航行气垫船激励浮冰响应的模型实验研究

基于弹性薄板振动微分方程和相似理论,建立了气垫船在浮冰上运动的原型系统与模型系统参数之间的相似对应关系. 导出了浮冰层自由振动波形传播的相速度和群速度计算公式,明确了相速度的极小值和浅水波传播速度即为气垫船的第一、第二临界速度. 根据研制的高精度非接触式激光位移测量系统,在变水深拖曳水槽中, 开展了不同速度移动气垫载荷激励薄膜变形响应的系列实验,证实了存在使薄膜变形达到最大的移动气垫载荷临界速度. 第一临界速度使气垫载荷之后的薄膜产生最大的下陷变形,第二临界速度使气垫载荷之前的薄膜产生最大的上凸变形. 通过实验结果进一步分析了气垫速度、高度、压力及水深等参数对薄膜变形和临界速度的影响,揭示了移动气垫载荷激励薄膜变形响应的聚能共振增幅机理,为利用气垫船实施有效破冰提供了依据.      

气垫平台破冰阻力的模型试验研究

通过开展低温拖曳冰水池物理模型试验,测试气垫平台在遭遇平整冰时的破冰过程和破冰阻力.在模型试验中,以一座现役破冰气垫平台为原型,建立了合理的模型试验相似律.依据相似律分别对原型平台的结构框架、气道结构、围裙结构和垫升系统等部分进行了模拟,从而得到一套与原型平台结构型式和垫升机制相似的模型平台.模型平台在试验拖车的拖曳下通过低温冰水池中的模型冰排,分别以垫升高度和航行速度为试验参数,对不同试验工况下气垫平台的破冰过程进行测试.通过对模型试验现象和结果的分析,深入解析了气垫平台的破冰过程,揭示了气垫平台的破冰机理.通过试验发现,非全垫升状态更有利于模型平台的破冰作业.气垫平台破冰的关键机理是在冰排底部形成稳定的气腔,从而促使冰排在结构的下压作用和气腔的上顶压力下发生弯曲破坏.在试验中测试了气垫平台破冰风压随结构姿态的变化,在时频域内对风压的变化情况进行了分析,并讨论了风压随航行速度的变化规律.以此为基础,对气垫平台破冰阻力随垫升高度和航行速度的变化规律进行分析,从而为该类气垫平台的结构设计和操船方法提供必要的基础性数据和参考依据.      

EFFECTS OF A TRANSLATING LOAD ON A FLOATING PLATE—STRUCTURAL DRAG AND PLATE DEFORMATION

The elastic deformation of a structural plate floating on water caused by a translating three-dimensional load is investigated. The problem is akin to the landing and take-off of aircraft on a structural or ice sheet. The initial-boundary-value problem is solved analytically using a free-surface condition that incorporates the flexural rigidity of the plate. The three-dimensional load is modeled as an axisymmetric, translating pressure distribution. The time-dependent analytical solution is used to obtain the unsteady drag of this moving pressure, if it exists, as well as its asymptotic behavior at large time. The behavior of the transition of the drag near a critical speed related to the minimum celerity of the free waves of the hydroelastic system is examined. Asymptotic analysis shows that the drag attains a discontinuous but finite value as the translation speed approaches the critical speed, an essential difference from some existing two-dimensional results. The growth rate of the plate slope is found to be weakly singular, like log t, for large time. Comparisons with published experimental data for plate deformation are made for the case of an ice sheet. The agreement is very favorable. Implications on the operation of floating runways are discussed.     

Some features of flexural-gravity wave propagation in the presence of a crack in sheet ice

The effect of a crack in an ice sheet on the propagation of surface flexural-gravity waves in a basin of constant depth is analyzed. The ice sheet is simulated by two floating semi-infinite fragments of a thin elastic isotropic plate. As the boundary-contact conditions on the line of contact between the parts of the plate the conditions of continuity of displacements for arbitrary slopes simulating one ice-floe overlying on another and free-edge conditions (crack) are considered. The dependence of the amplitude characteristics of the perturbations on the thickness of the ice, its degree of compression, the incident wave frequency, the depth of the basin, and the form of the boundary-contact conditions is investigated. Problems of wave diffraction on inhomogeneities of an elastic plate were solved in [1, 2], and on a crack in the ice sheet in [3, 4].Sevastopol. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 144–150, March–April, 1996.     

