Metallic bolometers with temperature dependent thermal impedance

The paper gives the solution of a bolometer with thermal impedance, which is a general function of the temperature. The general solution is applied to a bolometer cooled by radiation for which the appropriate expressions fo the resistance, sensitivity and dynamic resistance are derived and the expression for the maximum sensitivity of this type of bolometers from nickel, platinum and electrolytical platinum is given. The case of a bolometer cooled by conduction through the air and radiation is solved as the case of a bolometer with several ways of cooling. The paper also gives a graphico-numerical method for determining all the important parameters of the bolometer from the measured dependence of the resistance on the electric power RI²; an example of the application of this method is given for a conduction and radiation cooled bolometer. Deviations from the theoretical course are explained by convection of heat caused by the flow of air along the bolometer due to the increase in temperature of the bolometer over that of its surroundings. The paper also gives the maximum attainable sensitivity of this type of bolometer and metallic bolometers in general.     

Planck, the Quantum, and the Historians

In late 1900, the German theoretical physicist Max Planck derived an expression for the spectrum of black-body radiation. That derivation was the first step in the introduction of quantum concepts into physics. But how did Planck think about his result in the early years of the twentieth century? Did he assume that his derivation was consistent with the continuous energies inherent in Maxwellian electrodynamics and Newtonian mechanics? Or did he see the beginnings, however tentative and uncertain, of the quantum revolution to come? Historians of physics have debated this question for over twenty years. In this article, I review that debate and, at the same time, present Planck's achievement in its historical context.     

Spherically symmetric static inhomogeneous cosmological models

Spherically symmetric static cosmological models filled with black-body radiation are considered. The models are isotropic about a central observer but inhomogeneous. It is suggested that the energy density of the free gravitational field, which is coupled to the isotropic radiation energy density, might play an important role in generating sufficient field (vacuum) energy (when converted into thermal energy) and initiate processes like inflation. On the central world line the energy density of the free gravitational field vanishes whereas the proper pressure and density of the isotropic black-body radiation are constants. Further, it is shown that the cosmological constant is no more arbitrary but given in terms of the central pressure and density. Also, at its maximum value the energy density of the free gravitational field is proved to be equal to one third of the combined value of radiation pressure and density.     

Tm3+掺杂光纤激光制冷的理论分析

近年来，掺Tm³⁺：ZBLANP玻璃已成为固体材料激光冷却领域中最有希望的新材料之一，但有关掺Tm³⁺：ZBLANP光纤的激光冷却尚未见到理论研究与实验报道.本文采用一个简单的理论模型，就Tm³⁺：ZBLANP光纤的激光冷却进行了理论研究与分析，讨论了量子效率、抽运功率、背景吸收、出射荧光波长变化和环境黑体辐射等对激光制冷效果的影响，得到了一些有趣的重要结果，可为掺Tm³⁺：ZBLANP光纤的激光冷却实验提供可靠的理论 关键词： 固体激光冷却 反斯托克斯荧光 3+：ZBLANP光纤')" href="#">掺Tm³⁺：ZBLANP光纤     

Experimental study of a normal-metal hot electron bolometer with capacitive coupling

Normal-metal hot-electron bolometer with capacitive coupling (CCNHEB) is a further development of the concept of a normal-metal hot-electron bolometer with Andreev mirrors (ANHEB). It was proposed to eliminate the frequency and energy restrictions inherent in ANHEB, in which Andreev mirrors act efficiently only with relatively long absorbers and at energies below the superconducting gap. An important advantage of the CCNHEB is its simple topology, in which the same tunnel junctions provide thermal decoupling, noise protection, temperature measurement, and it can be used for electron cooling. The temperature response of the bolometer was measured at temperatures down to 260 mK. The observed response dV/dT=1.7mV/K corresponds to the sensitivity S=0.4×10⁹V/W. The measured noise at the amplifier output with this sample was found to be V _na =4nV/Hz^1/2, which corresponds to a noise-equivalent power of 10^?17W/Hz^1/2. To measure optical response, black-body radiation was used as a source of signal inside the cryostat. The source was a thin NiCr film sputtered on a thin sapphire substrate and suspended by nylon threads. Optical measurements proved to be in good agreement with the dc measurements.     

