PEMFC电极中表面扩散现象的初步研究

制作双催化层结构的PEMFC电极.该双催化层由含有Nafion的内催化层、无Nafion的外催化层组成.循环伏安测试表明,未与Nafion直接接触的外催化层Pt/C催化剂也参与发生在"Pt/Nafion"界面氢原子的吸脱附反应和Pt表面含氧粒子的电化学氧化还原.当电势扫描速率较低时,未与Nafion直接接触的外层Pt/C催化剂,其对氢脱附电流的贡献和直接与Nafion接触的内催化层的Pt/C催化剂大致相当.以双催化层电极作PEMFC阴极,单电池(PEMFC)极化曲线测试表明,其阴极外催化层能明显地提高该单电池在活化极化区的输出性能.进一步证明了PEMFC阴极外催化层不与Nafion直接接触的Pt/C催化剂可通过其表面吸附含氧粒子的表面扩散参与发生在"Pt/Nafion"界面氧的电化学还原反应.上述实验为设计PEMFC电极提供了一定的新思路.     

Pt纳米催化剂在质子交换膜燃料电池催化层中的尺寸效应研究

以XC-72碳黑为载体, H2[PtCl6]为前驱体, 采用浸渍还原法并结合后续高温处理, 制备出不同尺寸Pt颗粒(3～8 nm)的Pt/C催化剂. 在基于质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)单电池的电化学电解池中, 对实际PEMFC催化层中燃料电池反应的Pt催化剂尺寸效应进行了研究. 结果表明, 在PEMFC催化层环境中, Pt/C纳米催化剂对氢氧化和氧还原反应均有显著的粒度尺寸效应. 随着Pt粒度减小, 氢氧化和氧还原反应的表面积活性均降低.     

应用于氧还原反应的石墨烯-无定形碳核壳结构复合材料载铂催化剂(英文)

采用氯化法制备石墨烯-无定型碳复合材料(GNS@a-C),并用作质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)氧还原反应Pt催化剂的载体.结果显示,所制Pt/GNS@a-C催化剂与传统商业催化剂Pt/C相比,有较好的活性和较高的稳定性:质量活性(0.121 A/mg)几乎是Pt/C(0.064 A/mg)的两倍.更重要的是,该新型催化剂加速4000圈后其电化学活性面积保留了最初的51%,与Pt/C的33%相比,前者有更好的电化学稳定性,显示它在PEMFC中将具有较好的应用潜力.     

基于数据挖掘对商业氧还原电催化剂Pt/C测试的综合分析

近几十年来,聚合物电解质膜燃料电池(PEMFC)因其在零排放汽车、固定式和便携式发电设备中的应用而得到迅速发展.燃料电池的阴极氧还原反应(ORR)和阳极氢氧化反应(HOR)常用的催化剂为Pt基催化剂,因此整个燃料电池系统的成本高昂.而ORR的反应速率比HOR慢得多,阴极上的Pt消耗量远高于阳极上.为了降低燃料电池Pt的...     

碳纳米管负载铂催化剂的制备、结构及电化学加氢特性

采用浸渍沉淀法制备Pt/CNTs和Pt/C催化剂,并对其结构及电催化性能进行比较,表征.实验表明,以碳纳米管作催化剂载体可使催化剂的负载量,载体上铂的分散度以及其活性中心大大提高.与Pt/C(JohnsonMatthey)催化剂相比,Pt/CNTs的电化学性能表现出更大的活性.碳纳米管作为阴极材料在质子交换膜燃料电池加氢反应器合成化学品中的作用十分明显.     

微波功率和微波作用时间对脉冲微波辅助化学还原合成的Pt/C催化剂性能的影响

采用脉冲微波辅助化学还原法制备了质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)用Pt/C催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)和高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)等分析技术对催化剂的微观结构和形貌进行了表征.利用循环伏安(CV)法计算了催化剂的电化学比表面积.在此基础上制备了膜电极(MEA)并组装成单电池,考察了制备的Pt/C催化剂作为单电池阴...     

