Improved space time prewhitener for linear frequency modulation reverberation using fractional Fourier transform

This letter presents an improved space time prewhitening method for linear frequency modulation (LFM) reverberation. The proposed method transforms the reverberation to fractional Fourier domain to whiten using fractional Fourier transform. The linear varying frequency in LFM reverberation is focused on a stationary frequency, and the adjacent block signal is used as the reference signal of prewhitening. Finally, experiment results with real reverberation data verify that the proposed method improves the detection performance of active sonar in shallow sea significantly.     

水下回波处理中分数阶傅里叶变换的带通采样实现方法

利用球形压电陶瓷自身所具有的耐压能力,采用径向极化空气背衬压电球壳换能器作为声学接收敏感元件,设计并制作了一种球形耐压水听器。首先对其低频开路接收灵敏度和谐振频率等声学特性进行了分析和有限元仿真,然后对其强度和稳定性等耐压性能进行了分析和有限元仿真,最后对其声学性能和耐压能力进行了测试。测试表明,该球形耐压水听器的直径为36 mm,工作频段为50 Hz10 kHz,低频接收灵敏度为􀀀198:4 dB(0 dB=1 V/Pa),等效自噪声谱级为46.5 dB@1 kHz,其耐压深度可达3000 m。该耐压水听器为大深度水听器设计提供了参考,在深水声学领域具有重要的应用价值。     

基于分数阶傅里叶变换混响抑制的目标回波检测方法

提出了一种声呐发射信号为线性调频信号时,基于分数阶傅里叶变换混响抑制的目标回波信号检测方法。通过计算混响的缓慢时变包络,对混响进行时间域的平稳化处理。对平稳化的混响信号滑动窗截取,对截取信号进行分数阶傅里叶变换,然后在分数阶傅里叶域进行滤波处理,再进行逆分数阶傅里叶变换恢复出时间域信号,最后输出该信号的能量。当滑动窗截取到目标回波信号时,窗内的混响噪声得到抑制,系统输出目标回波的能量,从而实现混响背景下的信号检测。通过计算机仿真和湖试实验结果,表明所提方法可以准确的在混响背景下检测到目标回波信号,并且在混响噪声背景条件下相比于匹配滤波器具有更好的检测性能。     

利用正弦调频信号的宽带速度敏感特性抑制混响

有源声呐探测水中低速目标时,混响与目标回波的频率接近,目标回波与混响分离困难.根据运动目标与产生混响的散射体在速度域的差异,利用正弦调频信号(SFM)的速度敏感特性实现目标回波与混响的有效分离.推导了 SFM信号宽带混响抑制能力与速度分辨模糊之间的约束关系,建立了波形优化设计的搜索模型.通过多普勒滤波处理将数据从频率域...     

Free-field calibration of a pressure gradient receiver in a reflecting water tank using a linear frequency-modulated signal

This work continues a study of the method for constructing the frequency dependence for a projector-receiver pair in a free field by complex moving weighted averaging of the frequency dependence for a pair measured in the field of a reflecting water tank. The method is applied to the free-field calibration of a pressure gradient receiver using a reference hydrophone when radiating a complex linear frequency-modulated (LFM) signal. To improve the estimates of this method, we edited the initial frequency dependences using functions in the form of the product of the complex LFM projector current multiplied by the powerlaw function of the LFM signal frequency. We consider ways to use a priori information both to improve the results obtained by complex moving weighted averaging and to estimate the distortions introduced by this method are considered.     

波束域下利用角度散布特征抑制宽带混响

通过研究宽带信号的信源空间展宽特征,提出了一种宽带波束域的混响抑制方法。在有效观测角度范围内,进行密集的波束形成,将数据从阵元域转换至波束域,通过与蒙特卡洛积分得到的参考值比较,得到角度散布指数ADI。信混比越大,ADI越小。因此,设定合适的ADI阈值,去除高ADI值的成分,目标回波能够从混响背景下分离出来。该滤波器兼容于声呐现有的波束形成和信号检测流程,并且计算复杂度低。通过仿真分析了ADI与频率、带宽、信混比的关系。湖海试数据的处理结果表明了该方法能够抑制混响,并且ADI滤波器阈值选取具有容错性。     

The concise fractional Fourier transform and its application in detection and parameter estimation of the linear frequency-modulated signal

