中空纤维液-液-液微萃取/HPLC分析人尿液中麻黄碱及伪麻黄碱

建立了中空纤维液-液-液微萃取高效液相色谱对人尿液中的麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱进行纯化、分离、富集以及测定的方法。采用中空纤维三相微萃取装置,考察了影响萃取的因素,确定了萃取条件:中空纤维壁上的有机相为正辛醇,以50μL盐酸溶液(pH 2.0)为接受相,在室温下萃取60 min。该条件下麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的富集倍数分别为180倍和220倍,两者的线性范围分别为0.01～5 mg/L和0.005～0.75 mg/L,相关系数(r)分别为0.998 2、0.997 8,定量下限分别为0.01、0.005 mg/L。该方法使用极少量的有机溶剂,便可有效地对尿样中麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱进行纯化、分离和富集,萃取效率高,可用于尿液中麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的同时测定。     

基于中空纤维的液相微萃取技术的研究进展

基于中空纤维的液相微萃取集采样、萃取、浓缩于一体,具有成本低,溶剂用量少,易与高效液相色谱、气相色谱、毛细管电泳联用等特点。该技术不仅可实现较高的回收率和富集效率,而且具有突出的样品净化功能,是一种环境友好的样品前处理新技术。该文对基于中空纤维的液相微萃取的装置、操作模式、基本原理及近年来应用研究的进展进行了综述。     

多孔中空纤维液相微萃取技术的研究进展

基于多孔中空纤维的液相微萃取集采样、萃取和浓缩于一体,具有成本低,易与多种分析仪器联用等特点,该技术不仅可得到较高的富集倍数和回收率,而且具有突出的样品净化功能,有机溶剂用量非常少,是一种环境友好的样品前处理新技术,国内尚未广泛应用。本文综述了多孔中空纤维液相微萃取的主要装置、萃取模式、影响因素及其应用,引用文献54篇。     

三相中空纤维液相微萃取-离子色谱法测定环境水中苯酚含量

提出了离子色谱法测定环境水中苯酚含量的方法。样品采用三相中空纤维液相微萃取法萃取,以正辛醇为萃取溶剂,在600 r·min^-1转速下萃取40 min。经SH-2 Anion色谱柱分离,以12 mmol·L^-1氢氧化钠溶液为淋洗液洗脱。苯酚的质量浓度在1.00～500μg·L^-1范围内呈线性,方法的检出限（3S/N）为0.8μg·L^-1。方法用于地表水中苯酚的测定,加标回收率在90.1%～109%之间。     

三相中空纤维膜液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中痕量双酚A

建立了三相中空纤维膜液相微萃取-高效液相色谱(HF-LPME-HPLC)方法,用于分析测定水中痕量双酚A的含量.设计了三相中空纤维膜液相微萃取系统,优化的HP-LPME最佳萃取条件为:萃取剂为正辛醇,接受相NaOH浓度为0.09 mol/L,样品溶液pH=4.0,NaC1加入量为30 g/L,搅拌速度为900 r/min,萃取时间为60 min.萃取后取20 μL接受相进行色谱分析.在最佳萃取条件下,方法的线性范围为0.5～200 μg/L(r＞ 0.999),检出限(信噪比为3)为0.2 μg/L;富集因子为241;方法RSD＜3.2％ (n=3).在实际环境水样中添加5,20和50μg/L的双酚A标准物质,加标平均回收率为92.8％～101.9％.表明本方法可用于水中痕量双酚A的快速准确测定.     

中空纤维膜液相微萃取/高效液相色谱法测定水样中4种头孢菌素的含量

基于中空纤维膜液相微萃取/高效液相色谱(HF-LPME/HPLC),建立了水样中痕量头孢唑林(CZO)、头孢呋辛(CXM)、头孢他定(CAZ)和头孢西丁(FOX) 4种头孢菌素残留的检测方法。优化得到最佳萃取条件:萃取溶剂为1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([Omin]PF_6),辅助萃取溶剂为10%三正辛基氧膦(TOPO),样品溶液pH值为2.5,萃取时间为20 min,萃取温度为30℃,搅拌速率为600 r/min。以Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C_(18)(100 mm×4.6 mm,2.7μm)为色谱柱,以0.05 mol/L醋酸钠缓冲液(pH 4.0)-乙腈(9∶1,体积比)为流动相,4种头孢菌素可在7 min内完全分离。结果表明4种头孢菌素的线性关系良好,富集倍数为45～78倍,检出限为0.2～0.7 ng/mL,回收率为83.2%～102%,相对标准偏差为2.0%～9.8%。该方法简单高效,检测成本低,溶剂用量少,绿色环保,灵敏度高,对水样中痕量头孢菌素残留的富集能力强。     