无机胶体法制备Pt/C催化剂及其性能表征

采用无机胶体法制备用于质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的Pt/C催化剂。研究了影响PtO₂胶体生成和稳定性的因素(溶液的pH值、浓度和温度条件等)以及不同还原剂浓度对Pt/C催化剂性能的影响。透射电子显微镜测试结果表明，采用经优化的工艺条件所制备的Pt/C催化剂平均粒径为3 nm，且分散性好、粒度均匀。X-射线衍射分析表明，催化剂中Pt(111)晶面的相对含量较高，有利于加速氧还原反应。单体PEMFC的电压/电流密度曲线测试表明，所制备的Pt/C催化剂具有良好的电化学性能。     

Pt/C-RuO2催化剂对提高质子交换膜燃料电池动态响应性能的作用

通过溶胶混合法将超级电容器材料RuO2负载到Pt/C上,制成了Pt/C-RuO2催化剂,并用这种催化剂组装成质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)单电池,测试了其循环伏安曲线和多电位阶跃计时电流.结果表明,加入RuO2之后,催化剂的双电层电容明显增大.单电池的放电曲线测试结果表明,在加入少量RuO2(w≤8%)的情况下,单电池的性能略有降低.通过单电池在不同电流下电压动态响应和对脉冲电流的动态响应测试,表明在加入RuO2之后,单电池电压的瞬间衰减明显减缓.这说明RuO2具有在瞬间加大电流负载时缓冲电池电压的作用,即以Pt/C-RuO2为催化剂的PEMFC单电池的动态响应性能大幅度提高.     

介孔结构Fe/N/C作为质子交换膜燃料电池氧还原催化剂

燃料电池具有高效、低排放等优势,非常有希望作为未来电动汽车的能源转化装置.目前,燃料电池的商业化受制于昂贵的铂基催化剂,特别是动力学迟缓的阴极氧还原反应(ORR)铂催化剂. Fe/N/C被认为是最有潜力的ORR非贵金属催化剂,但其活性仍远低于Pt催化剂,必须依靠增加载量来弥补其与Pt催化剂的活性差距.然而,较厚的催化层(~100mm)会降低阴极传质速率.因此,改善Fe/N/C阴极的传质是提高电池性能的重要途径.
　　本文选择高N含量的2-氨基苯并咪唑(ABI)为氮源,通过水热聚合包覆在碳黑表面,然后掺入FeCl3,经高温热解/酸洗制备了Fe/N/C-ABI催化剂,并与基于间苯二胺的微孔型Fe/N/C催化剂(Fe/N/C-PmPDA)进行比较. Ar等温吸附-脱附结果表明, Fe/N/C-ABI催化剂具有较高的比表面积(662 m2/g)和丰富的双级孔结构(微孔和介孔);透射电镜表征显示Fe/N/C-ABI催化剂具有中空结构,介孔孔径大约为10–25 nm.而Fe/N/C-PmPDA催化剂具有相当的比表面积(656 m2/g),但以微孔为主,基本不含介孔.旋转环圆盘电极(RRDE)测试表明,在0.1 mol/L H2SO4溶液中, Fe/N/C-ABI催化剂的起始还原电位为0.92 V,在0.8 V电位下质量电流密度可达9.21 A/g;而Fe/N/C-PmPDA催化剂具有相近的起始电位,但具有更高的催化活性,质量电流密度为13.4 A/g.氢氧燃料电池(PEMFC)系统测试结果表明, Fe/N/C-ABI催化剂在1个背压和80oC测试条件下的最大功率密度达710 mW/cm2,高于Fe/N/C-PmPDA催化剂(616 mW/cm2).燃料电池与RRDE测试活性顺序的差异归结于Fe/N/C-ABI的中空球状结构. PEMFC工作时阴极会产生大量的水,很容易堵塞氧气传输通道. Fe/N/C-ABI的介孔结构可以作为水的产生和排除的缓存空间,也有利于提高O2传质,从而提高燃料电池性能.本文为具有高传质速率的Fe/N/C催化剂研制提供了一种新思路.     