A concise fractional Fourier transform(CFRFT) is proposed to detect the linear frequency-modulated(LFM) signal with low signal to noise ratio(SNR).The frequency axis in time-frequency plane of the CFRFT is rotated to get the spectrum of the signal in different angles using chirp multiplication and Fourier transform(FT).For LFM signal which distributes as a straight line in time-frequency plane,the CFRFT can gather the energy in the corresponding angle as a peak and improve the detection SNR,thus the LFM signal of low SNR can be detected.Meanwhile,the location of the peak value relates to the parameters of the LFM signal.Numerical simulations and experimental results show that,the proposed method can be used to efficiently detect the LFM signal masked by noise and to estimate the signal's parameters accurately.Compared with the conventional fractional Fourier transform(FRFT),the CFRFT reduces the transform complexity and improves the real-time detection performance of LFM signal.     

Estimation of coherent detection performance for spread scattering in reverberation-noise mixtures

Narrow-band matched filter processing gain is estimated for medium- and high-frequency active sonars for which the random backscattering processes are assumed to be wide sense stationary in time frequency and uncorrelated in delay-Doppler wide sense stationary and uncorrelated scattering [WSSUS conditions]. Echo and reverberation processes that are WSSUS are described by two-dimensional scattering functions defined in the delay-Doppler plane. The average receiver responses are estimated from the convolution of the appropriate scattering function with the waveform ambiguity function. Estimates of matched filter processing gain are derived for continuous wave (CW) linear frequency modulation (LFM), and discrete frequency shift keyed (FSK) (hop code) waveforms reflected from point and uniform delay spread scatterers masked by reverberation. These bound matched filter performance for a particular waveform and interference distribution since most delay spread scattering falls somewhere between these extremes. The scattering and ambiguity functions are modeled by bounded constant amplitude functions in delay-Doppler that permit the convolutions to be approximated by overlapping area calculations. The results are presented in tabular form as simple formulas that are functions of the reverberation, noise, and waveform parameters. The estimates are shown to be consistent with processing gain measurements made from multiple realizations of synthesized and in-water data.     

改进次最佳检测在侧扫声呐底混响抑制中的应用*

侧扫声呐进行沉底小目标探测时,底混响是主要背景干扰。底混响通常是一种非平稳、非高斯的带限噪声,它使得白噪声条件下的滤波器性能受到限制。在混响背景下常利用自回归模型对接收信号进预行白化处理,但对于实际侧扫声呐应用,白化后直接匹配滤波的处理效果不甚理想。针对此问题,在自回归模型预白化的基础上,提出采用一种次最佳检测与多分辨二分奇异值分解相结合的改进方法。该方法首先对接收信号进行分段处理,利用改进Burg算法估计每段数据自回归模型的系数及阶数;然后构造白化滤波器对分段数据预白化,并对白化后的数据进行多分辨二分奇异值分解;最后应用ostu方法对原始声图和处理后的声图进行目标检测。仿真与实验结果表明,该方法明显提高了信混比,改善了侧扫声呐沉底静态小目标的成图质量,有利于后期实现基于图像的目标自动检测。     

基于角度散布指数的波束域宽带混响抑制（英文）

Based on the properties of wideband source's spatial spread,an algorithm for reverberation suppression in beams domain is proposed.In an effective observation range,a compact bank of receiving spatial beams is operated to transform the data from element domain to beam domain.Angular Distribution Index(ADI) is obtained by comparing to a reference value which is computed by Monte Carlo Integration.ADI decreases with a stronger target echo.Hence,choosing an appropriate threshold of ADI,the target echo can be separated from reverberation by cutting off the high AD components.The filter is compatible with the procedures of beamforming and detection for the current sonar.The computation complexity of the filter is low.The relationships between ADI and frequency,bandwidth,signal-reverberation ratio,are illustrated by a simulation example.The processing results based on the lake-trial and sea-trial data show that reverberation can be significantly suppressed,and threshold choosing for wideband ADI filter is fault tolerant.     

