In2O3/CdO复合材料的制备及气敏特性

采用水热合成方法制备了花状In2O3纳米材料.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱(EDX)及透射电镜(TEM)对材料的结晶学特性及微结构进行了表征.制备的In2O3材料呈现花状,是由粒径约20nm的椭球状小颗粒构成的分级结构材料.将制备的In2O3与纳米CdO以摩尔比1:1混合后,发现制成的In2O3/CdO复合材料经热处理后呈现葡萄状多孔结构.测试In2O3/CdO复合材料制作的气敏元件处于最佳工作温度(410°C)时,对0.05×10-6(体积分数,φ)的甲醛气体表现出较高的灵敏度.对比测试发现,In2O3/CdO复合材料制作的气敏元件对不同浓度甲醛的灵敏度明显优于纯花状In2O3纳米材料.同时In2O3/CdO复合材料制作的气敏元件在乙醇、甲苯、丙酮、甲醇以及氨气等干扰气体中具有对甲醛良好的选择性.讨论了In2O3/CdO复合材料气敏元件的敏感机理.     

基于电纺丝法的In2O3/CdO复合材料的制备及甲醛气敏特性

用静电纺丝法制备了In(NO₃)₃/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)纺丝前驱物, 然后分别在500、600、700℃时烧结得到三种In₂O₃ 纳米纤维. 通过X 射线衍射(XRD)仪、热重差热分析(TG/DTA)、场发射扫描式电子显微镜(FE-SEM)表征结果得知, 500℃时In₂O₃的晶相已经形成, 且粒径为最小, 约为24 nm, 纳米纤维呈介孔结构.将三种烧结温度的In₂O₃纤维制作成气敏元件, 测试对比了三种元件对甲醛气体的敏感特性, 结果表明, 500℃烧结得到的In₂O₃纳米纤维在工作温度为240℃时响应最好, 对浓度为10×10^-6 (体积分数, φ)甲醛的响应为7.用静电纺丝法合成了CdO 纳米颗粒, 通过XRD、SEM 表征得知CdO 呈粒径约为68 nm 的颗粒. 将In₂O₃和CdO以不同摩尔比(1:1, 10:1, 20:1)复合, 对比测试了纯In₂O₃及三种In₂O₃/CdO复合材料对应的气敏元件对甲醛的气敏特性, 测试结果表明当In₂O₃纳米纤维与CdO纳米颗粒以摩尔比10:1 复合时, 元件的工作温度较低(200℃), 且对甲醛表现出最佳的气敏特性, 对浓度为10×10^-6甲醛的响应为13.6, 响应/恢复时间为140 s/32s. 最后对不同摩尔比复合的In₂O₃/CdO对甲醛的气敏机理进行了初步分析.     

平面型乙醇快速响应气敏传感器的制备

采用水热法合成了纳米In₂O₃颗粒,将其旋涂于陶瓷基片上经氮化处理获得InN基片,再对InN基片进行氧化,合成出气敏材料并在一种微型平面电极片上制备了传感器件.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)仪、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对材料的形貌、组成进行了表征与分析,结果表明,最终获得了松枝状结构的InN-In₂O₃纳米复合材料.对器件的气敏性能进行了测试,发现基于此材料制备的平面型气敏传感器对乙醇气体具有良好的气敏性能:检测浓度为1.025 mg/m³(500 ppb)的乙醇蒸汽的灵敏度可达18;检测2.05 mg/m³(1 ppm)的乙醇的响应-恢复时间最快仅为1 s;最佳工作温度低,仅为50℃.     

La3+掺杂CaFe2O4材料的制备及室温检测超低浓度甲醛

采用静电纺丝法成功制备了La³⁺掺杂CaFe₂O₄材料。通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱对La³⁺掺杂CaFe₂O₄材料的结构和形貌进行了表征。随后,研究了La³⁺的掺杂量(质量分数)对CaFe₂O₄气敏性能的影响。研究表明,3%La³⁺掺杂CaFe₂O₄材料在室温下对100μL·L^-1甲醛的响应最高(R_a/R_g=14.1)。更为重要的是,对甲醛的最低检测限低至0.1 nL·L^-1,并且响应/恢复时间仅为4.3 s/8.4 s。     

