Acetonitrile hydration and ethyl acetate hydrolysis by pyrazolate-bridged cobalt(II) dimers containing hydrogen-bond donors

The preparation of new CoII-mu-OH-CoII dimers with the binucleating ligands 3,5-bis{bis[(N'-R-ureaylato)-N-ethyl]aminomethyl}-1H-pyrazolate ([H4PRbuam]5-, R=tBu, iPr) is described. The molecular structure of the isopropyl derivative reveals that each CoII center has a trigonal-bipyramidial coordination geometry, with a Co...Co separation of 3.5857(5) A. Structural and spectroscopic studies show that there are four hydrogen-bond (H-bond) donors near the CoII-micro-OH-CoII moiety; however, they are too far away to be form intramolecular H-bonds with the bridging hydroxo ligand. Treating [CoII2H4PRbuam(micro-OH)]2- with acetonitrile led to the formation of bridging acetamidato complexes, [CoII2H4PRbuam(micro-1,3-OC(NH)CH3)]2-; in addition, these CoII-micro-OH-CoII dimers hydrolyze ethyl acetate to form CoII complexes with bridging acetato ligands. The CoII-1,3-micro-X'-CoII complexes (X'=OAc-, [OC(NH)CH3]-) were prepared independently by reacting [CoII2H3PRbuam]2- with acetamide or [CoII2H4PRbuam]- with acetate. X-ray diffraction studies show that the orientation of the acetate ligand within the H-bonding cavity depends on the size of the R substituent appended from the urea groups. The tetradentate ligand 3-{bis[(N'-tert-butylureaylato)-N-ethyl]aminomethyl}-5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazolato ([H2PtBuuam]3-) was also developed and its CoII-OH complex prepared. In the crystalline state, [CoIIH2PtBuuam(OH)]2- contains two intramolecular H-bonds between the urea groups of [H2PtBuuam]3- and the terminal hydroxo ligand. [nPr4N]2[CoIIH2PtBuuam(OH)] does not hydrate acetonitrile or hydrolyze ethyl acetate. In contrast, K2[CoIIH2PtBuuam(OH)] does react with ethyl acetate to produce KOAc; this enhanced reactivity is attributed to the presence of the K+ ions, which can possibly interact with the CoII-OH unit and ester substrate to assist in hydrolysis. However, K2[CoIIH2PtBuuam(OH)] was still unable to hydrate acetonitrile.     

Isolation of monomeric Mn(III/II)-H and Mn(III)-complexes from water: evaluation of O-H bond dissociation energies

The syntheses and properties of the monomeric [MnIII/IIH31(OH)]-/2- and [MnIIIH31(O)]2- complexes are reported, where [H31]3- is the tripodal ligand tris[(N'-tert-butylureaylato)-N-ethyl)]aminato. Isotope-labeling studies with H218O confirmed that water is the source of the terminal oxo and oxygen in the hydroxo ligand. The molecular structures of the [MnIIH31(OH)]2- and [MnIIIH31(O)]2- complexes were determined by X-ray diffraction methods and show that each complex has trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry. The MnIII-O distance in [MnIIIH31(O)]2- is 1.771(4) A, which is lengthened to 2.059(2) A in [MnIIH31(OH)]2-. Structural studies also show that [H31]3- provides a hydrogen-bond cavity that surrounds the MnIII-O(H) units. Using a thermodynamic approach, which requires pKa and redox potentials, bond dissociation energies of 77(4) and 110(4) kcal/mol were calculated for [MnIIH31(O-H)]2- and [MnIIIH31(O-H)]-, respectively. The calculated value of 77 kcal/mol for the [MnIIH31(O-H)]2- complex is supported by the ability of [MnIIIH31(O)]2- complex to cleave C-H bonds with bond energies of <80 kcal/mol.     

Chalcogens as terminal ligands to iron: synthesis and structure of complexes with Fe(III)-S and Fe(III)-Se motifs

Metal complexes with terminal chalcogenido ligands are known for the early transition-metal complexes, yet for the heavier congeners (e.g., sulfido and selenido), there are no analogous examples for the late 3d metal ions. Reported herein is the isolation and characterization of monomeric iron(III) complexes containing sulfido and selenido ligands; isolation was accomplished using the tripodal ligand tris[(N'-tert-butylureaylato)-N-ethylene]aminato ([H3buea]3-). The FeIII-E (E = S2-, Se2-) complexes were prepared from the iron(II) precursor, [FeII(H3buea)]2-, and the elemental forms of the chalogen. The formulation of [FeIIIH3buea(S)]2- and [FeIIIH3buea(Se)]2- as monomeric complexes with Fe-E units is supported by spectroscopic, analytical, and X-ray diffraction studies. For instance, X-band EPR spectra contain well-resolved axial signals, which are consistent with each complex having S = 5/2 ground states. The solid-state molecular structures reveal FeIII-E bond lengths of 2.211(1) and 2.355(1) A for [FeIIIH3buea(S)]2- and [FeIIIH3buea(Se)]2-, respectively. The primary coordination sphere for each complex also contains three deprotonated urea nitrogen atoms from [H3buea]3-; the apical amine nitrogen atom weakly interacts with the iron centers at distances of greater than 2.6 A. The terminal chalcogenido ligands appear to weakly hydrogen-bond with the urea NH groups of the [H3buea]3-; however, open H-bond cavities are observed for [FeIIIH3buea(S)]2- and [FeIIIH3buea(Se)]2-, which may contribute to their observed long-term instability.     