简明分数阶傅里叶变换及其对线性调频信号的检测和参数估计

针对低信噪比下线性调频信号的检测问题,提出了一种简明分数阶傅里叶变换方法。该变换借助chirp相乘和傅里叶变换对时频平面上的频率轴进行旋转,以获取信号在各个角度下频率轴上的频谱分布。对时频分布呈直线状的线性调频信号,简明分数阶傅里叶变换能在特定角度上将信号能量聚集成尖锐的强能量峰,从而提高信噪比,实现对线性调频信号的可靠检测和参数估计。数值仿真和实验验证结果表明,简明分数阶傅里叶变换可对较低信噪比的线性调频信号实现有效检测,并由变换域峰值的位置对信号参数进行准确估计。相比于传统的分数阶傅里叶变换方法,简明分数阶傅里叶变换的复杂度更低,离散计算效率更高,在对噪声掩盖下的线性调频信号进行检测和参数估计时能更好地满足实时处理的要求。     

Linearity Requirement for a Linear Frequency Modulation Lidar

The nonlinear of the frequency modulation in linear frequency modulation (LFM) lidar seriously affects the accuracy of range and velocity. We describe the influence of nonlinear of the frequency modulation on the accuracy. The frequency-domain analysis of heterodyne signal is used to deduce the linearity requirement for LFM lidar.     

Multi component LFM signal detection and parameter estimation based on EEMD–FRFT

This paper studied multi component LFM signal detection and parameter estimation under the noise circumstance of various signal-to-noise ratios. Based on the analysis of fractional Fourier transform detection and parameter estimation on simple component LFM signal, this paper proposed the method of multi component LFM signal detection and parameter estimation based on EEMD–FRFT (Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition–Fractional Fourier transform), and this method was that with the EEMD algorithm, from the frequency domain decompose the analyzable signal to narrow-bandwidth components, whose center frequency changed from high to low, then accurately estimate the parameter and detect the signal of each component out of the pseudo-component with FrFT. This method solved the problem of mode aliasing of signal decomposition; meanwhile, the problem of detecting the multi component LFM signal would be simplified as the problem of one-dimensional search in small scope, which could reduce the amount of operation and improved the detection accuracy. A simulation computation for multi component LFM signal of various SNR (signal-to-noise ratios) was made and the result showed that the error of parameter estimation was less than 5% in the case of SNR not less than −10 dB.     

Algorithms for converting 3D surface roughness spectra when calculating frequency-angle reverberation characteristics

On the basis of an earlier developed model of sound scattering by surface disturbances characterized by 3D roughness spectra, we propose and test a sufficiently fast algorithm for calculating the spectral power density of surface reverberation that takes into account the propagation conditions, distance, and beam pattern of the receiver system. For a distance of up to 1000 m, a water area depth of ??20 m, and actually measured 3D roughness spectra in the Doppler frequency range of ±5 Hz, we have calculated the frequency-angle reverberation spectra for an acoustic background-radiation signal of 1.5 kHz. The obtained angle and frequency reverberation characteristics are compared with the results of acoustic measurements conducted using linear horizontal receiver antennas.     

Blind dereverberation of a speech signal

Possibilities to eliminate the reverberation from a speech signal are investigated by applying the method based on the determination of the parameters of the reverberation frequency response from the cepstrum of the reverberation-distorted signal. The delays of reverberating signals and, for the case of a weak reverberation, their amplitudes are determined from the cepstrum of the signal with reverberation. For the cases of medium and strong reverberation, the levels of reverberating signals are refined by adjusting a certain factor. The criterion used for the adjustment of the factor is based on the shape of the speech signal amplitude distribution. By numerical modeling, it is demonstrated that the proposed method can reduce the reverberation level by 30 dB.     

低信噪比线性调频信号目标的方位估计

线性调频(LFM)信号目标的方位估计是水声探测研究的重要内容,在进行方位估计时,若存在强干扰信号源与强背景噪声,阵元接收信号的信噪比会显著降低,严重影响LFM信号目标方位估计结果的准确性.针对该问题,提出了一种简明分数阶滤波方法,并将其与常规波束形成方法(CBF)相结合来实现低信噪比条件下LFM信号目标的方位估计.简明分数阶傅里叶变换能在正交角度上将LFM信号的能量聚集在特定频点处并形成明显的能量峰,利用该特性,可对阵列各阵元接收的低信噪比LFM信号在简明分数阶域聚集的能量峰进行最佳滤波,以滤除干扰信息及背景噪声.对滤波输出进行逆简明分数阶傅里叶变换可得到增强信干比和信噪比的阵元域信号,进一步用于目标方位估计,就能获得更加准确的目标方位。数值仿真结果和海试实验数据处理结果验证表明,本文所提出的方法可有效抑制干扰和背景噪声,并对低信噪比LFM信号进行准确、稳健的方位估计。     

