Mechanism of self-oscillations in a supersonic jet impact onto an obstacle 1. Obstacle with a spike

Results of numerical simulations and experimental investigations of self-oscillations arising in the case of impingement of an overexpanded or underexpanded jet onto an obstacle with a spike are reported. The mechanisms of the emergence and maintaining of self-oscillations for overexpanded and underexpanded jets are elucidated. It is demonstrated that self-oscillations are caused by disturbances in a supersonic jet, which induce mass transfer between the supersonic flow and the region between the shock wave and the obstacle. The feedback is ensured by acoustic waves generated by the radial jet on the obstacle. These waves propagate in the gas surrounding the jet, impinge onto the nozzle exit, and initiate disturbances of the supersonic jet parameters. In the overexpanded jet, these disturbances penetrate into the jet core, where they are amplified in oblique shock waves.     

On the mechanism of self-oscillations of a supersonic radial jet exhausting into an ambient space

Results of an experimental study and numerical simulation of self-oscillations of a supersonic radial jet exhausting from a plane radial nozzle into an ambient space are reported. It is demonstrated that flexural oscillations develop in the jet, leading to its destruction. Feedback ensured by acoustic waves in the gas surrounding the supersonic jet is found to play a key role in the emergence of self-oscillations.     

Combination interaction of Taylor–Goertler vortices in a curved shear layer of a supersonic jet

Problems of origination and evolution of streamwise vortex structures in an initial region of the shear layer of a supersonic jet are discussed. Streamwise vortices are generated with the use of artificial microroughnesses on the internal surface of polished nozzles. Results of Pitot pressure distributions measured in a supersonic nonisobaric jet both in the radial and azimuthal directions are presented. Streamline curvature in the initial region of supersonic nonisobaric jets has a significant effect on evolution of streamwise vortex structures. Azimuthal heterogeneity corresponding to streamwise vortices in the shear layer is analyzed with the use of both the Fourier analysis and wavelet analysis. PACS 47.40.Ki, 47.20.Ft, 02.30.Nw     

Effect of sound on a supersonic jet

It is known that under the influence of sound from an external source or the sound emitted by the supersonic jet itself at discrete frequencies in nonoptimal flow regimes the supersonic jet expands more rapidly and its range is reduced [1, 2], However, the mechanism of action of the sound on the supersonic jet has not been adequately investigated and, in particular, no one has determined the intensity of the external source capable of producing a marked change in the gas dynamic parameters of the jet, its characteristics or how the interaction process develops. These questions are examined below. By means of shadow photography with a pulsed light source it is shown that a significant change in the gas dynamic characteristics of the supersonic jet can be achieved by directing at its base along the normal to the jet boundary sound with an intensity corresponding to 0.1–0.2% of the total pressure in the jet. The appearance of large-scale disturbances on the irradiated side of jet and the directional emission of sound by the jet at the frequency of the external source are noted.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 170–174, November–December, 1989.The author is grateful to A. A. Kochetkov for assisting with the work.     

超音速流动中侧向喷流干扰特性的实验研究

在超音速流动中，进行了侧向喷流干扰特性的实验研究，研究了喷流压力、 攻角、迎风侧及背风侧喷流对侧向喷流干扰特性的影响. 结果表明，随喷流压力增大，喷流 前的高压区向前扩展，喷流的包裹作用加强. 有攻角时，背风侧喷流前的高压区更大，喷流 包裹作用的影响区域前移，喷流的控制效果更好，这一趋势随攻角的增大更加明显.     

基于模态分解的轴对称超声速射流啸声产生位置数值分析

不完全膨胀超声速射流的势核中会产生准周期的激波栅格结构, 其与剪切层内拟序结构的相互作用会产生激波噪声. 啸声是主要向上游方向传播的、具有离散频率的高强度激波噪声, 其产生是受一种非线性的声反馈环机制驱动. 精确定位啸声的声源位置是定量理解啸声反馈环机制和发展准确的啸声预测模型的一个关键所在. 为了分析近场啸声, 本文采用高精度数值方法直接求解轴对称可压缩Navier-Stokes方程, 数值模拟了完全膨胀射流马赫数为1.10和1.15的圆形声速喷管欠膨胀超声速冷射流, 得到了A₁和A₂两种轴对称模态啸声. 通过傅里叶模态分解、本征模态分解和动态模态分解, 分析了射流时序压力场和速度场, 研究了啸声关联拟序流动结构的空间演化, 精确定位了轴对称模态啸声的声源位置. 研究表明: 啸声关联拟序流动结构存在饱和态区域, 啸声声波是在其饱和态区域产生并向外传播; 在本文所涉及的射流马赫数范围内, A₁和A₂两种轴对称模态啸声的有效声源位置分别是在第4和第3个激波栅格结构的尾缘.      