NiO-WO3纳米立方块的制备及在甲醛检测中的应用

采用一步水热合成法合成NiO-WO₃纳米立方块,以WO₃为主体,引入p型半导体NiO构建NiO-WO₃ p-n异质结。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对相应的微观结构进行了分析表征,表明产物为单斜相WO₃,由尺寸大小均匀的纳米立方块组成,平均粒径100 nm左右,引入NiO后WO₃纳米立方块的形貌基本保持不变。 将NiO-WO₃纳米立方块制成气敏元件并测验了其对甲醛气体的敏感特性。 气敏测试结果表明,构建NiO-WO₃异质结可显著地提高WO₃传感器对甲醛气体的敏感特性。 特别是5％NiO-WO₃异质结纳米立方块结构传感器,其在200 ℃下对0.134 mg/L甲醛的灵敏度达到18.5,且具有快速响应-恢复特性、良好的稳定性及对甲醛的良好选择性。 传感器性能提升的原因主是界面处p-n异质结的形成和NiO的高催化活性。     

Y掺杂的ZnO纳米纤维材料的制备及其气敏传感器作用机理

采用静电纺丝法成功制备了Y掺杂的ZnO纳米纤维.并通过X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),能量色散X射线(EDX),透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及热重差热分析(TG-DTA)等手段对样品的结构和形貌进行了表征分析.同时用纯的ZnO和Y掺杂的ZnO纳米纤维制备了传感器,对浓度为(1-200)×10^-6 (体积分数)丙酮的气敏特性进行了测试分析.测试结果表明,可以通过简单控制纳米纤维中Y的含量,来微调该传感器的气敏特性.同时也发现通过Y掺杂, ZnO纳米纤维对丙酮的气敏特性有所改善,表现出很高的响应.纯ZnO和Y掺杂ZnO制成的传感器对几种潜在干扰气体表现出良好的选择性,比如氨气、苯、甲醛、甲苯以及甲醇.本文最后也讨论了该传感器的气敏作用机理.     

瓶状InN-In2O3纳米复合材料的制备及增强的甲醛气敏性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了In₂O₃纳米粉体, 通入NH₃进行反应得到了中间产物InN基底材料, 再通过原位氧化过程最终获得了InN-In₂O₃纳米复合材料, 并利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等对所制备材料的组成、 形貌及结构等进行了表征测试. 结果表明, 该纳米复合材料呈瓶状结构. 气敏性能测试结果表明, 其在较低工作温度(75 ℃)下对甲醛气体的检出限可低至ppb级(1 ppb=1.3 μg/m³), 具有灵敏度较高(对0.13 mg/m³即100 ppb甲醛的灵敏度为12)、 响应时间较短(2 s)以及选择性和稳定性较强的优良性能. 在湿度对传感器灵敏度的影响测试中, 由于甲醛的水溶特性, 随着湿度的变化, 传感器的灵敏度发生变化. 在低甲醛浓度时湿度的变化对灵敏度的影响较大, 高浓度时影响反而较小.     

原位生长的α-Fe2O3/ZnO异质纳米棒阵列对乙醇气体的高选择性检测

采用两步溶液法在陶瓷管上原位生长了ZnO纳米棒阵列,然后以ZnO纳米棒为载体,通过水热法在其表面负载α-Fe₂O₃纳米粒子,生成异质α-Fe₂O₃/ZnO复合纳米材料。 α-Fe₂O₃/ZnO纳米棒直径30~80 nm,长1 μm左右,交叉排列形成纳米棒阵列,α-Fe₂O₃纳米粒子粒径约10 nm,均匀分布在ZnO纳米棒表面。 将纯ZnO和α-Fe₂O₃/ZnO纳米棒阵列制成气敏元件,测试并对比了2种气敏元件的气敏性能,揭示其气敏机理。 结果表明:α-Fe₂O₃纳米粒子的复合显著提高了ZnO纳米棒阵列对乙醇气体的灵敏度和选择性,在工作温度370 ℃时,对100 μL/L乙醇气体的响应值为85.4,是同条件下ZnO器件对乙醇响应值(9.4)的9.1倍,响应时间7 s,最低检出限为0.01 μL/L。 相关研究可以应用于痕量乙醇的快速、高灵敏度和高选择性检测。     