介孔结构Fe/N/C作为质子交换膜燃料电池氧还原催化剂（英文）

燃料电池具有高效、低排放等优势,非常有希望作为未来电动汽车的能源转化装置.目前,燃料电池的商业化受制于昂贵的铂基催化剂,特别是动力学迟缓的阴极氧还原反应(ORR)铂催化剂.Fe/N/C被认为是最有潜力的ORR非贵金属催化剂,但其活性仍远低于Pt催化剂,必须依靠增加载量来弥补其与Pt催化剂的活性差距.然而,较厚的催化层(~100μm)会降低阴极传质速率.因此,改善Fe/N/C阴极的传质是提高电池性能的重要途径.本文选择高N含量的2-氨基苯并咪唑(ABI)为氮源,通过水热聚合包覆在碳黑表面,然后掺入FeCl_3,经高温热解/酸洗制备了Fe/N/C-ABI催化剂,并与基于间苯二胺的微孔型Fe/N/C催化剂(Fe/N/C-Pm PDA)进行比较.Ar等温吸附-脱附结果表明,Fe/N/C-ABI催化剂具有较高的比表面积(662 m2/g)和丰富的双级孔结构(微孔和介孔);透射电镜表征显示Fe/N/C-ABI催化剂具有中空结构,介孔孔径大约为10–25 nm.而Fe/N/C-Pm PDA催化剂具有相当的比表面积(656 m2/g),但以微孔为主,基本不含介孔.旋转环圆盘电极(RRDE)测试表明,在0.1 mol/L H2SO4溶液中,Fe/N/C-ABI催化剂的起始还原电位为0.92 V,在0.8 V电位下质量电流密度可达9.21 A/g;而Fe/N/C-Pm PDA催化剂具有相近的起始电位,但具有更高的催化活性,质量电流密度为13.4 A/g.氢氧燃料电池(PEMFC)系统测试结果表明,Fe/N/C-ABI催化剂在1个背压和80 oC测试条件下的最大功率密度达710 m W/cm2,高于Fe/N/C-Pm PDA催化剂(616 m W/cm2).燃料电池与RRDE测试活性顺序的差异归结于Fe/N/C-ABI的中空球状结构.PEMFC工作时阴极会产生大量的水,很容易堵塞氧气传输通道.Fe/N/C-ABI的介孔结构可以作为水的产生和排除的缓存空间,也有利于提高O_2传质,从而提高燃料电池性能.本文为具有高传质速率的Fe/N/C催化剂研制提供了一种新思路.     

Mapping Platinum Species in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells by Spatially Resolved XAFS Techniques

There is limited information on the mechanism for platinum oxidation and dissolution in Pt/C cathode catalyst layers of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) under the operating conditions though these issues should be uncovered for the development of next‐generation PEFCs. Pt species in Pt/C cathode catalyst layers are mapped by a XAFS (X‐ray absorption fine structure) method and by a quick‐XAFS(QXAFS) method. Information on the site‐preferential oxidation and leaching of Pt cathode nanoparticles around the cathode boundary and the micro‐crack in degraded PEFCs is provided, which is relevant to the origin and mechanism of PEFC degradation.     

In situ time-resolved XAFS study on the structural transformation and phase separation of Pt3Sn and PtSn alloy nanoparticles on carbon in the oxidation process

The dynamic behavior and kinetics of the structural transformation of supported bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts with synergistic functions in the oxidation process are fundamental issues to understand their unique catalytic properties as well as to regulate the catalytic capability of alloy nanoparticles. The phase separation and structural transformation of Pt(3)Sn/C and PtSn/C catalysts during the oxidation process were characterized by in situ time-resolved energy-dispersive XAFS (DXAFS) and quick XAFS (QXAFS) techniques, which are element-selective spectroscopies, at the Pt L(III)-edge and the Sn K-edge. The time-resolved XAFS techniques provided the kinetics of the change in structures and oxidation states of the bimetallic nanoparticles on carbon surfaces. The kinetic parameters and mechanisms for the oxidation of the Pt(3)Sn/C and PtSn/C catalysts were determined by time-resolved XAFS techniques. The oxidation of Pt to PtO in Pt(3)Sn/C proceeded via two successive processes, while the oxidation of Sn to SnO(2) in Pt(3)Sn/C proceeded as a one step process. The rate constant for the fast Pt oxidation, which was completed in 3 s at 573 K, was the same as that for the Sn oxidation, and the following slow Pt oxidation rate was one fifth of that for the first Pt oxidation process. The rate constant and activation energy for the Sn oxidation in PtSn/C were similar to those for the Sn oxidation in Pt(3)Sn/C. In the PtSn/C, however, it was hard for Pt oxidation to PtO to proceed at 573 K, where Pt oxidation was strongly affected by the quantity of Sn in the alloy nanoparticles due to swift segregation of SnO(2) nanoparticles/layers on the Pt nanoparticles. The mechanisms for the phase separation and structure transformation in the Pt(3)Sn/C and PtSn/C catalysts are also discussed on the basis of the structural kinetics of the catalysts themselves determined by the in situ time-resolved DXAFS and QXAFS.     

