中空纤维液-液-液微萃取/HPLC分析人尿液中麻黄碱及伪麻黄碱

建立了中空纤维液-液-液微萃取高效液相色谱对人尿液中的麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱进行纯化、分离、富集以及测定的方法。采用中空纤维三相微萃取装置,考察了影响萃取的因素,确定了萃取条件:中空纤维壁上的有机相为正辛醇,以50μL盐酸溶液(pH 2.0)为接受相,在室温下萃取60 min。该条件下麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的富集倍数分别为180倍和220倍,两者的线性范围分别为0.01～5 mg/L和0.005～0.75 mg/L,相关系数(r)分别为0.998 2、0.997 8,定量下限分别为0.01、0.005 mg/L。该方法使用极少量的有机溶剂,便可有效地对尿样中麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱进行纯化、分离和富集,萃取效率高,可用于尿液中麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的同时测定。     

液相微萃取-离子色谱法测定污水中痕量芳香胺

基于中空纤维液相微萃取技术,建立了河流污水中两种芳香胺类物质（邻甲苯胺和对氯苯胺）的离子色谱分析方法。采用中空纤维液相微萃取和离子色谱联用技术,对中空纤维萃取条件进行优化。优化的萃取条件：萃取溶剂为正辛醇,供体相中NaOH的浓度为0.01mol/L, NaCl的浓度为500g/L,接受相中HCl的浓度为0.1 mol/L,搅拌速度为430r/min,萃取时间为30min,在优化条件下,邻甲苯胺的富集倍数为88倍,对氯苯胺的富集倍数为124倍。供体相中邻甲苯胺和对氯苯胺的浓度在0.005–0.1mg/L范围内成良好线性,相关系数为0.9998-0.9999 ,检出限为0.2-0.5μg /L,相对标准偏差为0.85-3.38 %。结论：这种方法操作简单,环境友好,提高了离子色谱检测芳香胺类物质的灵敏度。     

基于中空纤维液相微萃取的大鼠体内大黄素及其代谢物分析

建立了中空纤维液相微萃取(HFLPME)耦合高效液相色谱法(HPLC)用于测定血浆和尿液中大黄素及其代谢物的浓度,比较了中药有效成分大黄素在不同性别大鼠体内的吸收和代谢能力,阐述了大黄素在体内的代谢和转化过程。本实验以聚偏氟乙烯纤维为溶剂载体,正辛醇为萃取溶剂,对血浆和尿液样品进行HFLPME处理,萃取后挥干有机溶剂,用50 μL甲醇溶解,进行HPLC测定。在优化的微萃取条件下,血浆和尿液样品中大黄素及其代谢物标准曲线线性良好(相关系数(r)大于0.9960);检出限为0.1～3.0 μg/L;富集倍数为12.2～26.3;日内、日间精密度(以相对标准偏差(RSD)计)小于11.0%;血浆和尿液中代谢物的平均回收率为97.9%～103%。HFLPME操作简单,富集倍数高,能有效去除生物样品中复杂基体的干扰,适用于复杂样品中微量、痕量成分分析物的分析测定。     

中空纤维碳纳米管/正辛醇固-液协同微萃取机理及其应用

讨论了以中空纤维为载体的碳纳米管/正辛醇固-液协同微萃取机理,建立了中空纤维碳纳米管/正辛醇固-液协同微萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定复杂样品中微量咖啡酸、阿魏酸和肉桂酸含量的方法.以2.5 cm长的聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维为碳纳米管正辛醇分散液载体,供相为分析物的HCl(pH 2.1)溶液,接受相为pH 12.7的NaOH溶液,在35℃下,搅拌萃取60 min,萃取液进行高效液相色谱紫外检测.在优化的实验条件下,分析物的线性范围均在0.05～50 μg/L,r＞0.9990 (n=5);检出限均为0.015μg/L;日内与日间精密度均小于9.8％(n=9),平均回收率为93.8％～115.2％;富集倍数分别为514,942和1084倍.在以中空纤维为支持体的碳纳米管/正辛醇微萃取中,碳纳米管/正辛醇分散液嵌入中空纤维管壁上的微孔中形成了碳纳米管/正辛醇固-液微萃取单元束,对苯丙烯酸类化合物起到协同萃取作用.     