Wave resistance of an air-cushion vehicle in unsteady motion over an ice sheet

Unsteady rectilinear motion of an air-cushion vehicle over an ice sheet at various speeds is considered. Ice is modeled by a viscoelastic ice plate. The effects of the basin depth, the thickness and relaxation time of ice, vehicle length, acceleration, deceleration, and speed of uniform motion on the wave resistance of the vehicle are analyzed. Maneuvering methods for increasing or lowering the wave resistance of the vehicle are proposed. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 89–99, January–February, 2008.     

Vibrations of an ice sheet with crack under a time-periodic load

The analytic solution of the problem of vibrations of an ice sheet with a rectilinear crack floating on the surface of an ideal incompressible fluid of shallow depth under the action of a local zone of the time-periodic pressure is obtained. The ice sheet is simulated by two thin viscoelastic semiinfinite plates of different thickness. Various conditions on the crack edges are considered. Far field asymptotics are investigated and it is revealed that the predominant directions of wave propagation at an angle to the crack can be distinguished in the far field in the case of contact of two plates of different thickness. In the case of contact of identical plates, a waveguide mode propagating along the crack is excited. It is shown that the waveguide mode is the same for the plates with the free edges and the free overlap since the part of the solution symmetric about the crack is the same while the difference between the solutions is caused by the antisymmetric part of the solution.     

Wave Resistance of Amphibian Aircushion Vehicles During Motion on Ice Fields

The steady motion of amphibian aircushion vehicles over water covered with continuous ice is studied. The ice sheet is simulated by a viscoelastic ice plate. An analysis is made of the effect of the aspect ratio of the vehicle, the depth of the water reservoir, and ice characteristics on the wave resistance of the vehicle and the speed of the vehicle at which the wave resistance is maximal.     

Breaking of gravity waves in a neighborhood of their second critical propagation speed

Experimental data on gravity shallow-water waves generated by a vertical plate moving in a predetermined manner are given. The plate completely covers the cross section of the channel. It is found that with when the wave speed exceeds the first critical value known in hydraulics, the wave retains smoothness. Breaking of the waves begins at the second critical speed (which is about 1.3 times as high), whose value coincides with the limiting propagation speed of a solitary wave. Lavrent'ev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 52–58, March–April, 1998.     

Motion of an External Load over a Semi-Infinite Ice Sheet in the Subcritical Regime

The three-dimensional problem of steady-state forced vibrations of fluid and semiinfinite ice sheet under the action of a local external load traveling along the rectilinear sheet edge at a constant velocity is considered. Two cases are analyzed. In the first case the fluid surface outside the ice sheet is free and in the second the fluid is confined by a rigid vertical wall and the ice sheet edge adjacent to the wall can be both clamped and free. The ice sheet is simulated by a thin elastic isotropic plate floating on the surface of fluid of finite depth. The load traveling velocity is assumed to be not higher than the minimum phase velocity of the flexural-gravity waves (subcritical regime). The solution to the linear problem is obtained by means of the integral Fourier transform and matching the expansions of the velocity potential in the vertical eigenfunctions. Examples of the numerical investigation of the ice sheet and fluid displacements are given.     

A laboratory investigation of ground erosion and dust generation by air cushion vehicles

The erosion process which occurs when an air cushion vehicle (ACV) passes over certain types of surface material has been investigated. Experiments were conducted in laboratory apparatus which simulates conditions under the edge of an ACV skirt.