铂/{还原氧化石墨烯/硅钨酸盐}_n复合物的制备及其电催化性能

利用层层自组装(LBL)结合原位光照还原法,制备了一系列{还原氧化石墨烯/多金属氧酸盐}n多层复合膜({rGO/POMs}_n),并以此作为载体,再通过恒电势法将Pt纳米粒子电沉积到复合膜载体上,得到一种P t/{rGO/SiW_(12)}_n燃料电池阳极纳米复合膜催化剂。用紫外可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)、原子力显微镜(AFM)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等技术手段对载体复合多层膜的生长情况以及负载Pt纳米簇的表面形貌进行表征。结果表明,载体多层膜{rGO/SiW_(12)}_6被连续均匀地组装到了不同基底(氧化铟锡,ITO或玻碳,GC)表面且多层膜表面平整,在选定恒电势下,沉积于其表面的Pt纳米粒子具有花簇状形貌且分布均匀。比较研究了分别引入3种不同的多金属氧酸盐(硅钨酸盐SiW_(12),磷钼酸盐PMo_(12),磷钨酸盐PW_(12))制得的多层复合膜催化剂,即Pt/{rGO/SiW_(12)}_6、Pt/{rGO/PMo_(12)}_6和Pt/{rGO/PW_(12)}_6。电化学实验研究表明,在甲醇酸性溶液中,Pt/{rGO/SiW_(12)}_6复合膜相较于Pt/{rGO/PMo_(12)}_6、Pt/{rGO/PW_(12)}_6和Pt作为催化剂对甲醇氧化具有更好的电催化活性、电化学稳定性以及更优异的抗CO毒化性能,是一种颇有应用前景的燃料电池阳极催化剂。     

Polyaniline/Platinum Composite Cathode Catalysts Towards Durable Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Polymer stabilization proved to be a promising approach to increase the catalytic performance of common platinum/carbon based cathode catalysts (Pt/C) used in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Platinum and polyaniline composite catalysts (Pt/C/PANI) were prepared by combining chemical polymerization reactions with anion exchange reactions. Electrochemical ex-situ characterizations of the decorated Pt/C/PANI catalysts show high catalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and, more importantly, a significant enhanced durability compared to the undecorated Pt/C catalyst. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations reveal structural benefits of Pt/C/PANI for ORR catalysis. All studies confirm high potential of Pt/C/PANI for practical fuel cell application.     

Methanol Tolerant PWA-Pt/C Catalyst with Excellent Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

It was reported for the first time that phosphorictungstenic acid （PWA） could promote the oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） and inhibit the methanol oxidation reaction at the cathodic Pt/C catalyst in the direct methanol fuel cell （DMFC）. When the weight ratio of PWA to Pt/C is 1, the composite catalyst increases the reduction current of oxygen by about 38% and decreases the oxidation current of methanol by about 76% compared with that of the Pt/C catalyst.     

Operando XAFS Imaging of Distribution of Pt Cathode Catalysts in PEFC MEA

Three‐dimensional imaging using X‐ray as a probe is state‐of‐the‐art for the characterization of heterogeneous materials. In addition to simple imaging of sample morphology, imaging of elemental distribution and chemical states provides advanced maps of key structural parameters of functional materials. The combination of X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy and three‐dimensional imaging such as computed tomography (CT) can visualize the three‐dimensional distribution of target elements, their valence states, and local structures in a non‐destructive manner. In this personal account, our recent results on the three‐dimensional XAFS imaging for Pt cathode catalysts in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) are introduced. The distribution and chemical states of Pt cathode catalysts in MEAs remarkably change under PEFC operating conditions, and the 3D XAFS imaging revealed essential events in PEFC MEAs.     

Remarkably Enhanced Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction Activity of Carbon-supported Pt by Facile Nickel Modification

Developing high activity catalysts for hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR)under alkaline condition remains a challenge in the exchange membrane fuel cell(AEMFC).Herein,we report that the activity of carbon-supported platinum(Pt/C)towards the hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR)in alkaline media can be remarkably enhanced by simple immersion of Pt/C in nickel chloride solution.The adsorption of hydrogen on the catalyst surface is weakened by modification of nickel.The HOR activity on the Pt/C after immersion possesses an excellent mass current density of 33.4 A/gmetal,which is 18%higher than that(28.3 A/gmetal)on Pt/C.     