Preparation and properties of a monomeric Mn(IV)-oxo complex

Manganese-oxo complexes have long been investigated because of their proposed roles in biological and chemical catalysis. However, there are few examples of monomeric complexes with terminal oxo ligands, especially those with oxomanganese(IV) units. A oxomanganese(IV) complex has been prepared from [MnIIIH3buea(O)]2- ([H3buea]3-, tris[(N'-tert-butylureaylato)-N-ethylene]aminato), a monomeric MnIII-O complex in which the oxo ligand arises from cleavage of dioxygen. Treating [MnIIIH3buea(O)]2- with [Cp2Fe]BF4 in either DMF at -45 degrees C or DMSO at room temperature produces [MnIVH3buea(O)]-: lambdamax = 635 nm; nu(Mn-16O) = 737 cm-1; nu(Mn-18O) = 709 cm-1; g = 5.15, 2.44, 1.63, D = 3.0 cm-1, E/D = 0.26, aMn = 66 G (A = 190 MHz). These spectroscopic properties support the assignment of a mononuclear MnIV-oxo complex with an S = 3/2 ground state. Density functional theory supports this assignment and the Jahn-Teller distortion around the high-spin MnIV center that would alter the molecular structure of [MnIVH3buea(O)]- from trigonal symmetry (as indicated by the highly rhombic EPR signal). [MnIVH3buea(O)]- is relatively unstable in DMSO, converting to [MnIIIH3buea(OH)]- via a proposed X-H bond cleavage. [MnIVH3buea(O)]- reacts with 1,2-diphenylhydrazine to from azobenzene (95% yield) and [MnIIIH3buea(OH)]-. The MnIV-oxo does not react with triphenyl- or tricyclohexylphosphine. However, O-atom transfer is observed with methyldiphenylphosphine and dimethylphenylphosphine, producing the corresponding phosphine oxides. These results illustrate the diverse reactivity of the MnIV-oxo unit.     

Structure and bonding in monomeric iron(III) complexes with terminal oxo and hydroxo ligands

We report on the structure and bonding in the title iron(III) complexes, containing the tris[(N'-tert-butylureayl)-N-ethyl]amine ligand, with density functional theory techniques. In agreement with the experimental data, a high-spin electronic state is favored for all of the systems we considered. H bonds between the terminal oxo and hydroxo ligands and NH groups present in the organic ligand coordinated to the metal have a remarkable effect on the overall coordination geometry. In fact, the structure of model complexes without H bonds shows shorter Fe-O bond lengths. This is a consequence of the ability of the H bonds to stabilize a remarkable amount of electron density localized on the terminal oxo and hydroxo ligands. Energy analysis indicates that each H bond stabilizes the nonheme complexes by roughly 35 kJ/mol. Molecular orbital analysis indicates a reduction of two Fe-O bonding electrons on going from a complex with a terminal oxo ligand to a complex with a terminal hydroxo ligand. This reduction in the number of bonding electrons is also supported by frequency analysis.     

Oxygen atom transfer in models for molybdenum enzymes: isolation and structural, spectroscopic, and computational studies of intermediates in oxygen atom transfer from molybdenum(VI) to phosphorus(III)

Intermediates in the oxygen atom transfer from Mo(VI) to P(III), [Tp(iPr)MoOX(OPR3)] (Tp(iPr) = hydrotris(3-isopropylpyrazol-1-yl)borate; X = Cl-, phenolates, thiolates), have been isolated from the reactions of [Tp(iPr)MoO2X] with phosphines (PEt3, PMePh2, PPh3). The green, diamagnetic oxomolybdenum(IV) complexes possess local C(1) symmetry (by NMR spectroscopy) and exhibit IR bands assigned to nu(Mo==O) (approximately 950 cm(-1)) and nu(P==O) (1140-1083 cm(-1)) vibrations. The X-ray crystal structures of [Tp(iPr)MoOX(OPEt3)] (X = OC6H4-2-sBu, SnBu), [Tp(iPr)MoO(OPh)(OPMePh2)], and [Tp(iPr)MoOCl(OPPh3)] have been determined. The monomeric complexes exhibit distorted octahedral geometries, with coordination spheres composed of tridentate fac-Tp(iPr) and mutually cis monodentate terminal oxo, phosphoryl (phosphine oxide), and monoanionic X ligands. The electronic structures and stabilities of the complexes have been probed by computational methods, with the three-dimensional energy surfaces confirming the existence of a low-energy steric pocket that restricts the conformational freedom of the phosphoryl ligand and inhibits complete oxygen atom transfer. The reactivity of the complexes is also briefly described.     