Numerical Investigation of Multi-Jet Channel Flows

The results of a numerical simulation of the three-dimensional outflow of a system of circular supersonic turbulent jets into a cocurrent supersonic (or subsonic) air flow in a partially bounded region are given. Solutions are obtained by the splitting method using a matrix sweep of the parabolized Navier-Stokes equations. Assuming that the flow is nonseparated in the boundary layer, features of the three-dimensional structure of the jet system are investigated as functions of the pressure ratio number and the jet and cocurrent flow Mach numbers.     

Shock structure in separated nozzle flows

In the case of high overexpansion, the exhaust jet of the supersonic nozzle of rocket engines separates from nozzle wall because of the large adverse pressure gradient. Correspondingly, to match the pressure of the separated flow region, an oblique shock is generated which evolves through the supersonic jet starting approximately at the separation point. This shock reflects on the nozzle axis with a Mach reflection. Thus, a peculiar Mach reflection takes place whose features depend on the upstream flow conditions, which are usually not uniform. The expected features of Mach reflection may become much difficult to predict, depending on the nozzle shape and the position of the separation point along the divergent section of the nozzle.      

Oscillation flow induced by underwater supersonic gas jets

This paper describes an experimental study on the oscillation flow characteristics of submerged supersonic gas jets issued from Laval nozzles. The flow pattern during the jet development and the jet expansion feedback phenomenon are studied using a high-speed camera and a pressure measurement system. The experimental results indicate that along the downstream distance, the jet has three flow regimes: (1) momentum jet; (2) buoyant jet; (3) plume. In the region near the nozzle exit a so-called bulge phenomenon is found. Bulging of the jet occurs many times before the more violent jet expansion feedback occurs. During the feedback process, the jet diameter can become several times that of the original one depending on the jet Mach number. The frequencies of the jet bulging and the jet expansion feedback are measured.     

Experimental study on the flow field behind a backward-facing step using a detonation-driven shock tunnel

The supersonic combustion RAM jet (SCRAM jet) engine is expected to be used in next-generation space planes and hypersonic airliners. To develop the engine, stabilized combustion in a supersonic flow field must be attained even though the residence time of flow is extremely short. A mixing process for breathed air and fuel injected into the supersonic flow field is therefore one of the most important design problems. Because the flow inside the SCRAM jet engine has high enthalpy, an experimental facility is required to produce the high-enthalpy flow field. In this study, a detonation-driven shock tunnel was built to produce a high-enthalpy flow, and a model SCRAM jet engine equipped with a backward-facing step was installed in the test section of the facility to visualize flow fields using a color schlieren technique and high-speed video camera. The fuel was injected perpendicularly to a Mach 3 flow behind the backward-facing step. The height of the step, the injection distance and injection pressure were varied to investigate the effects of the step on air/fuel mixing characteristics. The results show that the recirculation region increases as the fuel injection pressure increases. For injection behind the backward-facing step, mixing efficiency is much higher than with a flat plate. Also, the injection position has a significant influence on the size of the recirculation region generated behind the backward-facing step. The schlieren photograph and pressure histories measured on the bottom wall of the SCRAM jet engine model show that the fuel was ignited behind the step.Communicated by K. Takayama PACS 47.40.Ki     

On mechanism of self-oscillatory interaction of plane subsonic jet with acoustic resonator

The interaction of a plane subsonic jet with an acoustic Helmholtz resonator is considered. Visualization of the flow pattern is conducted using a schlieren technique. Oscillations of pressure in the resonator cavity are measured. The dependence of frequency and amplitude of oscillations on the jet velocity is analyzed. A simple closed model of the self-oscillatory process is developed that makes it possible to calculate the frequency and amplitude of the self-oscillations and to determine the intervals within which induction of the proper mode of oscillation occurs. It is shown that the finite amplitude of oscillation is determined primarily by a convolution of vortices in the jet.     

Interaction of a supersonic flow with a transverse jet injected through a circular aperture in a plate

A flow pattern created by the interaction of a supersonic flow with a transverse sonic or supersonic jet injected normally to the direction of the main flow through a circular aperture in a plate is considered. The pressure rises in front of the jet owing to the retarding action of the incident flow. The boundary layer building up on the wall in front of the injection nozzle is accordingly detached. The flow pattern in the region of interaction between the jet and the external flow is illustrated in Fig. 1. The three-dimensional zone of detachment thus formed deflects the incident flow from the wall, and in front of the jet a complicated system of sharp jumps in contraction develops. A three-dimensional system of jumps also develops in the jet itself.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No, 5, pp. 193–197, September–October, 1970.     

Experimental Investigation of Nozzle Exit Reflector Effect on Supersonic Jet

The present study describes an experimental work to investigate the effect of a nozzle exit reflector on a supersonic jet that is discharged from a convergent–divergent nozzle with a design Mach number of 2.0. An annular reflector is installed at the nozzle exit and its diameter is varied. A high-quality spark schlieren optical system is used to visualize detailed jet structures with and without the reflector. Impact pressure measurement using a pitot probe is also carried out to quantify the reflector’s effect on the supersonic jet which is in the range from an over-expanded to a moderately under-expanded state. The results obtained show that for over-expanded jets, the reflector substantially increases the jet spreading rate and reduces the supersonic length of the jet, compared with moderately under-expanded jets. The reflector’s effect appears more significant in imperfectly expanded jets that have strong shock cell structures, but is negligible in correctly expanded jet.     