中空纤维膜液相微萃取-超高效液相色谱测定蒙药毛勒日-达布斯-4汤中两种生物碱

建立了将中空纤维膜液相微萃取（HF-LPME）技术与超高效液相色谱（UPLC）技术联用检测蒙药毛勒日-达布斯-4汤中2种生物碱（胡椒碱和荜茇宁）的分析方法。通过考察该HF-LPME方法的影响参数，优化了萃取实验条件。HF-LPME优化条件如下：空隙率大于50%的偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜，萃取溶剂为正辛醇，氯化钠质量浓度为10 g/L，室温振荡，振荡速度为173 r/min，萃取时间为128 min。结果表明：该HF-LPME-UPLC方法对胡椒碱和荜菝宁的检出限（LOD）分别为2.2和2.5 μg/L，相对标准偏差不大于7.8%（n=5）。胡椒碱和荜菝宁分别在100~8500 和8.3~5000 μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系，胡椒碱和荜茇宁的富集倍数分别为59和65。该方法简便、快速、准确、环保，适用于蒙药中胡椒碱和荜菝宁含量的测定。     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法同时检测尿样中的麻黄碱和N-甲基麻黄碱

建立了固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(SPE-UPLC-ESI MS/MS)联用方法,定量测定尿样中的麻黄碱和N-甲基麻黄碱。样品经Oasis MCX柱提取、纯化和富集后,采用电喷雾(ESI)离子源电离,正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式质谱进行定性和定量分析。麻黄碱和N-甲基麻黄碱在0.0250~2.50 μg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数分别为0.9998和0.9992,提取回收率高于80%,提取效率的RSD小于5.0%,检出限均达到0.01 μg/L,可大大延长尿样检材中麻黄碱和N-甲基麻黄碱的检测周期。结果表明,该方法快速、准确,为尿液中痕量麻黄碱和N-甲基麻黄碱的分析提供了灵敏的分析方法。     

微波辅助-顶空液相微萃取在线联用-高效液相色谱法测定环境水样中的敌敌畏

基于微波辅助-顶空液相微萃取联用(MAE-HS-LPME)这一样品前处理方法,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对水样中的敌敌畏残留量进行了测定。对影响萃取的因素如萃取剂、微波辐射功率、萃取时间、离子强度和样品基质的pH值等进行了考察。萃取条件为: 选用二甲苯作萃取剂,萃取时间为15 min,微波辐射功率300 W,NaCl含量为5%,pH为2.5。在最佳条件下,敌敌畏的检出限(信噪比为3时)为0.96 μg/L,定量限(信噪比为10时)为3.20 μg/L,萃取富集倍数为54,实际水样的加标回收率为87.4%～103%。与传统的前处理方法相比,本方法具有简便、快速、高效、节省溶剂、选择性好、应用范围广的特点。     

液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法分析葡萄汁中多酚类化合物

建立了一种基于液相微萃取与高效液相色谱联用技术测定葡萄汁中鞣花酸、白藜芦醇和槲皮素的分析方法. 比较了单液滴液相微萃取和中空纤维液相微萃取两种萃取模式, 选择了单液滴液相微萃取作为3种多酚类化合物的液相微萃取模式. 考察了搅拌速度、萃取时间、料液相pH和料液相离子强度的影响. 鞣花酸、白藜芦醇和槲皮素的富集倍数分别为48.4、 79.4和155.8, 方法的线性范围为0.0050～5.0 μg/mL, 鞣花酸、白藜芦醇和槲皮素的检出限分别为0.015, 0.0020, 0.0080 μg/mL, 相对标准偏差分别为2.0%, 1.8%和1.7%. 用于实际样品葡萄汁的分析, 加标回收率在81.9%～102.3%之间.     

纳米磁流体用于三相中空纤维液相微萃取/HPLC法对尿液中尼古丁的快速测定

首次将磁流体粉末代替磁子,在磁场作用下,以三相中空纤维液相微萃取(three-phase hollow fiberbased liquid phase microextraction,TP-HF-LPME)动态模式进行样品前处理,高效液相色谱(HPLC)为检测手段,建立了一种快速、准确、环境友好的尿中尼古丁含量的测定方法.系统优化了TP-HF-LPME技术的有机溶剂、磁流体粉末加入量、搅拌速率和萃取时间等条件.方法的线性范围0.05～50 mg/L,相关系数0.999 8,检出限为3μg/L(S/N=3),相对标准偏差小于3%.该方法用于测定人体尿样中尼古丁,主动和 被动吸烟者尿中尼古丁含量分别为5.39 mg/L和2.08 mg/L,相对回收率95%～100%,富集倍数17.9倍.     