Utilization of hydrogen bonds to stabilize M-O(H) units: synthesis and properties of monomeric iron and manganese complexes with terminal oxo and hydroxo ligands

Non-heme iron and manganese species with terminal oxo ligands are proposed to be key intermediates in a variety of biological and synthetic systems; however, the stabilization of these types of complexes has proven difficult because of the tendency to form oxo-bridged complexes. Described herein are the design, isolation, and properties for a series of mononuclear Fe(III) and Mn(III) complexes with terminal oxo or hydroxo ligands. Isolation of the complexes was facilitated by the tripodal ligand tris[(N'-tert-butylureaylato)-N-ethyl]aminato ([H(3)1](3-)), which creates a protective hydrogen bond cavity around the M(III)-O(H) units (M(III) = Fe and Mn). The M(III)-O(H) complexes are prepared by the activation of dioxygen and deprotonation of water. In addition, the M(III)-O(H) complexes can be synthesized using oxygen atom transfer reagents such as N-oxides and hydroxylamines. The [Fe(III)H(3)1(O)](2-) complex also can be made using sulfoxides. These findings support the proposal of a high valent M(IV)-oxo species as an intermediate during dioxygen cleavage. Isotopic labeling studies show that oxo ligands in the [M(III)H(3)1(O)](2-) complexes come directly from the cleavage of dioxygen: for [Fe(III)H(3)1(O)](2-) the nu(Fe-(16)O) = 671 cm(-1), which shifts 26 cm(-1) in [Fe(III)H(3)1((18)O)](2-) (nu(Fe-(18)O) = 645 cm(-1)); a nu(Mn-(16)O) = 700 cm(-1) was observed for [Mn(III)H(3)1((16)O)](2-), which shifts to 672 cm(-1) in the Mn-(18)O isotopomer. X-ray diffraction studies show that the Fe-O distance is 1.813(3) A in [Fe(III)H(3)1(O)](2-), while a longer bond is found in [Fe(III)H(3)1(OH)](-) (Fe-O at 1.926(2) A); a similar trend was found for the Mn(III)-O(H) complexes, where a Mn-O distance of 1.771(5) A is observed for [Mn(III)H(3)1(O)](2-) and 1.873(2) A for [Mn(III)H(3)1(OH)](-). Strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the urea NH groups of [H(3)1](3-) and the oxo and oxygen of the hydroxo ligand are observed in all the complexes. These findings, along with density functional theory calculations, indicate that a single sigma-bond exists between the M(III) centers and the oxo ligands, and additional interactions to the oxo ligands arise from intramolecular H-bonds, which illustrates that noncovalent interactions may replace pi-bonds in stabilizing oxometal complexes.     

Synthesis and reactivity of copper(I) complexes with an ethylene-bridged bis(imidazolin-2-imine) ligand

A series of copper(I) complexes with a sterically hindered, bidentate ligand, BL iPr, derived from an N-heterocyclic carbene precursor have been isolated, characterized and their reactivity studied. The ethylene-bridged bis(imidazolin-2-imine) ligand (BL iPr) provides strongly donating N-donor atoms for the stabilization of a copper(I) metal center, priming it for reactivity. The complexes [(BL iPr)Cu(XyNC)]PF6 (4) and [(BL iPr)CuCl] (5) were characterized by X-ray crystallography and exhibit trigonal coordination at the copper centers. The reactivity of [(BL iPr)Cu]SbF6 toward dioxygen was studied at low temperature, indicating formation of a thermally sensitive intermediate with intense UV/Vis features and an isotope-sensitive vibration at 625 cm(-1) (599 cm(-1) with 18 O2). The intermediate is assigned as containing the bis(mu-oxo)dicopper(III) core, [2](PF6)2, and the related, stable hydroxo form was crystallized as [{(BL iPr)Cu}2(mu-OH)2](PF6)2, [3](PF6)2. The reactivity of 5 as a catalyst for the ATR polymerization of styrene was assessed in terms of reaction kinetics and polymer properties, with low PDI values achieved for polymers with molecular weights up to 30 000 g mol(-1).     

Dlf complexes with uniform coordination geometry: structural and magnetic properties of an LnNi2 core supported by a heptadentate amine phenol ligand