Effect of Condensation on the Length of Strongly Underexpanded Jets Exhausting Into a Rarefied Submerged Space

Exhaustion of supersonic argon and nitrogen jets through sonic and supersonic nozzles into a rarefied submerged space at high stagnation pressures is studied experimentally. The shapes and lengths of the jets are visualized by means of detecting radiation excited in the considered flow by an electron beam. Dependences of the geometric parameters of the jets on exhaustion and clusterization conditions at low Reynolds numbers based on the reference length of the jet are obtained. It is found that the coefficient of proportionality between the length of the first “barrel” of the supersonic jet and the degree of jet expansion increases with an increase in the stagnation pressure. Empirical dependences of the proportionality coefficient on the size of clusters formed in supersonic flows are derived for the first time.     

水下超声速气体射流回击现象的实验研究

对水下超声速气体射流的动力学行为进行了实验研究.通过流动可视化揭示了回击现象的演化过程,利用探针排获得了射流近场区的脉动压力分布,实验结果表明:在超声速喷管出口两倍直径处,射流形貌的变化导致气体中出现了大幅值压力脉冲.通过流场可视化与压力测量的同步校验,证实了喷口端面处回击事件与流场气相区中压力脉动之间相关性.     

Interaction of a supersonic jet exhausting into vacuum with an obstacle

A study is made of the interaction between an axisymmetric supersonic jet exhausting into vacuum and an obstacle of a fairly complicated configuration and positioned relative to the nozzle in such a way that in the interaction region behind the detached shock wave there is a three-dimensional flow possessing a symmetry plane. The flow in the interaction region is described by the system of equations of motion of an inviscid perfect gas with boundary conditions on the shock wave (Rankine-Hugoniot relation) and on the surface of the obstacle (no-flow condition). The other boundaries of the region are the symmetry plane of the flow and an arbitrarily chosen surface in the supersonic part of the flow.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti Gaza, No. 1, pp. 156–161, January–February, 1981.     

Flow in a viscous jet escaping through a supersonic nozzle into a semi-infinite ambient space

The problem of an axisymmetric gas flow in a supersonic nozzle and in the jet escaping from the nozzle to a quiescent gas is solved within the framework of Navier-Stokes equations. The calculated pressure distribution is compared with that measured in the jet by a Pitot tube. The influence of the jet pressure ratio, Reynolds number, and half-angle of the supersonic part of the nozzle on nozzle flow and jet flow parameters is studied. It is shown that the distributions of gas-dynamic parameters at the nozzle exit are nonuniform, which affects the jet flow. The flow pattern for an overexpanded jet shows that jet formation begins inside the nozzle because of boundary-layer displacement from the nozzle walls. This result cannot be obtained with the inviscid formulation of the problem.     

金属射流发散性理论分析及数值模拟

分析经典射流理论和相关文献,给出了在汇聚点坐标系中金属Cu对碰形成射流的汇聚射流区、无射流激波封锁区、无射流强度封锁区和形成发散射流区域。对金属超声速射流形成的发散性问题进行了理论分析,诠释了Walker基于实验提出射流发散理论,证明了金属射流超声速部分可形成发散射流也可形成汇聚射流,且超过1.23倍体声速的金属射流必定是发散的。最后,应用自编的欧拉计算程序MEPH对金属Cu以不同速度、倾角对碰射流形成过程进行数值模拟,得到了分叉射流、空洞射流和密实稀疏射流等的典型射流发散模式图像,印证了理论分析的结果。     

Flow regimes formed by a counterflow jet in a supersonic flow

Results on the effect of the dynamic pressure, Mach number, and temperature of a jet injected from a body upstream in a free supersonic flow on the formation of flow regimes are presented. Flow regimes that ensure the greatest decrease in the drag of the body are given, the mechanism of formation of the LPM flow structure is described, and an approximate criterion is found, which allows determination of the range of existence of various modes of jet penetration into the flow.     

超声速钝体逆向喷流减阻的数值模拟研究

为研究逆向喷流技术对超声速钝体减阻的影响,采用标准k-ε湍流模型,通过求解二维Navier-Stokes方程对超声速球头体逆向冷喷流流场进行了数值模拟,并着重分析了喷口总压、喷口尺寸对流场模态和减阻效果的影响。计算结果显示:随着喷流总压的变化,流场可出现两种流动模态,即长射流穿透模态和短射流穿透模态;喷流能使球头体受到的阻力明显减小;存在最大减阻临界喷流总压值(在所研究参数范围内最大减阻可达51.1%);在其它喷流物理参数不变时,随着喷口尺寸的增大,同一流动模态下的减阻效果下降。本文的研究对超声速钝体减阻技术在工程上的应用具有一定的参考价值。