Tests were carried out on three samples of dry erodible materials for a variety of cushion parameters. Representative photographs and data on time rates of erosion are presented. The results indicate that erosion rates are proportional to cushion pressure to the power 3/2 and that skirt angle, hoverheight and time since start of a run are of secondary importance. The results and analysis indicate that erosion rates are independent of particle size when this exceeds about 0.1 mm.     

Analysis of dynamic growth of a tensile crack in an elastic-plastic material

The influence of inertia on the stress and deformation fields near the tip of a crack growing in an elastic-plastic material is studied. The material is characterized by the von Mises yield criterion and J₂ flow theory of plasticity. The crack grows steadily under plane strain conditions in the tensile opening mode. Features of the stress and deformation state at points near the moving crack tip are described for elastic-perfectly plastic response and for several crack propagation speeds. It is found that inertia has a significant effect on the elastic-plastic response of material particles near the crack tip, and that elastic unloading may occur behind the crack tip for higher speeds. The relationship between the applied crack driving force, represented by a remote stress intensity factor, and the crack tip speed is examined on the basis of a critical crack tip opening angle growth criterion. The calculated result is compared with dynamic fracture toughness versus crack speed data for a 4340 steel.     

On the plastic wave speeds in rate-independent elastic–plastic materials with anisotropic elasticity

This paper presents a theoretical study of the speeds of plastic waves in rate-independent elastic–plastic materials with anisotropic elasticity. It is shown that for a given propagation direction the plastic wave speeds are equal to or lower than the corresponding elastic speeds, and a simple expression is provided for the bound on the difference between the elastic and the plastic wave speeds. The bound is given as a function of the plastic modulus and the magnitude of a vector defined by the current stress state and the propagation direction. For elastic–plastic materials with cubic symmetry and with tetragonal symmetry, the upper and lower bounds on the plastic wave speeds are obtained without numerically solving an eigenvalue problem. Numerical examples of materials with cubic symmetry (copper) and with tetragonal symmetry (tin) are presented as a validation of the proposed bounds. The lower bound proposed here on the minimum plastic wave speed may also be used as an efficient alternative to the bifurcation analysis at early stages of plastic deformation for the determination of the loss of ellipticity.     

Critical velocity of sandwich cylindrical shell under moving internal pressure

Critical velocity of an infinite long sandwich shell under moving internal pressure is studied using the sandwich shell theory and elastodynamics theory. Propagation of axisymmetric free harmonic waves in the sandwich shell is studied using the sandwich shell theory by considering compressibility and transverse shear deformation of the core, and transverse shear deformation of face sheets. Based on the elastodynamics theory, displacement components expanded by Legendre polynomials, and position-dependent elastic constants and densities are introduced into the equations of motion. Critical velocity is the minimum phase velocity on the desperation relation curve obtained by using the two methods. Numerical examples and the finite element （FE） simulations are presented. The results show that the two critical velocities agree well with each other, and two desperation relation curves agree well with each other when the wave number k is relatively small. However, two limit phase velocities approach to the shear wave velocities of the face sheet and the core respectively when k limits to infinite. The two methods are efficient in the investigation of wave propagation in a sandwich cylindrical shell when k is relatively small. The critical velocity predicted in the FE simulations agrees with theoretical prediction.     

高速铁路长隧道压缩波波前变形规律分析

高速列车进入隧道时产生的压缩波在长隧道中传播时会产生波前变形,即波前压力梯度发生变化。线路测量和学者的研究表明,隧道出口处微气压波的强度与压缩波波前压力梯度最大值成正比,而微气压波的大小又与隧道出口的爆破音直接相关,因此有必要研究压缩波在长隧道中传播时的波前变形规律。采用计算流体力学三维动态仿真计算方法,对长隧道内压缩波的生成和传播过程进行研究。证明了压缩波的波前变形不仅与初始压缩波生成时的惯性运动和气体摩擦相关,而且与列车在隧道中的运动相关,即列车运动产生的能量输入会影响压缩波波前的变形。通过多工况计算,获得了隧道内压力梯度的最大值及其出现位置与列车速度和隧道阻塞比之间的变化规律。     

Analytical dynamic displacement response of rigid pavements to moving concentrated and line loads

This paper presents the formulation of a plate of infinite dimensions (without boundary conditions) on an elastic foundation, subjected to a moving concentrated and line load of constant amplitude and speed, using a triple Fourier transform. The solution is carried out integration by residues. A closed-form solution of displacement field has been obtained for a moving load with subsonic, transonic and supersonic speeds. It is found that the maximum response of the slab occurs beneath the moving load and travels with the load at the same speed. It is also shown that a critical speed exists. If the moving load travels at critical speed, slab displacement becomes infinite in amplitude.     