Physical interpretation of Planck's constant based on the Maxwell theory

The discovery of the Planck relation is generally regarded as the starting point of quantum physics.Planck's constant h is now regarded as one of the most important universal constants.The physical nature of h,however,has not been well understood.It was originally suggested as a fitting constant to explain the black-body radiation.Although Planck had proposed a theoretical justification of h,he was never satisfied with that.To solve this outstanding problem,we use the Maxwell theory to directly calculate the energy and momentum of a radiation wave packet.We find that the energy of the wave packet is indeed proportional to its oscillation frequency.This allows us to derive the value of Planck's constant.Furthermore,we show that the emission and transmission of a photon follows the all-or-none principle.The "strength" of the wave packet can be characterized by ζ,which represents the integrated strength of the vector potential along a transverse axis.We reason that ζ should have a fixed cut-off value for all photons.Our results suggest that a wave packet can behave like a particle.This offers a simple explanation to the recent satellite observations that the cosmic microwave background follows closely the black-body radiation as predicted by Planck's law.     

适应积分时间调整的红外图像非均匀性校正方法

针对应用常规红外图像非均匀性校正方法在变积分时间时,图像灰度值会发生改变的现象,提出了一种适应积分时间调整的红外图像非均匀性校正方法.该方法将不同积分时间、不同温度的黑体定标数据和对应的理论红外辐射量整合为一个整体数据库,借助神经网络损失函数和误差反向传递机制,对模型中的校正系数进行学习.训练得到的校正网络能在红外相机积分时间实时调整过程中,保证图像均匀地稳定输出,对后端红外图像处理有着重要意义,并验证训练该网络不需要大量定标数据.而针对红外探测器响应漂移的现象,则提出了在线修正校正系数的方法以有效应对.     

黑体辐射中两类粒子的辐射规律

考虑到相对论效应,采用量子统计的方法,得到了满足Bose-Einstein统计分布和Fermi-Dirac统计分布的两类粒子的黑体辐射公式（包括Planck黑体辐射公式）．发现辐射谱不仅与黑体的辐射温度有关,还与辐射粒子的能量、化学势和种类有关．辐射强度与辐射粒子的能量、静质量、简并因子有关。     

An approach for the performance analysis of an uncooled infrared bolometer imager

As an approach for analyzing an uncooled infrared bolometer imager, a method is introduced which supposes that a thermal system is built into the infrared radiation detection mechanism. In this analysis, the bi-directional radiation energy flows between two thermal elements are considered and a radiation thermal conductance between them is defined. Based on the values of the radiation thermal conductances and conventional material thermal conductance, an equivalent thermal circuit for a bolometer detector element is extracted. Calculations were carried out using software written in visual C++. The analysis shows a Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference (NETD) of 50 mK is obtained as a typical value, assuming that no additional noise other than temperature fluctuation noise exists, and that the NETD becomes better as the system time constant built into the equivalent thermal circuit increases.     

A NON-ADIABATIC MODEL OF SINGLE BUBBLE SONOLUMINESCENCE

A non-adiabatic model of single bubble sonoluminescence has been advanced through considering the energy dissipation caused by light emission. The bubble dynamical equations with a black-body radiation have been solved numerically. The results show that without introduciag any model parameter, this model not only can well reproduce the experimental phenomena in the time scale of microsecond of the adiabatic model can do, but also can obtain a 40-100 ps of flash duration and a 10⁴ K effective temperature of the black-body radiation. These agree with the experiment quite well.     

Laying the ghost of the relativistic temperature transformation

Using the Unruh-DeWitt detector, it is shown that a universal and continuous Lorentz transformation of temperature cannot exist for black-body radiation. Since any valid Lorentz transformation of temperature must be able to deal with black-body radiation, it is concluded that a universal and continuous temperature transformation does not exist.     

辐射量热计在HT-6BTokamak上的测量

一、引言 在现行的托卡马克实验中,辐射损失和中性粒子损失是高温等离子体能量损失的主要通道之一。为了更好地了解托卡马克等离子体中能量平衡、辐射损失以及这些损失随等离子体参数的变化;了解等离子体中杂质含量和杂质输运以及等离子体与器壁的相互作用,辐射能量损失的时间特性、空间分布的测量显得很有必要。为     

Important unanswered questions—1970

This paper was given as the opening address at the 1970 Albany International Conference on Radiation Effects in Semiconductors, and it attempts to establish a general overview of the field by concentrating on recent research developments and important unanswered questions. The continuing importance of impurity-defect interactions, of microscopic defect identification, and of the necessity for more theoretical calculations are emphasized. The rapid development of the field of ion implantation and its close relationship with radiation effects studies are pointed out. It is predicted that research in compound semiconductors will increase rapidly with close beneficial interaction with ion implantation studies.     