基于分子络合的分散液液微萃取与高效液相色谱联用检测环境水样中2种苯氧羧酸类除草剂

建立了基于分子络合的分散液液微萃取（DLLME）方法,以磷酸三丁酯为萃取剂,以甲醇为分散剂,与高效液相色谱联用检测了环境水样中麦草畏和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D酸）2种苯氧羧酸类除草剂,对影响前处理效果的因素（包括水样的pH值、萃取剂的种类和体积、分散剂的种类和体积、反萃液的pH值、反萃液的体积和盐浓度等）进行了详细考察,在最佳萃取条件下（水样体积10 mL,水样的pH值为0~1.0、100 μL磷酸三丁酯萃取剂、1000 μL甲醇分散剂、0.01 mol/L的氢氧化钾反萃液的体积为80 μL）,2种苯氧羧酸类除草剂在0.50~1000 μg/L范围内具有良好的线性,相关系数不小于0.9985,麦草畏和2,4-D酸的检出限分别为0.44 μg/L和0.49 μg/L,富集倍数分别为85和90,在实际样品中的加标回收率为75.7%~104.0%。该方法基于分子络合反应机理,将新型萃取剂磷酸三丁酯应用于分散液液微萃取,与HPLC联用实现了麦草畏和2,4-D酸的富集与检测,为环境水样中苯氧羧酸类除草剂的检测提供了新的前处理方法。     

Separation and determination of ephedrine alkaloids and tetramethylpyrazine in Ephedra sinica Stapf by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A simple, sensitive, and reliable method using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) is developed for the simultaneous determination of ephedrine alkaloids and 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) in Ephedra sinica Stapf. The sample is extracted with ethyl ether and submitted to GC-MS for identification and quantitation without derivatization. The column used for GC is an HP-5 (30.0 m x 250 microm x 0.25 microm, 5% phenyl methyl siloxane), and the carrier gas is helium. The detection limits for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and TMP are 0.4 ng 0.7 ng, and 0.02 ng (signal-to-noise ratio of 3), respectively. The reproducibility of the total procedure is proved to be acceptable (RSD < 2%), and the recoveries are above 93%.     

Separation and determination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine by combination of flow injection with capillary electrophoresis

A simple, rapid, and accurate method for the separation and determination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine using direct UV absorbance detection has been developed by the combination of flow injection with capillary electrophoresis for the first time. The buffer solution used is a 40 mM borate solution with the pH adjusted to 9.5 using a 2 M NaOH solution. The linear calibration range is 50 to 1000 microg/mL (r = 0.9996) for both analytes, and the recoveries are 91.2-108.2% for ephedrine and 92.6-107.3% for pseudoephedrine, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the peak area is 1.6% for ephedrine and 1.3% for pseudoephedrine (n = 6) at a concentration of 500 microg/mL, respectively. A series of samples is injected repeatedly without current interruption and subsequent rinsing, and the contents of these two alkaloids in three marketed drugs and the medical plant, Ephedra sinica, are determined with satisfactory results by this method.     

Micellar liquid chromatographic method for the determination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in human serum by direct inject of the sample with simple dilution

A micellar high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to simultaneously determine ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in human serum. The serum sample pretreatment was a simple dilution in a micellar solution, filtration, and direct injection, thus avoiding time-consuming and tedious steps. Hence, there is no need to use an internal standard. The serum samples were analyzed using a mobile phase containing 1.50?×?10^?1?mol/L sodium dodecyl sulfate and 0.02?mol/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate with 7.5% (v/v) 1-propanol at pH 3.0, running at 1.0?mL/min by an Inertsil C18 (150?×?4.6?mm, 5?µm) column at 30°C. The UV wavelength was set at 210?nm. The developed method was validated by linearity (r?>?0.9990) and intra- and inter-day precisions of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine (relative standard deviation; RSD%, 0.04–10.40, and RSD %, 0.30–10.25, respectively), LODs for ephedrine and for pseudoephedrine was 2.63 and 2.70?µg/mL, respectively; lower limit of quantification for ephedrine and for pseudoephedrine was 4.38 and 4.51?µg/mL, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was applied to investigate ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in real human serum samples after oral administration of Kechuanning Koufye including Ephedra herb. It is environmentally friendly, easy-to-handle, and feasible method for routine analysis in clinical laboratory.     

Liquid chromatography-particle beam electron ionization mass spectrometry method for analysis of botanical extracts: evaluation of ephedrine alkaloids in standard reference materials

The preliminary validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography particle beam mass spectrometry method (HPLC-PB/MS) with electron impact ionization source for analysis of botanical extracts is presented. The LC-PB/MS system was evaluated for the analysis of ephedrine alkaloids using ephedra-containing National Institute of Standards and Technology dietary supplement standard reference materials (SRMs) 3241 Ephedra Sinica Stapf Native Extract and 3242 Ephedra Sinica Stapf Commercial Extract. The ephedrine alkaloids were separated by reversed-phase chromatography using a phenyl column at room temperature. A linear gradient method with a mobile phase composition varying from 5:95 [MeOH:0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water] to 20:80 (MeOH:0.1% TFA in water) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, with an analysis time of less than 20 min, was used. The source block temperature was evaluated to determine the optimal operating conditions by monitoring the intensities and fragmentation patterns of the ephedrine alkaloids. Ephedrine and N-methylephedrine were taken as a representative of the test alkaloids. The LODs on the sub-nanogram level were achieved, with ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine in the SRMs quantified by a standard addition method with recoveries of > or = 86% and RSDs of < or = 14% (n = 3).     