The synthesis and physical characterization of a series of lanthanide (Ln(III)) and nickel (Ni(II)) mixed trimetallic complexes with the heptadentate (N(4)O(3)) amine phenol ligand H(3)trn [tris(2'-hydroxybenzylaminoethyl)amine] has been accomplished in order to extend our understanding of how amine phenol ligands can be used to coaggregate d- and f-block metal ions and to investigate further the magnetic interaction between these ions. The one-pot reaction in methanol of stoichiometric amounts of H(3)trn with NiX(2).6H(2)O (X = ClO(4), NO(3)) followed by addition of the corresponding LnX(3).6H(2)O salt, and then base, produces complexes of the general formula [LnNi(2)(trn)(2)]X.nH(2)O. The complexes were characterized by a variety of analytical techniques. Crystals of five of the complexes were grown from methanol solutions and their structures were determined by X-ray analysis: [PrNi(2)(trn)(2)(CH(3)OH)]ClO(4).4CH(3)OH.H(2)O, [SmNi(2)(trn)(2)(CH(3)OH)]NO(3).4CH(3)OH.2H(2)O, [TbNi(2)(trn)(2)(CH(3)OH)]NO(3).4CH(3)OH.3H(2)O, [ErNi(2)(trn)(2)(CH(3)OH)]NO(3).6CH(3)OH, and [LuNi(2)(trn)(2)(CH(3)OH)]NO(3).4.5CH(3)OH.1.5H(2)O. The [LnNi(2)(trn)(2)(CH(3)OH)](+) complex cation consists of two octahedral Ni(II) ions, each of which is encapsulated by the ligand trn(3)(-) in an N(4)O(2) coordination sphere with one phenolate O atom not bound to Ni(II). Each [Ni(trn)](-) unit acts as a tridentate ligand toward the Ln(III) ion via two bridging and one nonbridging phenolate donors. Remarkably, in all of the structurally characterized complexes, Ln(III) is seven-coordinate and has a flattened pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. Such uniform coordination behavior along the whole lanthanide series is rare and can perhaps be attributed to a mismatch between the geometric requirements of the bridging and nonbridging phenolate donors. Magnetic studies indicate that ferromagnetic exchange occurs in the Ni(II)/Ln(II) complexes where Ln = Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, or Er.     

Monomeric MnIII/II and FeIII/II complexes with terminal hydroxo and oxo ligands: probing reactivity via O-H bond dissociation energies

Non-heme manganese and iron complexes with terminal hydroxo or oxo ligands are proposed to mediate the transfer of hydrogen atoms in metalloproteins. To investigate this process in synthetic systems, the monomeric complexes [M(III/II)H(3)1(OH)](-/2-) and [M(III)H(3)1(O)](2-) have been prepared, where M(III/II) = Mn and Fe and [H(3)1](3-) is the tripodal ligand, tris[(N'-tert-butylureaylato)-N-ethyl)]aminato. These complexes have similar primary and secondary coordination spheres, which are enforced by [H(3)1](3-). The homolytic bond dissociation energies (BDEs(O-H)) for the M(III/II)-OH complexes were determined, using experimentally obtained values for the pK(a)(M-OH) and E(1/2) measured in DMSO. This thermodynamic analysis gave BDEs(O-H) of 77(4) kcal/mol for [Mn(II)H(3)1(O-H)](2-) and 66(4) kcal/mol for [Fe(II)H(3)1(O-H)](2-). For the M(III)-OH complexes, [Mn(III)H(3)1(OH)]- and [Fe(III)H(3)1(OH)]-, BDEs(O-H) of 110(4) and 115(4) kcal/mol were obtained. These BDEs(O-H) were verified with reactivity studies with substrates having known X-H bond energies (X = C, N, O). For instance, [Fe(II)H(3)1(OH)](2-) reacts with a TEMPO radical to afford [Fe(III)H(3)1(O)](2-) and TEMPO-H in isolated yields of 60 and 75%, respectively. Consistent with the BDE(O-H) values for [Mn(II)H(3)1(OH)](2-), TEMPO does not react with this complex, yet TEMPO-H (BDE(O-H) = 70 kcal/mol) reacts with [Mn(III)H(3)1(O)](2-), forming TEMPO and [Mn(II)H(3)1(OH)](2-). [Mn(III)H(3)1(O)](2-) and [Fe(III)H(3)1(O)](2-) react with other organic substrates containing C-H bonds less than 80 kcal/mol, including 9,10-dihydroanthracene and 1,4-cyclohexadiene to produce [M(II)H(3)1(OH)](2-) and the appropriate dehydrogenated product in yields of greater than 80%. Treating [Mn(III)H(3)1(O)](2-) and [Fe(III)H(3)1(O)](2-) with phenolic compounds does not yield the product expected from hydrogen atom transfer but rather the protonated complexes, [Mn(III)H(3)1(OH)]- and [Fe(III)H(3)1(OH)]-, which is ascribed to the highly basic nature of the terminal oxo group.     

Synthesis,spectral characterization,and structural studies of 2-aminobenzoate complexes of divalent alkaline earth metal ions: X-ray crystal structures of [Ca(2-aba)2(OH2)3]infinity, [[Sr(2-aba)2(OH2)2].H2O]infinity,and [Ba(2-aba)2(OH2)]infinity (2-abaH = 2-NH2C6H4COOH)