Effect of T-stress on branch angle of moving cracks

The effects of the T-stress on Yoffe crack propagation are analyzed. Using a maximum k_I fracture criterion near the kink of a moving crack tip, a branch angle is determined via asymptotic crack-tip field containing two fracture parameters related to singular and constant terms. Results indicate that crack speeds decrease the T-stress. The crack-tip field and the branch angle depend on the T-stress, especially for higher crack velocities. The critical speed for crack bifurcation is independent of remote transverse loading if neglecting the T-stress. Otherwise, the crack branch speed is reduced or raised, depending on positive or negative transverse loading, respectively.     

Modeling ocean wave propagation under sea ice covers

Operational ocean wave models need to work globally, yet current ocean wave models can only treat ice covered regions crudely. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of ice effects on wave propagation and different research methodology used in studying these effects. Based on its proximity to land or sea, sea ice can be classified as: landfast ice zone, shear zone, and the marginal ice zone. All ice covers attenuate wave energy. Only long swells can penetrate deep into an ice cover. Being closest to open water, wave propagation in the marginal ice zone is the most complex to model. The physical appearance of sea ice in the marginal ice zone varies. Grease ice, pancake ice,brash ice, floe aggregates, and continuous ice sheet may be found in this zone at different times and locations. These types of ice are formed under different thermal-mechanical forcing. There are three classic models that describe wave propagation through an idealized ice cover: mass loading,thin elastic plate, and viscous layer models. From physical arguments we may conjecture that mass loading model is suitable for disjoint aggregates of ice floes much smaller than the wavelength, thin elastic plate model is suitable for a continuous ice sheet, and the viscous layer model is suitable for grease ice. For different sea ice types we may need different wave ice interaction models. A recently proposed viscoelastic model is able to synthesize all three classic models into one. Under suitable limiting conditions it converges to the three previous models. The complete theoretical framework for evaluating wave propagation through various ice covers need to be implemented in the operational ocean wave models. In this review, we introduce the sea ice types, previous wave ice interaction models, wave attenuation mechanisms,the methods to calculate wave reflection and transmission between different ice covers, and the effect of ice floe breaking on shaping the sea ice morphology. Laboratory experiments,field measurements and numerical simulations supporting the fundamental research in wave-ice interaction models are discussed. We conclude with some outlook of future research needs in this field.     

The effect of submergence on the scattering by the interface between two semi-infinite sheets

This paper considers the reflection and transmission of a flexural-gravity wave within ice sheets floating on water as it propagates through a series of abrupt changes in ice sheet characteristics. The canonical problem involves one such junction at which two semi-infinite ice sheets of different properties are either frozen together or separated by a crack. Unlike most mathematical approaches to problems involving ice sheets, we allow the ice sheets to adopt a variable submergence according to their thickness. The problem is solved using integral equations formulated through the matching of eigenfunction expansions.     

一种浆体管道中气体含量的测试方法

实际的浆体输送管道中通常都含有少量的气体并会使泵的性能明显下降,现有的常规方法很难测量该气体含量。本文给出了浆体管道中气液固三相伪均质流和非均质流压力波波速计算式,数值分析表明,波速随着浆体中气体含量增加而迅速降低,并应用实例探讨了利用声速来测量浆体管道中气体含量的可行性和具体的测试方法,结果表明,通过在线测量管路中声波的速度或频率可以较准确地获得浆体中微量气体体积含量。