Determination of diastereoisomeric alkaloids in urine by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection

A new and simple capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection was developed for the separation and the quantification of a pair of diastereoisomenc alkaloids（ephedrine and pseudoephedrine）.The limits of detection（S/N = 3） were 4.5×10^-8 mol/L for ephedrine and 5.2×10^-8 mol/L for pseudoephedrine,respectively.The RSDs of migration time and peak area were less than 1.3 and 2.5%（n = 5）,respectively.The applicability of the propose method was illustrated in the determination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in human urine,ephedrine in nasal drops,and the monitoring of pharmacokinetics for pseudoephedrine.     

Method for derivatization of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in nonaqueous media and determination by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection

A nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection method was developed for the quantification of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine after derivatization with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol in nonaqueous media. The derivatization was made in off-line mode. By a series of optimizations, a derivatization buffer composed of 40 mm ammonium acetate and 20% acetonitrile and a running buffer composed of 80 mm ammonium acetate and 3% acetic acid were applied for the derivatization and separation of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, respectively. Linear relationships for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine were obtained in the range 1.23-19.60 mg/L (correlation coefficients 0.9970 for ephedrine and 0.9994 for pseudoephedrine), and the detection limits for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine were 0.014 and 0.011 mg/L, respectively. The method was applied to the analysis of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in four preparations with recoveries in the range 93.9-105.1%.     

毛细管电泳/发光二极管诱导荧光法测定麻黄中麻黄碱与伪麻黄碱含量

基于麻黄碱及伪麻黄碱衍生物的光谱及化学性质,设计并构建了毛细管电泳/发光二极管诱导荧光检测系统.对关键光学元件进行组合选择,以蓝光发光二极管为光源,BP 470和BP 530分别为光源滤光片和荧光滤光片,光电倍增管检测信号,并对电泳分离系统的缓冲溶液、分离电压等参数进行优化;以FITC为衍生试剂,10 mmol/L Na2B4O7+ 16 mmol/L SDS为缓冲溶液,12 kV电压下可实现麻黄中麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的基线分离.在0.25～10 mg/L范围内,麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱标准溶液的质量浓度与荧光响应的峰高之间呈较好的线性关系,相关系数(r)均大于0.99,其检出限分别为0.38 μg/L和0.29 μg/L,峰高的日内重复性(RSD)分别为2.0％和2.2％,日间重复性(RSD)分别为5.4％和5.1％.将该方法用于中药麻黄中麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的测定,加标回收率分别为94％和107％.     

Preparation and characterization of a suite of ephedra-containing standard reference materials

The National Institute of Standards and Technology, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research and Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, and the National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, are collaborating to produce a series of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for dietary supplements. A suite of ephedra materials is the first in the series, and this paper describes the acquisition, preparation, and value assignment of these materials: SRMs 3240 Ephedra sinica Stapf Aerial Parts, 3241 E. sinica Stapf Native Extract, 3242 E. sinica Stapf Commercial Extract, 3243 Ephedra-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form, and 3244 Ephedra-Containing Protein Powder. Values are assigned for ephedrine alkaloids and toxic elements in all 5 materials. Values are assigned for other analytes (e.g., caffeine, nutrient elements, proximates, etc.) in some of the materials, as appropriate. Materials in this suite of SRMs are intended for use as primary control materials when values are assigned to in-house (secondary) control materials and for validation of analytical methods for the measurement of alkaloids, toxic elements, and, in the case of SRM 3244, nutrients in similar materials.     

Monolithic molecular imprinted polymer fiber for recognition and solid phase microextraction of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in biological samples prior to capillary electrophoresis analysis

A novel capillary electrophoresis (CE) method coupled with monolithic molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) fiber based solid phase microextraction (SPME) was developed for selective and sensitive determination of ephedrine (E) and pseudoephedrine (PE). With in situ polymerization in a silica capillary mold and E as template, the MIP fibers could be produced in batch reproducibly and each fiber was available for 50 extraction cycles without significant decrease in extraction ability. Using the MIP fiber under optimized extraction conditions, CE detection limits of E and PE were greatly lowered from 0.20 to 0.00096 μg/mL and 0.12 to 0.0011 μg/mL, respectively. Analysis of urine and serum samples by the MIP-SPME-CE method was also performed, with results indicating that E and PE could be selectively extracted. The recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) for sample analysis were found in the range of 91–104% and 3.8–9.1%, respectively.