Reactions of alkaline earth metal chlorides with 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-abaH) have been investigated. The treatment of MCl2.nH2O (M = Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba) with 2-abaH in a 1:2 ratio in a MeOH/H2O/NH3 mixture leads to the formation of anthranilate complexes [Mg(2-aba)2] (1), [Ca(2-aba)2(OH2)3]infinity (2), [[Sr(2-aba)2(OH2)2].H2O)]infinity (3), and [Ba(2-aba)2(OH2)]infinity (4) respectively. Alternatively, these products can also be obtained starting from the corresponding metal acetates. Anthranilate complexes 1-4 have been characterized with the aid of elemental analysis, pH measurements, thermal analysis, and infrared, ultraviolet, and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopic studies. All the products are found to be thermally very stable and do not melt on heating to 250 degrees C. Thermal studies of complexes 2-4, however, indicate the loss of coordinated and lattice water molecules below 200 degrees C. In the case of the magnesium complex, the analytical and thermogravimetric studies indicate the absence of any coordinated or uncoordinated water molecules. Further, the solid-state structures of metal anthranilates 2-4 have been established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. While the calcium ions in 2 are heptacoordinated, the strontium and barium ions in 3 and 4 reveal a coordination number of 9 apart from an additional weak metal-metal interaction along the polymeric chains. The carboxylate groups show different chelating and bridging modes of coordination behavior in the three complexes. Interestingly, apart from the carboxylate functionality, the amino group also binds to the metal centers in the case of strontium and barium complexes 3 and 4. However, the coordination sphere of 2 contains only O donors. All three compounds form polymeric networks in the solid state with the aid of different coordinating capabilities of the carboxylate anions and O-H...O and N-H...O hydrogen bonding interactions.     

Hydrogen-bonding cavities about metal ions: synthesis, structure, and physical properties for a series of monomeric M-OH complexes derived from water

The tripodal ligand N[CH2CH2NHC(O)NHC(CH3)3]3 ([H61]) was used to synthesize a series of monomeric complexes with terminal hydroxo ligands. The complexes [Co(II/III)H31(OH)](2-/1-), [Fe(II/III)H31(OH)](2-/1-), and [Zn(II)H31(OH)](2-) have been isolated and characterized. The source of the hydroxo ligand in these complexes is water, which was confirmed with an isotopic labeling study for [Co(III)H31(OH)](1-). The synthesis of [M(II)H31(OH)](2-) complexes was accomplished by two routes. Method A used 3 equiv of base prior to metalation and water binding, affording yields of < or = 40% for [Co(II)H31(OH)](2-). When 4 equiv of base was used (method B), yields ranged from 50% to 70% for all of the M(II)H31(OH)](2-) complexes. This improvement is attributed to the presence of an intramolecular basic site within the cavity, which scavenges protons produced during formation of the M(II)-OH complexes. The molecular structures of [Zn(II)H31(OH)](2-), [Fe(II)H31(OH)](2-), [Co(II)H31(OH)](2-), and [Co(III)H31(OH)](1-) were examined by X-ray diffraction methods. The complexes have trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry with the hydroxo oxygen trans to the apical nitrogen. The three M(II)-OH complexes crystallized with nearly identical lattice parameters, and each contains two independent anions in the asymmetric unit. The complexes have intramolecular H-bonds from the urea cavity of [H31](3-) to the coordinated hydroxo oxygen. All the complexes have long M-O(H) bond lengths (>2.00 A) compared to those of the few previously characterized synthetic examples. The longer bond distances in [M(II)H31(OH)](2-) reflect the intramolecular H-bonds in the complexes. The five-coordinate [Zn(II)H31(OH)](2-) has an average Zn-O(H) distance of 2.024(2) A, which is similar to that found for the zinc site in carbonic anhydrase II (2.05(2) A). The enzyme active site also has an extensive network of intramolecular H-bonds to the hydroxo oxygen. [Co(II)H31(OH)](2-) and [Fe(II)H31(OH)](2-) have one-electron redox processes at -0.74 and -1.40 V vs SCE. Both complexes can be chemically oxidized to yield their corresponding M(III)-OH complexes. [Co(III)H31(OH)](1-), with an S = 1 ground state, is a rare example of a paramagnetic Co(III) complex.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance and Mössbauer spectroscopy and density functional theory analysis of a high-spin Fe(IV)-oxo complex