Broadband amplitude-modulated laser source with high output power for FM/cw lidar transmitter

We are building a long-range FM/cw nonscanning imaging lidar breadboard. This lidar system achieves ranging based on a frequency modulation/continuous wave (FM/cw) technique, implemented by an amplitude modulated mid-IR diode laser transmitter with a linear frequency modulation (LFM) of the subcarrier. Firstly, various schemes of light beam modulation are analyzed. Secondly, we put forward a laser modulation scheme whose core was formed by a 1.55 μm electro-absorption modulated laser diode (EML) and an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier (EDFA), then a corresponding experimental system architecture and components for light beam modulation and detection are established. Finally, a corresponding experiment of laser beam modulation is completed for the first time. In our experiment, the EML amplitude is modulated by a 200 MHz to 800 MHz LFM signal, whose amplitude value is 2.05 V. The average output power of the modulated laser obtained in the experiment is 10 W, peak power is 16.4 W, and the average modulation depth is 78%. The results of tests predict that this laser modulation scheme is likely to improve the imaging range of the FM/cw lidar.     

Analysis of Sabine and Eyring equations and their application to concert hall audience and chair absorption

Historically, two equations have been used for predicting reverberation times, Sabine and Eyring. A precise means is presented for determining Eyring absorption coefficients alpha(eyring) when the Sabine coefficients alpha(sabine) are known, and vice versa. Thus, either formula can be used provided the absorption coefficients for the Sabine formula are allowed to exceed 1.0. The Sabine formula is not an approximation to the Eyring equation and is not a shortcoming. Given low reverberation times, the ratio of alpha(sabine) to alpha(eyring) may become greater than 2.0. It is vital that, for correct prediction of reverberation times, the absorption coefficients used in either formula must have been determined in spaces similar in size and shape, with similar locations of high absorption (audience) areas, and with similar reverberation times. For concert halls, it is found that, when the audience area (fully occupied) and midfrequency reverberation time are postulated, the hall volume is directly proportional to the audience absorption coefficient. Approximately 6% greater room volumes are needed when choosing nonrectangular versus classical-rectangular shaped halls and approximately 10% greater volumes when choosing heavily upholstered versus medium upholstered chairs. Determinations of audience sound absorption coefficients are presented, based on published acoustical and architectural data for 20 halls.     

混响室雷达地杂波统计特性模拟

为实现混响室中威布尔分布杂波的有效模拟,营造逼真的雷达电磁环境,基于广义平稳非相关散射电磁环境下混响室信道衰落特性,通过控制幅度调制信号对衰落系数进行补偿,提出一种基于时域波形设计的混响室地杂波模拟方法。通过调节输入信号序列中大、小幅度脉冲比例,改变混响室传统输入信号的零均值幅度特性,以实测地杂波统计特性为参考,最终得到与实测数据统计特性参数一致的混响室杂波电磁环境。用最大似然估计和KS检验法对实验数据作参数估计和假设检验,实测地杂波数据拟合于标准威布尔模型,混响室实验数据拟合于实测地杂波幅度统计模型,从而实现了实测地杂波起伏特性的混响室有效模拟。     

混响室雷达地杂波统计特性模拟

为实现混响室中威布尔分布杂波的有效模拟,营造逼真的雷达电磁环境,基于广义平稳非相关散射电磁环境下混响室信道衰落特性,通过控制幅度调制信号对衰落系数进行补偿,提出一种基于时域波形设计的混响室地杂波模拟方法。通过调节输入信号序列中大、小幅度脉冲比例,改变混响室传统输入信号的零均值幅度特性,以实测地杂波统计特性为参考,最终得到与实测数据统计特性参数一致的混响室杂波电磁环境。用最大似然估计和KS检验法对实验数据作参数估计和假设检验,实测地杂波数据拟合于标准威布尔模型,混响室实验数据拟合于实测地杂波幅度统计模型,从而实现了实测地杂波起伏特性的混响室有效模拟。