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利用静电探针阵列对HL-2A边缘等离子体径向和极向速度进行了测量,获得了最后闭合磁面附近湍流的雷诺协强〈(v)r(v)θ〉以及(v)r和(v)θ间相位差的剖面.实验表明,虽然(v)r、(v)θ的幅值对雷诺协强的大小会有影响,但雷诺协强的变化趋势主要取决于二者相位差的变化;另一方面,欧姆放电以及不同电子回旋加热功率L模放电条件下的实验结果显示,密度扰动引起的粒子输运所带来的极向动量输运的贡献与雷诺协强项对极向动量输运的贡献是可比的.这表明在分析湍流引起的动量输运时必须考虑粒子输运的贡献.     

HL-2A等离子体边缘极向剩余胁强的研究

首次报导了托卡马克等离子体边缘与湍流相关的极向剩余胁强剖面的测量结果。采用外中平面往复式静电探针阵列对HL-2A托卡马克边缘的极向湍流动量输运进行研究。在没有外部动量注入的欧姆放电下,剩余胁强为有限值、且其空间剖面在等离子体边缘具有明显的径向梯度,表明托卡马克等离子体边缘存在极向动量源。由动量源产生的动量主要以扩散形式向与剩余胁强相反的方向传播,最终的结果是等离子体边缘存在有限的雷诺胁强。在最后闭合磁面以内0.5~2cm区域,剩余胁强的梯度提供自发旋转的力矩,由该力矩引起的动量产生与由速度梯度引起的动量扩散共同导致了雷诺胁强出现负梯度,造成动量沉积,从而驱动极向平衡流。     

HL-2A 装置的边缘参数测量

HL-2A 装置中平面边缘的等离子体特性通过磁力传动的马赫/ 雷诺协强/ 朗缪尔10 探针组进行了研究。10 探针组安装在可径向向里和向外移动, 并可绕轴旋转360^o 的传动杆上, 用于测量主等离子体边缘的温度、密度、悬浮电位、空间电位、径向和极向电场、湍流的雷诺协强、径向和极向等离子体流速及其径向分布。HL- 2A 装置的实验结果表明, 边缘等离子体扰动诱发的雷诺协强产生了边缘极向流; 雷诺协强的径向梯度驱动带状流抑制了湍流输运。     

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用中平面往复快速扫描6探针组观测HL-2A装置边缘等离子体的扰动特性。在一次放电中能测量到边缘等离子体参数的时空分布及其涨落量，雷诺胁强与极向流和带状流的关系，以及静电涨落驱动的粒子通量和热通量的径向变化。在多发弹丸注入(MPI)和多脉冲超声分子束注入(SMBI)条件下，研究了边缘参数的涨落和相关特性。实验结果表明：SMBI和MPI等注入手段改变了边缘的扰动特性；雷诺胁强的径向梯度可以驱动带状流，抑制湍流输运。     

HL-1M装置边缘等离子体结构研究

描述HL-1M装置上几种典型放电中的边缘等离子体物理实验结果.利用马赫/朗缪尔6探针组、静电4探针组、20组三探针阵列研究了低杂波电流驱动、超声分子束注入、多发弹丸注入和中性束注入放电中的粒子约束性能、等离子体旋转和边缘静电雷诺胁强的变化对改善约束的影响.给出了雷诺胁强和极向相速度的关系.结果表明，雷诺胁强的径向变化可以自发产生托卡马克等离子体的剪切极向流.LHCD能使低密度放电的粒子约束增加1至2倍.弹丸注入后，粒子约束时间和极向旋转至少可增加1倍，而SMBI可使粒子约束时间增加约一个数量级并取得高性能等离子体. 关键词： 粒子约束 雷诺胁强 极向流剪切 马赫/朗缪尔6探针组     

托卡马克边缘湍流中带状流的负粘滞阻尼

基于Hasegawa-Wakatani湍流模型,数值模拟了托卡马克边缘等离子体中漂移波湍流和相关的反常粒子输运。从等离子体动量守恒方程出发导出了不采用常规的布辛涅斯克近似的带状流方程,论证了大振幅密度扰动和湍性粒子流对激发带状流的贡献可等效地对应于低阶负粘滞阻尼效果。数值模拟表明,大振幅密度扰动的非线性大大增强了带状流饱和振幅,从而有效抑制了湍性粒子输运。研究结果阐明了托卡马克边缘等离子体大振幅密度扰动的非线性对驱动等离子体旋转、动量输运和带状流的重要性。     

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基于Hasegawa-Wakatani湍流模型,数值模拟了托卡马克边缘等离子体中漂移波湍流和相关的反常粒子输运.从等离子体动量守恒方程出发导出了不采用常规的布辛涅斯克近似的带状流方程,论证了大振幅密度扰动和湍性粒子流对激发带状流的贡献可等效地对应于低阶负粘滞阻尼效果.数值模拟表明,大振幅密度扰动的非线性大大增强了带状流饱和振幅,从而有效抑制了湍性粒子输运.研究结果阐明了托卡马克边缘等离子体大振幅密度扰动的非线性对驱动等离子体旋转、动量输运和带状流的重要性.     