PtxCuy/C电催化剂甲醇氧化反应性能及机理研究

直接甲醇燃料电池（DMFC）是一种将甲醇燃料的化学能直接转化为电能的能量转换装置,具有能量转化效率高、环境友好、燃料来源丰富等优势,在移动电源等领域具有广泛应用前景,但阳极铂基电催化剂的性能及成本制约着DMFC的发展。本论文通过简单的液相浸渍还原法,制备了系列PtCu/C纳米电催化剂,电化学性能测试结果表明,电催化剂对甲醇氧化反应（MOR）活性顺序为商品Pt/C < Pt₃Cu/C < PtCu₄/C < PtCu/C < PtCu₃/C,且活性最高的PtCu₃/C电催化剂表现出较为优异的电化学稳定性。结合物相表征、电化学测试及DFT计算,阐释了PtCu₃/C催化剂中存在的少量CuO相能够促进水分子解离产生*OH,通过双功能机制促进类CO反应中间物种氧化为CO₂。因此,相比于商品Pt/C,虽然PtCu₃/C电催化剂的ECSA不足其一半,但质量比活性和面积比活性分别提高1.88倍和3.74倍。     

在氢气氧化反应中具有高催化活性的Pt修饰的Ni/C纳米催化剂

随着能源需求的进一步增多和化石能源的大幅度减少,新型环境友好型能源成为近十年许多科研工作者的着力点.其中,燃料电池作为一种高效率、高能量密度、环境友好型能源引起了人们的关注.氢氧燃料电池研究最早、应用最早,具有得天独厚的优势.此外,由于近些年CO2的大量排放,造成了严重的温室效应,其处理也是一个严峻的课题.谢和平课题组提出的CO2矿化发电,不仅可以处理CO2,也可以作为新型能源应用,前景广阔.而不论是氢氧燃料电池还是CO2矿化电池,其阳极反应均为氢气氧化反应(HOR).Pt作为目前仍无法取代的HOR反应催化剂,不仅全球储量有限且价格昂贵,所以,寻找一种价格低廉催化性能好的催化剂成为这些新能源进一步应用的重要课题之一.对此人们进行了大量探索,主要包括尝试不同的载体、改变金属颗粒尺寸形貌等.其中,伽伐尼置换法对于制备纳米核壳结构催化剂以及降低金属颗粒尺寸、增加比表面积均有很大帮助.基于此,本文采用浸渍法和伽伐尼置换法制备了用Pt修饰Ni/C的纳米催化剂,使得纳米级活性金属均匀分散在载体上,加之双金属效应,相对于纯Pt/C催化剂,催化能力提高.浸渍法制得Ni/C前驱体,再将其置于纯乙醇中,用H2PtCl6作为Pt源置换部分Ni,得到Pt修饰的Ni/C催化剂.XRD射线衍射测试结果表明,一般的PtNi合金由于晶格相互影响,只会出现Pt的偏移衍射峰,而该催化剂均出现明显的PtNi两种元素的衍射峰,PtNi晶格互相没有影响.循环伏安法测试结果表明,在Pt-Ni/C系列催化剂中,Pt和Ni含量不同,其电化学活性面积(ECSA)各不相同.在金属总含量一致的前提下,随着Pt含量的增加,催化剂ECSA先增加后减小,最大值为66.90 m2/g,是市售Pt/C(54.12 m2/g)的1.24倍.Tafel测试HOR/HER反应交换电流密度的结果与ECSA结果一致,而Pt-Ni/C催化剂的交换电流密度最高可达485.45 A/g,是市售Pt/C(301.91 A/g)的1.6倍.对性能较好的Pt-Ni/C催化剂进行了表征,X射线光电子能谱结果发现,该催化剂载体上只有少部分Ni的氧化物裸露在表面,大部分为Pt.而透射电镜结果表明,该催化剂纳米级活性金属颗粒尺寸一致,且均匀地分散在载体表面.综合催化剂表征和电化学性能测试结果可知,使用伽伐尼置换法得到的Pt修饰的Ni/C催化剂分散均匀、颗粒尺寸小,且由于Pt作为主要催化活性金属分散于催化剂表面,而Ni作为辅助金属并不直接参与HOR反应,使得该催化剂具有较高的电化学活性.在Pt含量较少时,由于有很多Ni在催化剂表面,且催化层厚度较大,故催化活性一般.随着Pt含量的增加和Ni含量的减少,当催化剂表面只有很少Ni及相关化合物时,由于Pt比表面积大,故活性最高.当Pt含量继续增加时,Pt在Ni表面厚度增加,很多Pt被包裹,故催化活性再次降低.