中空纤维膜液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定酱油、食醋及碳酸饮料中苯甲酸和山梨酸的含量

建立了中空纤维膜液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定酱油、食醋及碳酸饮料中苯甲酸和山梨酸含量的方法。称取酱油、食醋或超声脱气后的碳酸饮料样品0.100 0 g,加入500 mg·L^-1内标（肉桂酸）溶液0.1 mL,用水稀释至50 mL。移取10 mL上述样品溶液于萃取小瓶中,用1 mol·L^-1盐酸溶液调节溶液pH至2.5,加入0.50 g氯化钠。用丙酮超声洗涤聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜小段（6.0 cm）并置于磷酸三丁酯中超声浸润3 min。向中空纤维膜腔体注入50μL氢氧化钠溶液（pH 13.0）,封口后浸入萃取小瓶中,以转速1 000 r·min^-1萃取25 min。按照仪器工作条件,吸取中空纤维膜内的溶液用于HPLC分析,内标法定量。结果显示：苯甲酸和山梨酸的质量浓度均在0.01～10.00 mg·L^-1内与其对应的目标物与内标峰面积比值呈线性关系,检出限（3S/N）分别为0.001,0.003 mg·L^-1;对酱油样品进行测定,日内精密度（n=6）和日间精密度（n=...     

中空纤维膜液相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定水中的百菌清

研究了用中空纤维膜液相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定水中的百菌清。通过实验确定最佳萃取条件为:萃取剂为甲苯,萃取剂用量3μL,水样体积10mL,萃取温度为45℃,萃取时间为15 min,搅拌速率为500 r/min,萃取后取1μL有机溶剂直接进样进行气相色谱质谱分离检测。在此条件下,百菌清的富集倍数为450倍,方法的线性范围为5~600μg/L,检出限为0.5μg/L。测定实际水样的加标回收率在92.3%~96.0%之间。该方法可以用于水中百菌清的快速检测。     

基于中空纤维液相微萃取的大鼠体内大黄素及其代谢物分析

建立了中空纤维液相微萃取(HFLPME)耦合高效液相色谱法(HPLC)用于测定血浆和尿液中大黄素及其代谢物的浓度,比较了中药有效成分大黄素在不同性别大鼠体内的吸收和代谢能力,阐述了大黄素在体内的代谢和转化过程。本实验以聚偏氟乙烯纤维为溶剂载体,正辛醇为萃取溶剂,对血浆和尿液样品进行HFLPME处理,萃取后挥干有机溶剂,用50 μL甲醇溶解,进行HPLC测定。在优化的微萃取条件下,血浆和尿液样品中大黄素及其代谢物标准曲线线性良好(相关系数(r)大于0.9960);检出限为0.1～3.0 μg/L;富集倍数为12.2～26.3;日内、日间精密度(以相对标准偏差(RSD)计)小于11.0%;血浆和尿液中代谢物的平均回收率为97.9%～103%。HFLPME操作简单,富集倍数高,能有效去除生物样品中复杂基体的干扰,适用于复杂样品中微量、痕量成分分析物的分析测定。     

中空纤维液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中残留的氨基甲酸酯类农药

应用中空纤维液相微萃取(HP-LPME)技术建立了水样中呋喃丹、西维因、异丙威和乙霉威的高效液相色谱分析方法。对影响HP-LPME的实验条件进行了优化。采用Accurel Q3/2聚丙烯中空纤维,以甲苯为萃取溶剂,于室温、搅拌速度为720 r/min条件下在4.5 mL样品溶液中萃取20 min,萃取物在室温下经氮气流吹干后用流动相溶解进样。采用Baseline C18分离柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5.0 μm),以甲醇-水(体积比为60∶40) 为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min。呋喃丹、西维因、异丙威和乙霉威的检测波长分别为200,223,200和208 nm。该方法对4种氨基甲酸酯类农药的富集倍数均大于45倍;4种氨基甲酸酯类农药在10~100 μg/L质量浓度范围内,其质量浓度与峰面积之间有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99;呋喃丹、西维因、异丙威和乙霉威的检出限(S/N=3)分别为5,1,5和3 μg/L;实际水样中的加标回收率为82.0%~102.2%,相对标准偏差为2.0%～6.2%(n=6)。     

中空纤维膜液相微萃取-高效液相色谱联用技术测定尿液中痕量己烯雌酚

采用中空纤维液相微萃取与高效液相色谱联用技术测定了尿液样品中的痕量己烯雌酚;考察了样品相酸度、中间相种类、接收相浓度、搅拌速度、萃取时间等对液-液-液三相微萃取效率的影响,进而确定了最佳萃取条件.结果表明,当样品相pH为2.5,中间相为甲苯,接收相为3μL 0.25mol/L氢氧化钠溶液,搅拌速度为800r/min,萃取时间为50min时,萃取效率最佳.在最佳萃取条件下,样品的回收率为76.4%,相对标准偏差为3.8%.     