高聚物减阻溶液对壁湍流输运过程的影响

基于相同雷诺数下清水和高分子聚合物溶液壁湍流的高时间分辨率粒子图像测速技术(time-resolved particle image velocimetry, TRPIV)的对比实验, 从高聚物溶液对湍流边界层动量能量输运影响的角度分析其减阻的机理. 对比两者的雷诺应力发现高聚物的存在抑制了湍流输运过程. 这一影响与高聚物对壁湍流中占主导地位的涡旋运动和低速条带等相干结构的作用密切相关. 运用条件相位平均、相关函数和线性随机估计(linear stochastic estimation, LSE)等方法, 分析提取了高聚物溶液流场中的发卡涡和发卡涡包等典型相干结构的空间拓扑形态. 相比于清水, 高聚物溶液中相干结构的流向尺度增大, 涡旋运动的发展及低速流体喷射的强度受到削弱, 表明了添加的高聚物阻碍了湍流原有的能量传递和自维持的机理. 正是通过影响相干结构, 高聚物抑制了湍流边界层中近壁区与外区之间的动量和能量输运, 使得湍流的无序性降低, 从而减小了湍流流动的阻力.     

HT-7超导托卡马克边缘涨落谱特征及湍流输运研究

用郎缪尔三探针对HT-7超导托卡马克边缘等离子体涨落进行了高时空分辩测量.给出了欧姆放电下涨落幅度的径向分布、谱特征及传播特性.实验观察表明,在由E_r×B确定的极向旋转速度剪切层附近,等离子体电位、电子温度和电子密度的相对涨落水平和两两间的相干系数均有明显下降,其极向互相关函数亦减小,这说明剪切层对涨落具有去相关作用.由涨落驱动的径向局域粒子输运通量Γ_tur测量显示出湍动输运具有时间上的阵发特性。将悬浮电位涨落φ_f2的自动率谱P_{( 关键词： 托卡马克 边界涨落 湍流输运}     

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通过中平面活动10探针组、往复快速扫描4探针和低杂波天线口的固定4探针测量了主等离子体边缘的温度、密度、悬浮电位、径向和极向电场、雷诺协强、径向和极向等离子体流速及其径向分布。用偏滤器靶板上的14组嵌入式静电3探针阵列测量了同一环向截面的内外中性化板上的电子温度、密度、悬浮电位及其分布。比较了在孔栏位形和偏滤器位形下边缘等离子体特性的差异,特别是两种位形下边缘温度和密度衰减长度的变化。分析了在多脉冲超声分子束加料和低杂波注入条件下的边界等离子体特性,以及雷诺协强的径向梯度与极向流和径向电场梯度与湍流损失的相互关系。     

The possible role of Reynolds stress in the creation of a transport barrier in tokamak edge plasmas

To obtain a good confinement, mandatory in a fusion reactor, the understanding of the formation of transport barriers in the edge plasma of a tokamak is essential. Turbulence, the major candidate to explain anomalous transport, can be quenched by sheared flows in the edge which rip the convective cells apart, thus forming a barrier. Experimental evidence from the Chinese HT-6M tokamak [Y.H. Xu et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 (2000) 3867], points to the fact that momentum transfer from the turbulence can create these sheared flows via the Reynolds stresses. A new 1-D fluid model for the generation of the poloidal flow, has been developed taking into account the driving force of the Reynolds stress and the friction forces due to neutrals and parallel viscosity. Special attention has been dedicated to the computation of the flux-surface-averaging for the various terms. This model has been confronted with the experimental results obtained in the HT-6M tokamak, where Reynolds stresses were generated by application of a turbulent heating pulse. If the model is applied in cylindrical geometry, the calculated Reynolds stress-induced flow agrees well with the measured poloidal velocity in the plasma edge. However, when the full toroidal geometry is taken into account, it seems that the Reynolds stresses are too small to explain the observed rotation. This indicates that the role of the Reynolds stresses in inducing macroscopic flow in the torus is weakened. A combined system of probes allowing to measure the Reynolds stress and the rotation velocity simultaneously, has been developed and installed on the CASTOR tokamak (Prague). We report here on the first results obtained.Presented at the Workshop Electric Fields Structures and Relaxation in Edge Plasmas, Nice, France, October 26–27, 2004.     

Consistent theory of turbulent transport in two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics

A theory of turbulent transport is presented in two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics with background shear and magnetic fields. We provide theoretical predictions for the transport of magnetic flux, momentum, and particles and turbulent intensities, which show stronger reduction compared with the hydrodynamic case, with different dependences on shearing rate, magnetic field, and values of viscosity, Ohmic diffusion, and particle diffusivity. In particular, particle transport is more severely suppressed than momentum transport, effectively leading to a more efficient momentum transport. The role of magnetic fields in quenching transport without altering the amplitude of flow velocity and in inhibiting the generation of shear flows is elucidated. Implications of the results are discussed.     

水平管气液两相泡状流紊流结构的准三维测量

用两个X型热膜探针对内径为35mm的水平管内气液两相泡状流的三维紊流结构进行了准三维测量,得出了沿不同直径的轴向、径向和周向的紊流脉动速度和雷诺应力分布。发现在水平管下部脉动速度和雷诺应力与单相流动时的分布规律相似;在管子上部由于空气泡的存在增强了脉动速度;在某些区域内,周向的脉动值甚至比径向和轴向的相应值还要高。水平气液两相泡状流中雷诺应力-uw不为零,在管子的上部甚至和-uv有相同的量级。给出了由于气泡引起的紊流脉动与总素流脉动比值沿径向的分布。     

Transient response of Reynolds stress transport to opposition control in turbulent channel flow

The mechanism for turbulence suppression by opposition control developed by Choi is studied via the analysis of Reynolds stress transport in the initial period of control.It is found that the pressure-strain and pressure-diffusion terms first break up the balance in vertical normal Reynolds stress transport,and result in the final global suppression of turbulence intensities.The transient growth in spanwise normal Reynolds stress is also caused by the pressure-strain term.