High-spin Fe(IV)-oxo species are known to be kinetically competent oxidants in non-heme iron enzymes. The properties of these oxidants are not as well understood as the corresponding intermediate-spin oxidants of heme complexes. The present work gives a detailed characterization of the structurally similar complexes [Fe(IV)H(3)buea(O)](-), [Fe(III)H(3)buea(O)](2-), and [Fe(III)H(3)buea(OH)](-) (H(3)buea = tris[(N'-tert-butylureaylato)-N-ethylene]aminato) using M?ssbauer and dual-frequency/dual-mode electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. The [Fe(IV)H(3)buea(O)](-) complex has a high-spin (S = 2) configuration imposed by the C(3)-symmetric ligand. The EPR spectra of the [Fe(IV)H(3)buea(O)](-) complex presented here represent the first documented examples of an EPR signal from an Fe(IV)-oxo complex, demonstrating the ability to detect and quantify Fe(IV) species with EPR spectroscopy. Quantitative simulations allowed the determination of the zero-field parameter, D = +4.7 cm(-1), and the species concentration. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the zero-field parameter were found to be in agreement with the experimental value and indicated that the major contribution to the D value is from spin-orbit coupling of the ground state with an excited S = 1 electronic configuration at 1.2 eV. (17)O isotope enrichment experiments allowed the determination of the hyperfine constants ((17)O)A(z) = 10 MHz for [Fe(IV)H(3)buea(O)](-) and ((17)O)A(y) = 8 MHz, ((17)O)A(z) = 12 MHz for [Fe(III)H(3)buea(OH)](-). The isotropic hyperfine constant (((17)O)A(iso) = -16.8 MHz) was derived from the experimental value to allow a quantitative determination of the spin polarization (ρ(p) = 0.56) of the oxo p orbitals of the Fe-oxo bond in [Fe(IV)H(3)buea(O)](-). This is the first experimental determination for non-heme complexes and indicates significant covalency in the Fe-oxo bond. High-field M?ssbauer spectroscopy gave an (57)Fe A(dip) tensor of (+5.6, +5.3, -10.9) MHz and A(iso) = -25.9 MHz for the [Fe(IV)H(3)buea(O)](-) complex, and the results of DFT calculations were in agreement with the nuclear parameters of the complex.     

Xenophilic complexes bearing a Tp(R) Ligand, [Tp(R)M--M'Ln] [Tp(R) = Tp(iPr2), Tp(#) (Tp(Me2,4-Br)); M=Ni, Co, Fe, Mn; M'Ln = Co(CO)4, Co(CO)3(PPh3), RuCp(CO)2]: the two metal centers are held together not by covalent interaction but by electrostatic attraction

A series of dinuclear complexes, [Tp(R)M--M'L(n)] [Tp(iPr(2) )M--Co(CO)(4) (1; M=Ni, Co, Fe, Mn); Tp(#)M--Co(CO)(4) (1'; M=Ni, Co); Tp(#)Ni--RuCp(CO)(2) (3')] (Tp(iPr(2) )=hydrotris(3,5-diisopropylpyrazolyl)borato; Tp(#) (Tp(Me(2),4-Br))=hydrotris(3,5-dimethyl-4-bromopyrazolyl)borato), has been prepared by treatment of the cationic complexes [Tp(iPr(2) )M(NCMe)(3)]PF(6) or the halo complexes [Tp(#)M--X] with the appropriate metalates. Spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization of 1-3' reveals that the tetrahedral, high-spin Tp(R)M fragment and the coordinatively saturated carbonyl-metal fragment (M'L(n)) are connected only by a metal-metal interaction and, thus, the dinuclear complexes belong to a unique class of xenophilic complexes. The metal-metal interaction in the xenophilic complexes is polarized, as revealed by their nu(CO) vibrations and structural features, which fall between those of reference complexes: covalently bonded species [R--M'L(n)] and ionic species [M'L(n)](-). Unrestricted DFT calculations for the model complexes [Tp(H(2) )Ni--Co(CO)(4)], [Tp(H(2) )Ni--Co(CO)(3)(PH(3))], and [Tp(H(2) )Ni--RuCp(CO)(2)] prove that the two metal centers are held together not by covalent interactions, but by electrostatic attractions. In other words, the obtained xenophilic complexes can be regarded as carbonylmetalates, in which the cationic counterpart interacts with the metal center rather than the oxygen atom of the carbonyl ligand. The xenophilic complexes show divergent reactivity dependent on the properties of donor molecules. Hard (N and O donors) and soft donors (P and C donors) attack the Tp(R)M part and the ML(n) moiety, respectively. The selectivity has been interpreted in terms of the hard-soft theory, and the reactions of the high-spin species 1-3' with singlet donor molecules should involve a spin-crossover process.     

Synthesis and characterization of completely delocalized mixed-valent dicopper complexes

The multidentate ligands tris[(N'-tert-butylureayl)-N-ethyl)]amine (H(6)1) and 1-(tert-butylaminocarbonyl)-2,2-dimethylaminoethane (H(2)2) have been used to investigate the assembly and properties of complexes with Cu(1.5)Cu(1.5) units. The complexes [Cu(H(5)1)](2)(+) and [Cu(H2)](2)(+) have been isolated and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction methods. [Cu(H(5)1)](2)(+) has a Cu(1.5)Cu(1.5) core, with each copper ion having square planar coordination geometry. The copper ions are linked through two mono-deprotonated urea ligands, which coordinate as mu-1,3-(kappaN:kappaO) ureate bridges to produce a Cu-Cu distance of 2.39 A. The remaining two urea arms of [H(5)1](-) form intramolecular hydrogen bonds, the result of which is to confine the Cu(1.5)Cu(1.5) unit within a pseudomacrocycle. The structure of [Cu(H2)](2)(+) lacks intramolecular hydrogen bonds and thus does not have a pseudomacrocyclic structure. However, the structural properties of the Cu(1.5)Cu(1.5) core in [Cu(H2)](2)(+) are nearly identical to those of [Cu(H(5)1)](2)(+). Both complexes exhibit rhombic EPR spectra at 77 K, which do not change upon cooling to 4 K. The optical spectra of [Cu(H(5)1)](2)(+) and [Cu(H2)](2)(+) are dominated by an intense band at approximately 700 nm. These spectral characteristics are consistent with [Cu(H(5)1)](2)(+) and [Cu(H2)](2)(+) being classified as fully delocalized (type III) mixed-valent species.     