三相中空纤维液相微萃取在羟基苯甲酸类化合物分析中的应用

在优化的三相中空纤维液相微萃取(3p-HFLPME)条件下,研究了6种羟基苯甲酸类化合物(HBAs)的3p-HFLPME行为;揭示了HBAs的富集因子(EF)与其正庚醇/水条件分配系数(log Pn-heptanol/5 mmol/L HCl)、pKa和羟基数目(N)的相关性,初步阐明了聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维对HBAs的电荷转移传递机理以及有机溶剂对HBAs的选择性萃取机理。优化的3p-HFLPME条件: 以MOF 503聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维为有机溶剂支持体,正庚醇为有机相,5 mmol/L HCl体系为给体,80 mmol/L NH3·H2O为接受相,搅拌速度为1200 r/min,萃取35 min。该方法的精密度（以相对标准偏差计）小于3%,检出限为0.09~30.00 μg/L,加标回收率为93.3%~107.1%,HBAs质量浓度为5 mg/L时的富集因子最高达107.6倍。     

Kinetic aspects of hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction and electromembrane extraction

In this paper, extraction kinetics was investigated experimentally and theoretically in hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) and electromembrane extraction (EME) with the basic drugs droperidol, haloperidol, nortriptyline, clomipramine, and clemastine as model analytes. In HF-LPME, the analytes were extracted by passive diffusion from an alkaline sample, through a (organic) supported liquid membrane (SLM) and into an acidic acceptor solution. In EME, the analytes were extracted by electrokinetic migration from an acidic sample, through the SLM, and into an acidic acceptor solution by application of an electrical potential across the SLM. In both HF-LPME and EME, the sample (donor solution) was found to be rapidly depleted for analyte. In HF-LPME, the mass transfer across the SLM was slow, and this was found to be the rate limiting step of HF-LPME. This finding is in contrast to earlier discussions in the literature suggesting that mass transfer across the boundary layer at the donor–SLM interface is the rate limiting step of HF-LPME. In EME, mass transfer across the SLM was much more rapid due to electrokinetic migration. Nevertheless, mass transfer across the SLM was rate limiting even in EME. Theoretical models were developed to describe the kinetics in HF-LPME, in agreement with the experimental findings. In HF-LPME, the extraction efficiency was found to be maintained even if pH in the donor solution was lowered from 10 to 7–8, which was below the pK_a-value for several of the analytes. Similarly, in EME, the extraction efficiency was found to be maintained even if pH in the donor solution increased from 4 to 11, which was above the pK_a-value for several of the analytes. The two latter experiments suggested that both techniques may be used to effectively extract analytes from samples in a broader pH range as compared to the pH range recommended in the literature.     

Automated polyvinylidene difluoride hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction of flunitrazepam in plasma and urine samples for gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

A new polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber (200 μm wall thickness, 1.2 mm internal diameter, 0.2 μm pore size) was compared with two other polypropylene (PP) hollow fibers (200, 300 μm wall thickness, 1.2 mm internal diameter, 0.2 μm pore size) in the automated hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) of flunitrazepam (FLNZ) in biological samples. With higher porosity and better solvent compatibility, the PVDF hollow fiber showed advantages with faster extraction efficiency and operational accuracy. Parameters of the CTC autosampler program for HF-LPME in plasma and urine samples were carefully investigated to ensure accuracy and reproducibility. Several parameters influencing the efficiency of HF-LPME of FLNZ in plasma and urine samples were optimized, including type of porous hollow fiber, organic solvent, agitation rate, extraction time, salt concentration, organic modifier, and pH. Under optimal conditions, extraction recoveries of FLNZ in plasma and urine samples were 6.5% and 83.5%, respectively, corresponding to the enrichment factor of 13 in plasma matrix and 167 in urine matrix. Excellent sample clean-up was observed and good linearities (r² = 0.9979 for plasma sample and 0.9995 for urine sample) were obtained in the range of 0.1–1000 ng/mL (plasma sample) and 0.01–1000 ng/mL (urine sample). The limits of detection (S/N = 3) were 0.025 ng/mL in plasma matrix and 0.001 ng/mL in urine matrix by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry.     