ZIF-67衍生的花状Ga掺杂Co3O4用于增强三乙胺传感性能

基于Ga³⁺对Co-MOF(ZIF-67)进行掺杂的策略，衍生制备了具有花状结构的Ga掺杂Co₃O₄气敏材料，并应用于三乙胺(TEA)选择性气敏传感。采用X-射线衍射仪表征了气敏材料的晶体构型，结果表明，Ga离子成功地掺杂到Co₃O₄晶格中。采用扫描电镜以及透射电镜对气敏材料的微观形貌进行表征，结果表明，含有1%Ga掺杂比例的Co₃O₄具有更为疏松多孔的花状结构。采用X-射线光电子能谱以及氮气吸脱附测试对材料的氧空位含量以及比表面积进行表征，结果表明，含有1%Ga掺杂比例的Co₃O₄具有丰富的氧空位含量以及较大的比表面积。最后，采用CGS-8气敏测试分析系统对含有不同Ga掺杂比例的Co₃O₄气敏材料进行三乙胺选择性气敏测试，结果表明，Ga掺杂比例为1%的Co₃O₄气敏传感器显示出最优的TEA气敏响应特性，...     

原位制备SnO2/SnS2异质结促进光催化污染物降解(英文)

光催化技术作为一种新兴的绿色催化技术,在解决环境污染、缓解能源短缺等方面得到了广泛的研究,但光生载流子易复合的问题极大限制了该技术的应用.构建光催化剂内建电场的方法可有效提高异质结光催化剂的光生载流子分离效率,进而提高光催化效率.然而如何在两种半导体界面形成紧密接触的异质结结构仍然存在一定的挑战.本文通过在含硫前驱液中加入SnO₂纳米颗粒,在水热条件下利用原位离子交换的方法合成了SnO₂/SnS₂异质结光催化剂。形貌表征发现此法所制备催化剂是一种复合有纳米颗粒的六边形结构纳米片异质结光催化剂,透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征证实其具有紧密连接的异质结结构.高倍TEM图显示SnO₂颗粒均紧密负载在SnS₂纳米片上.同时, XPS测试结果表明,在SnO₂/SnS₂异质结构中Sn 3d5/2的结合能为486.43 eV,介于SnS₂与SnO₂的结合能之间,这一结果可归结为...     

ZnO掺杂的SnO_2纳米纤维的制备、表征及气敏机理(英文)

以二水氯化亚锡(SnCl2·2H2O)为盐原料,采用静电纺丝的方法制备了SnO2纳米纤维.为了研究ZnO掺杂对SnO2形貌、结构及化学成分的影响,分别制备了不同含量ZnO掺杂的SnO2/ZnO复合材料.利用热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱仪、扫描电镜(SEM)及能量色散X射线(EDX)光谱对材料的结晶学特性及微结构进行了表征.制备的SnO2/ZnO复合材料是由纳米量级的小颗粒构成的分级结构材料.ZnO含量不同,对应的SnO2/ZnO复合材料结构不同.表征结果表明ZnO的掺杂量对SnO2材料的形貌及结构均起着重要作用.将制备的不同ZnO含量的SnO2/ZnO复合材料进行气敏测试,测试结果表明,Sn:Zn摩尔比为1:1制作的气敏元件对甲醇的灵敏度优于其它摩尔比的气敏元件.讨论了SnO2/ZnO复合材料气敏元件的敏感机理.同时针对Sn:Zn摩尔比为1:1时表现出最好的气敏响应,分析了其原因,包括Zn的替位式掺杂行为、ZnO的催化作用、过量ZnO对SnO2生长的抑制作用以及SnO2与ZnO晶粒界面处的异质结.     

UV-Enhanced Room Temperature Ozone Sensor Based on Hierarchical SnO2-In2O3

SnO₂-In₂O₃ hierarchical microspheres were prepared by the hydrothermal and solvothermal method. The morphology, phase crystallinity of the obtained SnO₂-In₂O₃ were measured by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scan electron microscopy(SEM), respectively. A room temperature ozone sensor based on SnO₂-In₂O₃ hierarchical microspheres was fabricated and investigated. The gas sensing properties of the sensor using SnO₂-In₂O₃ strongly depended on the proportion of SnO₂ and In₂O₃. The sensitivity and response/recovery speed were greatly enhanced by UV illumination. A gas sensing mechanism related to oxygen defect was suggested.     