黑体辐射定律研究及验证

利用微机扫描光栅光谱仪和溴钨灯进行黑体辐射实验研究,分析了黑体的辐射、传递、接收等的误差修正。验证了黑体辐射的基本规律。     

揭开中微子和反中微子的马约拉纳神秘面纱——无中微子双贝塔衰变低温晶体量热器实验

中微子可能的马约拉纳粒子属性超出了目前标准模型的范畴,是粒子物理与核物理研究领域最重要的科学问题之一。无中微子双贝塔衰变(0vββ)实验是能够确定中微子马约拉纳属性的唯一途径。0vββ的发现可以揭示中微子绝对质量、轻子数破缺、物质—反物质不对称等一系列自然奥秘,是当今粒子物理与核物理研究的前沿课题。在探索无中微子双贝塔衰变的可选择实验方案中,低温晶体量热器具有高能量分辨率、高运行稳定性和低辐射本底的技术优势,成为新一代0vββ实验最具竞争力的探测器技术之一。文章首先介绍无中微子双贝塔衰变的研究历史,之后介绍低温晶体量热器及其最先进的代表——CUORE实验,最后展望关于我国锦屏地下实验室开展低温晶体量热器0vββ实验研究的前景。     

High Precision Characterisation of Semiconductor Bolometers

We describe techniques for testing and characterising semiconductor bolometers, using the bolometer model presented in Sudiwala et. al. [1]. The procedures are illustrated with results from a prototype bolometer for the high frequency instrument (HFI) in the Planck Surveyor cosmic microwave background mission. This is a bolometer using spider-web geometry and a neutron transmutation doped (NTD) germanium thermistor, designed for operation at 100 mK. Details are given of the laboratory facility used to take data at temperatures from 70 mK to 350 mK. This employs an adiabatic demagnetisation refrigerator to cool the detector and optics. The spatial and spectral properties of the optical system are controlled using feedhorns and edge filters. To characterise the bolometer, blanked and optically loaded load curves were measured over a range of temperatures, and the response to modulated radiation was measured as a function of modulation frequency, temperature and bias current. Results for the prototype bolometer show that its behaviour is well represented by an ideal thermal detector down to a temperature of approximately 100 mK. Below this, non-thermal effects such as electron-phonon decoupling or electric field dependent resistance appear to lead to departure from ideal behaviour. The performance was in good agreement with the design goals for the bolometer.     

Thermal Ionization

In the context of an idealized model describing an atom coupled to black-body radiation at a sufficiently high positive temperature, we show that the atom will end up being ionized in the limit of large times. Mathematically, this is translated into the statement that the coupled system does not have any time-translation invariant state of positive (asymptotic) temperature, and that the expectation value of an arbitrary finite-dimensional projection in an arbitrary initial state of positive (asymptotic) temperature tends to zero, as time tends to infinity. These results are formulated within the general framework of W ^*-dynamical systems, and the proofs are based on Mourre's theory of positive commutators and a new virial theorem. Results on the so-called standard form of a von Neumann algebra play an important role in our analysis.     

Stochastic evolution of Schwarzschild black hole in a radiation heat bath

The mass of a Schwarzschild black hole in equilibrium with black-body radiation is shown to undergo a random drift with a diffusion coefficient D ～ M^-3. This follows from the master equation for the radiation in a stochastically bistable system of a black hole in an isolating cavity.     

Hadronic structure from the lattice

In recent years the investigation of hadron structure using lattice techniques has attracted growing attention. The computation of several important quantities has become feasible. Furthermore, theoretical developments as well as progress in algorithms and an increase in computing resources have contributed to a significantly improved control of systematic errors. In this article we give an overview on the work that has been carried out in the framework of the Hadron Physics I3 (I3HP) network “Computational (lattice) hadron physics”. Here we will not restrict ourselves to spin physics but focus on results for nucleon spectrum and structure from the QCDSF collaboration. For a broader overview of developments in this field see, e.g., [1].     

Millimeter-Wave Profiled Corrugated Horns for the Quad Cosmic Background Polarization Experiment

In this paper we report on the design and validation process for the profiled corrugated horn antennas, which feed the bolometer array of a cosmology experiment known as QUaD located at the South Pole. This is a cosmic background radiation polarization project, which demands precise knowledge and control of the optical coupling to the signal in order to map the feeble E- and B-polarization mode structure. The system will operate in two millimeter wavelength bands at 100 and 150 GHz. The imaging horn array collects the incoming signal via on-axis front-end optics and a Cassegrain telescope, with a cold stop in front of the array to terminate side-lobe structure at an edge taper of –20dB. The corrugated horn design process was undertaken using in-house analytical software tools, based on modal scattering, specially developed for millimeter -wave profiled horn antennas. An important part of the instrument development was the validation of the horn design, in particular to verify low edge taper levels and the required well-defined band edges. Suitable feed horn designs were measured and were found to be in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions.