energetic proton beams from solid density targets

The effects of target density on proton acceleration driven by an intense sub-ps laser pulse are investigated using two-dimensional hybrid particle-in-cell simulations. Results show that at higher density the target-normal-sheath acceleration (TNSA) is more effective than shock acceleration for protons from a plastic target. Furthermore a lower-density target is favorable to higher energy of the TNSA protons. Moreover, the longitudinal electric fields at the target surfaces may reveal typical inhomogeneous structures for a long acceleration time. The conversion efficiency of laser energy into particle (electron, proton, and C(+) ion) energy is found to increase with decreasing target density.     

辐射变色薄膜的质子辐照响应

 用J-2.5质子静电加速器提供的质子束,对研制的一种高灵敏度新型辐射变色膜进行质子辐射响应研究。该变色膜以聚乙烯醇缩聚物为基质,以类丁二炔化合物为有机染色材料,质子能量为2.0 MeV,辐照注量为1.0×10¹⁰～1.0×10¹² cm^-2。用光谱响应测试薄膜的辐射效应显示：变色薄膜颜色由粉红渐变为蓝色, 并随着辐照剂量的增加而逐渐加深;用图像分析仪分析辐照后靶材的光密度发现,图像的光密度随聚焦斑距离的增大而减小;用分光光度计测试其吸收光谱发现,主吸收峰值出现在660 nm附近,且吸收峰处的响应吸光度与质子注量具有较好的线性关系;对新型变色薄膜辐照后持续效应的研究表明,变色膜辐照后续效应微弱,辐照后可以立即测量,且对测量环境变化不敏感。     

质子辐照下正照式和背照式图像传感器的单粒子瞬态效应

CMOS图像传感器应用于空间任务时容易受到质子单粒子效应影响.本文采用商用正照式(FSI)和背照式(BSI)CMOS图像传感器开展了不同能量的质子辐照实验,实验中通过在线测试方法分析质子单粒子效应.其中,质子能量最高为200 Me V,总注量为10¹⁰ particle/cm~2,结果未发现外围电路的单粒子效应,但观察到像素阵列出现不同形状的单粒子瞬态亮斑.通过提取瞬态亮斑沉积能量和尺寸大小两个特征参数,比较了不同能量质子对瞬态亮斑特征的影响,以及FSI和BSI中瞬态亮斑特征的差异.最后,结合仿真方法,与实验结果进行比较,预测了质子在CMOS图像传感器像素单元产生瞬态亮斑的能量沉积分布.仿真结果验证了光电二极管耗尽区厚度减小和外延层减薄是导致BSI图像传感器中质子能量沉积分布左移的主要因素.     

Experimental confirmation that the proton is asymptotically a black disk

Although experimentally accessible energies cannot probe "asymptopia", recent measurements of inelastic pp cross sections at the LHC at 7000 GeV and by Auger at 57,000 GeV allow us to conclude that (i) both σ(inel) and σ(tot), the inelastic and total cross sections for pp and pp interactions, saturate the Froissart bound of ln(2)s, (ii) when s→∞, the ratio σ(inel)/σ(tot) is experimentally determined to be 0.509 ± 0.021, consistent with the value 0.5 required by a black disk at infinite energies, and (iii) when s→∞, the forward scattering amplitude becomes purely imaginary, another requirement for the proton to become a totally absorbing black disk. Experimental verification of the hypotheses of analyticity and unitarity over the center of mass energy range 6 ≤ √s ≤ 57000 GeV are discussed. In QCD, the black disk is naturally made of gluons; our results suggest that the lowest-lying glueball mass is 2.97 ± 0.03 GeV.     

内爆初级质子能谱直接测量方法

基于单能质子对CR39的标定实验,利用获取的响应曲线,设计了一种内爆初级质子的直接测量方法。在内爆初级质子产额较低的情况下,该方法可获得更多的计数。对实验中的噪声信号排除做出了说明,并对其背景噪声来源进行了分析,以提高实验数据的精确性。利用标定数据,对CR39上观察到的径迹进行鉴别,确定质子径迹并测量其径迹参数,从而确定质子能量。在随机扫描的约300个显微镜视场中获得了200个质子径迹数据,并通过与标定数据比对,获得了它们各自的能量,再利用蒙特卡罗程序Geant4修正铝膜的岐离,最终确认本次内爆实验初级质子的能谱峰值应该在2.4~2.6 MeV之间,据此换算到靶丸面密度为7~8mg/cm2,为实验结果的进一步后续分析提供了依据。