SnO_2/TiO_2纳米管复合光催化剂的性能及失活再生

基于微波水热法和微乳液法合成SnO2/TiO2纳米管复合光催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、配有能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDX)的透射电镜(TEM)和电化学手段对光催化剂进行表征.以甲苯为模型污染物,考察光催化剂在紫外光(UV)和真空远紫外光(VUV)下的性能及失活再生.结果表明,SnO2/TiO2纳米管复合光催化剂形成三元异质结(锐钛矿相TiO2(A-TiO2)/金红石相TiO2(R-TiO2)、A-TiO2/SnO2和R-TiO2/SnO2异质结),促使光生电子-空穴对的有效分离,提高光催化活性.SnO2/TiO2表现出最佳的光催化性能,UV和VUV条件下的甲苯降解率均达100%,CO2生成速率(k2)均为P25的3倍左右.但由于UV光照矿化能力不足,中间产物易在催化剂表面累积.随着UV光照时间的增加,SnO2/TiO2逐渐失活,20 h后k2由138.5 mg·m-3·h-1下降到76.1 mg·m-3·h-1.利用VUV再生失活的SnO2/TiO2,过程中产生的·OH、O2-·、O(1D)、O(3P)、O3等活性物质可氧化吸附于催化剂活性位的难降解中间产物,使催化剂得以再生,12 h后k2恢复到143.6 mg·m-3·h-1.UV和VUV的协同效应使UV降解耦合VUV再生成为一种可持续的光催化降解污染物模式.     

Electrospinning Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of SnO2：xEu3＋ Nanofibers

NnO2：xEu3＋（x=O, 1%, 3%, 5%, molar fraction） fibers were synthesized by electrospinning technology. The size of the as-prepared fibers is relatively uniform and the average diameter is about 200 nm with a large draw ratio. The as-prepared Eu3＋ doped SnO2 nanofibers have a rutile structure and consist of crystallitc grains with an average size of about 10 nm. A slight red shift of the A1gand Bag vibration modes and an additional peak at 288 nm were observed in the Raman spectra of the nanofibers. The energies of bandgaps of the SnO2 nanofiber with Eu doping of 1% and 3% are 2.64 eV, and the energy of bandgap is 2.94 eV with Eu doping of 5%（molar fraction）. There is only orange emission（5D0→7F1 magnetic dipole transition） for Eu doped SnO2 nanofibers, and no red emission could be observed. The orange emission upon indirect excitation splits into three peaks and the peak intensity at the excitation wavelength of 275 nm is higher than that at the excitation wavelength of 488 nm.     

Preparation and Gas Sensing Performance of Hierarchical Porous ZnO-based Materials with Sunflower Rods as a Biological Template

A graded porous structure SnO2/ZnO composite was prepared with sunflower rods as a biological template. The prepared samples were subjected to phase analysis by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray diffractiometry(XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).ZnO sample was a pure phase of hexagonal wurtzite, and the template had been completely removed. The surface of the sample presented a honeycomb-like structure of a sunflower rod template, which was formed by interconnecting the porous channels, and had a smaller average size and exhibited n-n heterojunction at tlie n-type ZnO interface. Compared with that of pure ZnO, the response of the hierarchical porous structure SnO2/ZnO composite to 100 mg/L w-butanol reached a maximiuTi of 40.61 at 240℃, about 2.7 times higher than that of pure ZnO. Its response time and recovery time are 6 and 3 s, respectively, which are also better than those of pure ZnO. SnO2/ZnO composite exhibits good gas selectivity, which is related to the improvement of the structure and the forming of n-n heterojunctions of the material.     

One-step Synthesis and Gas Sensing Properties of Hierarchical SnO2 Materials

Hierarchical tin oxide(SnO₂) architectures were synthesized with a facile hydrothermal method. In the hydrothermal synthesis, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) surfactant plays an important role as structure-directing reagent. The synthesized samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction(XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM). The results clearly reveal that the hierarchical architectures of SnO₂ were composed of aggregated nanosheets with a thickness of about 100 nm. A possible mechanism for the formation of the SnO₂ hierarchical architectures was proposed. In addition, the gas sensing properties of the as-prepared products were investigated and it was found that the sensor based on the special SnO₂ hierarchical architectures exhibited a high response and good selectivity to NO₂ at the optimal working temperature of 160 ℃.     

Effect of Nanoparticle Size on Gas-sensing Properties of Tin Dioxide Sensors

Sn(OH)₄ was prepared by the conventional solution precipitate method, followed by supercritical CO₂ drying. The resultant Sn(OH)₄ was divided into three aliquots and calcined at 400, 600 and 800℃, respectively, thus SnO₂ nanoparticles with average crystallite sizes of 5, 10 and 25 nm were obtained. Furthermore, three SnO₂ thick film gas sensors(denoted as sensors S-400, S-600 and S-800) were fabricated from the above SnO₂ nanoparticles. The adhesion of sensing materials on the surface of alumina tube is good. Compared to the sensors S-600 and S-800, sensor S-400 showed a much higher sensitivity to 1000 μL/L ethanol. On the other hand, sensor S-800 showed a much lower intrinsic resistance and improved selectivity to ethanol than sensors S-400 and S-600. X-Ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and selective area electron diffraction(SAED) measurements were used to characterize the SnO₂ nanoparticles calcined at different temperatures. The differences in the gas sensing performance of these sensors were analyzed on the basis of scanning electron microscopy(SEM).     

Partial P-Type Metal Ions Doping Induced Variation of Both Crystal Structure and Oxygen Vacancy Within Cu/SnO2 Metastable Solid Solution Nanofibers for Highly Sensitive C2H2 Sensor

Partial P-type metal ions doping(PPMID) is an alternative method to further enhance the gas sensing performance of N-type metal oxides(NMOs) in contrast to that of P-N metal oxides heterojunctions, but the influences of the introduction of PPMID on the grain size and oxygen vacancies of NMOs have been rarely investigated. Herein, a simple and effective route has been demonstrated to address this problem with Cu²⁺-doped SnO₂ metastable solid solution nanofibers(CSMSSNs) as model and C₂H₂ as target molecule by combining electrospinning and calcination technique. It seems that the introduction of PPMID can also affect crystal structure and oxygen vacancies of NMOs, proven by combining X-ray diffraction(XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectra(XPS). Thus, PPD, crystal structure and oxygen vacancies have been combined to clarify the enhanced sensing performance of Cu-doped SnO₂ metastable solid solution nanofibers angainst C₂H₂.     

Anodic oxidation of formic acid on PdAuIr /C-Sb_2O_5·SnO_2 electrocatalysts prepared by borohydride reduction

PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts with Pd∶Au∶Ir molar ratios of 90∶5∶5,70∶20∶10 and 50∶45∶5 were prepared by borohydride reduction method.These electrocatalysts were characterized by EDX,X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy and the catalytic activity toward formic acid electro-oxidation in acid medium investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV),chroamperometry(CA)and tests on direct formic acid fuel cell(DFAFC)at 100℃.X-ray diffractograms of PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts showed the presence of Pd fcc phase,Pd-Au fcc alloys,carbon and ATO phases,while Ir phases were not observed.TEM micrographs and histograms indicated that the nanoparticles were not well dispersed on the support and some agglomerates.The cyclic voltammetry and chroamperometry studies showed that PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2(50∶45∶5)had superior performance toward formic acid electro-oxidation at 25℃compared to PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2(70∶20∶10),PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2(90∶5∶5)and Pd/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts.The experiments in a single DFAFC also showed that all PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts exhibited higher performance for formic acid oxidation in comparison with Pd/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts,however PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2(90∶5∶5)had superior performance.These results indicated that the addition of Au and Ir to Pd favor the electro-oxidation of formic acid,which could be attributed to the bifunctional mechanism(the presence of ATO,Au and Ir oxides species)associated to the electronic effect(Pd-Au fcc alloys).