Reactivity studies of oxo-Mo(IV) complexes containing potential hydrogen-bond acceptor/donor phenolate ligands

Reactivity studies of oxo-Mo(IV) complexes, Tp(iPr)MoO{2-OC(6)H(4)C(O)R-κ(2)O,O'} (R = Me, Et, OMe, OEt, OPh, NHPh), containing chelated hydrogen-bond donor/acceptor phenolate ligands are reported. Hydrolysis/oxidation of Tp(iPr)MoO(2-OC(6)H(4)CO(2)Ph-κ(2)O,O') in the presence of methanol yields tetranuclear [Tp(iPr)MoO(μ-O)(2)MoO](2)(μ-OMe)(2) (1), while condensation of Tp(iPr)MoO{2-OC(6)H(4)C(O)Me-κ(2)O,O'} and methylamine gives the chelated iminophenolate complex, Tp(iPr)MoO{2-OC(6)H(4)C(Me)NMe-κ(2)O,N} (2), rather than the aqua complex, Tp(iPr)MoO{2-OC(6)H(4)C(Me)NMe-κO}(OH(2)). The oxo-Mo(IV) complexes are readily oxidized by dioxygen or hydrogen peroxide to the corresponding cis-dioxo-Mo(VI) complexes, Tp(iPr)MoO(2){2-OC(6)H(4)C(O)R}; in addition, suitable one-electron oxidants, e.g., [FeCp(2)]BF(4) and [N(C(6)H(4)Br)(3)][SbCl(6)], oxidize the complexes to their EPR-active (g(iso) ≈ 1.942) molybdenyl counterparts (3, 4). Molybdenyl complexes such as Tp(iPr)MoOCl{2-OC(6)H(4)C(O)R} (5) and Tp(iPr)MoOCl(2) also form when the complexes react with chlorinated solvents. The ester derivatives (R = OMe, OEt, OPh) react with propylene sulfide to form cis-oxosulfido-Mo(VI) complexes, Tp(iPr)MoOS{2-OC(6)H(4)C(O)R}, that crystallize as dimeric μ-disulfido-Mo(V) species, [Tp(iPr)MoO{2-OC(6)H(4)C(O)R}](2)(μ-S(2)) (6-8). The crystal structures of [Tp(iPr)MoO(μ-O)(2)MoO](2)(μ-OMe)(2), Tp(iPr)MoO{2-OC(6)H(4)C(Me)NMe}, Tp(iPr)MoOCl{2-OC(6)H(4)C(O)NHPh}·{2-HOC(6)H(4)C(O)NHPh}, and [Tp(iPr)MoO{2-OC(6)H(4)C(O)R}](2)(μ-S(2)) (R = OMe, OEt) are reported.     

Interplay of cubic building blocks in (et6-arene)ruthenium-containing tungsten and molybdenum oxides

A series of molybdenum and tungsten organometallic oxides containing [Ru(arene)]2+ units (arene =p-cymene, C6Me6) was obtained by condensation of [[Ru(arene)Cl2]2] with oxomolybdates and oxotungstates in aqueous or nonaqueous solvents. The crystal structures of [[Ru(eta6-C6Me6]]4W4O16], [[Ru(eta6-p-MeC6H4iPr]]4W2O10], [[[Ru-(eta6-p-MeC6H4iPr)]2(mu-OH)3]2][[Ru(eta6-p-MeC6H4iPr)]2W8O28(OH)2[Ru(eta6-p-MeC6H4iPr)(H2O)]2], and [[Ru(eta6-C6Me6)]2M5O18[Ru(eta6-C6Me6)(H2O)]] (M = Mo, W) have been determined. While the windmill-type clusters [[Ru(eta6-arene)]4(MO3)4(mu3-O)4] (M = Mo, W; arene =p-MeC6H4iPr, C6Me6), the face-sharing double cubane-type cluster [[Ru(eta6-p-MeC6H4iPr)]4(WO2)2(mu3-O)4(mu4-O)2], and the dimeric cluster [[Ru(eta6-p-MeC6H4iPr)(WO3)3(mu3-O)3(mu3-OH)Ru(eta6-pMeC6H4iPr)(H2O)]2(mu-WO2)2]2- are based on cubane-like units, [(Ru(eta6-C6Me6)]2M5O18[Ru(eta6-C6Me6)(H2O)]] (M = Mo, W) are more properly described as lacunary Lindqvist-type polyoxoanions supporting three ruthenium centers. Precubane clusters [[Ru(eta6-arene)](MO3)2(mu-O)3(mu3-O)]6- are possible intermediates in the formation of these clusters. The cluster structures are retained in solution, except for [[Ru(eta6-p-MeC6H4iPr)]4Mo4O16], which isomerizes to the triple-cubane form.     

Synthesis and characterization of ethylbis(2-pyridylethyl)amineruthenium complexes and two different types of C-H bond cleavage at an ethylene arm

Ruthenium complexes bearing ethylbis(2-pyridylethyl)amine (ebpea), which has flexible -C(2)H(4)- arms between the amine and the pyridyl groups and coordinates to a metal center in facial and meridional modes, have been synthesized and characterized. Three trichloro complexes, fac-[Ru(III)Cl(3)(ebpea)] (fac-[1]), mer-[Ru(III)Cl(3)(ebpea)] (mer-[1]), and mer-[Ru(II)Cl(3){η(2)-N(C(2)H(5))(C(2)H(4)py)═CH-CH(2)py}] (mer-[2]), were synthesized using the Ru blue solution. Formation of mer-[2] proceeded via a C-H activation of the CH(2) group next to the amine nitrogen atom of the ethylene arm. Reduction reactions of fac- and mer-[1] afforded a triacetonitrile complex mer-[Ru(II)(CH(3)CN)(3)(ebpea)](PF(6))(2) (mer-[3](PF(6))(2)). Five nitrosyl complexes fac-[RuX(2)(NO)(ebpea)]PF(6) (X = Cl for fac-[4]PF(6); X = ONO(2) for fac-[5]PF(6)) and mer-[RuXY(NO)(ebpea)]PF(6) (X = Cl, Y = Cl for mer-[4]PF(6); X = Cl, Y = CH(3)O for mer-[6]PF(6); X = Cl, Y = OH for mer-[7]PF(6)) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. A reaction of mer-[2] in H(2)O-C(2)H(5)OH at room temperature afforded mer-[1]. Oxidation of C(2)H(5)OH in H(2)O-C(2)H(5)OH and i-C(3)H(7)OH in H(2)O-i-C(3)H(7)OH to acetaldehyde and acetone by mer-[2] under stirring at room temperature occurred with formation of mer-[1]. Alternative C-H activation of the CH(2) group occurred next to the pyridyl group, and formation of a C-N bond between the CH moiety and the nitrosyl ligand afforded a nitroso complex [Ru(II)(N(3))(2){N(O)CH(py)CH(2)N(C(2)H(5))C(2)H(4)py}] ([8]) in reactions of nitrosyl complexes with sodium azide in methanol, and reaction of [8] with hydrochloric acid afforded a corresponding chloronitroso complex [Ru(II)Cl(2){N(O)CH(py)CH(2)N(C(2)H(5))C(2)H(4)py}] ([9]).     

Organometallic fragments coordinated to a multiisocyanide ligand and their physical properties

Preparation of a triisocyanide ligand, 1,3,5-tris[(4-isocyano-3,5-diisoproyl-phenyl)ethynyl]benzene (5), is presented. Ligand 5 is obtained in three steps in 76% overall yield. Reaction of 5 with (eta5-Cp*)Rh(Cabs,s')(Cabs,s'= 1,2-S2C2B10H10-S,S') produced the rhodadithiolene adduct [[(eta5-Cp*)Rh(Cabs,s')(CNC6H2iPr2-2,6-CC-3)]3C6H3-1,3,5] (6). Ligand 5 reacts with Cr(CO)5(THF) to give the triisocyanide complex [[Cr(CO)5(CNC6H2iPr2-2,6-CC-3)]3C6H3-1,3,5] (8) and with [AuCl(SMe2)] to give the triisocyanide complex [[AuCl(CNC6H2iPr2-2,6-CC-3)]3C6H3-1,3,5] (9). As revealed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study, the C(9)-N(3)-C(61) angle of 5.9 degrees of trichromium complex 8 occurs in the plane of the bridge and the gold center has a slightly bent linear configuration with a Cl(1)-Au(1)-C(21) angle of 175.4(4) degrees . The rhenation and platination of 5 employing [Re(bpy)(CO)3(AN)]PF6 (AN= acetonitrile) and [(CwedgeNwedgeN)PtCl] ((HCwedgeNwedgeN)= 6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine) yielded the luminescent Re(I) and Pt(II) complexes. Full characterization includes structural study of complexes 2, 8, and 9.     

Structural diversity in metal complexes with a dinucleating ligand containing carboxyamidopyridyl groups

The synthesis of a (carboxyamido)pyridinepyrazolate (H(5)bppap) dinucleating ligand is described. Bimetallic iron and cobalt complexes of H(5)bppap ([M(II)(2)H(2)bppap](+)) showed structural differences in both their primary and secondary coordination spheres. The binding of small molecules into the preorganized ligand cavity is verified by the hydration of [Fe(II)(2)H(2)bppap](+) and [Co(II)(2)H(2)bppap](+), leading to the formation of complexes [{Co(II)(OH)}Co(II)H(3)bppap](+) and [{Fe(II)(OH)}Fe(II)H(3)bppap](+), in which one of the metal centers has a terminal hydroxo ligand.