Determination of aristolochic acid in urine using hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography

A simple and efficient hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction (HF‐LPME) technique in conjunction with high‐performance liquid chromatography is presented for extraction and quantitative determination of aristolochic acid I in human urine samples. Several parameters influencing the efficiency of HF‐LPME were investigated and optimized, including extraction solvent, stirring rate, extraction time, pH of donor phase and acceptor phase. Excellent sample clean‐up was observed and good linearity with coefficient of 0.9999 was obtained in the range of 15.4–960 µg/L. This method provided a 230‐fold enrichment factor and good repeatability with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 6.0%. The limit of detection value for the analyte in urine sample was 0.01 µg/L at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3. The extraction recovery from urine samples was 61.8% with an RSD of 9.71%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel approach to automation of dynamic hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction

An automated dynamic two-phase hollow fiber microextraction apparatus combined with high-performance liquid chromatography was developed for extraction and determination of chlorophenoxy acid (CPA) herbicides from environmental samples. The extraction device, called TT-extractor, consists of a polypropylene hollow fiber mounted inside a stainless steel tube by means of two tee-connectors in flow system. An organic solvent, which fills the lumen and the pores of the hydrophobic fiber, is pumped through the fiber repeatedly and the sample is pumped along the outer side of the fiber. The factors affecting the dynamic hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (DHF-LPME) of target analytes were investigated and the optimal extraction conditions were established. To test the applicability of the designed instrument, CPAs were extracted from environmental aqueous samples. The limits of detection (LODs) as low as 0.5 μg/L, linear dynamic range in the range of 1-100 μg/L and the relative standard deviations of <7% were obtained. The developed method can provide perconcentration factors as large as 230. A hollow fiber membrane can be used at least 20 times with neither loss in the efficiency nor carryover of the analytes between runs. The system is cheap and convenient and requires minimal manual handling.     

Development of negligible depletion hollow fiber membrane-protected liquid-phase microextraction for simultaneous determination of partitioning coefficients and acid dissociation constants

A new method based on negligible depletion hollow fiber-protected liquid-phase microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the simultaneous determination of partitioning coefficients (K_OW) and acid dissociation constants (pK_a), by using phenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol as model compounds. A 37-mm length polypropylene hollow fiber membranes (600 μm inner diameter, 200 μm wall-thickness, 0.2 μm pore size, ∼70% porosity) with two-end sealed were filled with 1-octanol by ultrasonic agitation to prepare the extraction device. The extraction device was deployed in sample solutions, prepared by spiking target analytes in 1-octanol saturated aqueous solutions (500 mL), for negligible depletion extraction. After equilibrium was reached (∼5 h), the 1-octanol in the lumen of the hollow fiber membrane was collected for HPLC determination of the target analytes. As the depletion of the analytes in aqueous samples was negligible, the distribution coefficient (D_OW) could be calculated based on the measured equilibrium concentration in 1-octanol (C_O) and the initial concentration (C_W) in the aqueous sample of the target analyte (D_OW = C_O/C_W). The D_OW values measured at various pH values were nonlinearly regressed with pH to obtain the K_OW and pK_a values of a compound. Results showed that the measured values of the K_OW and pK_a of these model compounds agreed well with literature data.     

Orthogonal array design for the optimization of hollow fiber protected liquid-phase microextraction of salicylates from environmental waters

In the present study, a three phase-based hollow fiber protected liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the determination of salicylates in environmental waters was developed. The HF-LPME procedure was optimized by an L₁₆(4⁵) orthogonal array experimental design (OAD) with five factors at four levels. Under the optimal extraction condition (pHs of donor and receiving phases of 3.0 and 6.2, respectively, extraction time of 45 min, stirring speed of 1000 rpm, and salt addition of 20% (w/v)), salicylates could be determined in a linear range from 0.025 to 1.0 μg mL⁻¹ with a good correlation (r² > 0.9930). The limits of detection (LODs) ranged between 0.6 ng mL⁻¹ and 1.2 ng mL⁻¹ for the target analytes. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of intra-day and inter-day were in the range of 0.64–14.58% and 0.16–15.45%, respectively. This procedure afforded a convenient, sensitive, accurate and cost-saving operation with high extraction efficiency for the model analytes. The method was applied satisfactorily to the determination of salicylates in two environmental waters.     

Application of hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) for the determination of acidic pharmaceuticals in wastewaters

The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is a very important problem that requires analytical solutions. The wide variety of matrices and, usually, the low pharmaceuticals levels in the environmental samples requires high sensitive and selective analytical procedures. Wastewaters are one of the more important sources of environmental pollutants but they are very complex matrices that need clean-up procedures prior the analysis. Hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) is a relatively new technique used in analytical chemistry for sample pre-treatment that offers high selectivity and sensitivity compared to most traditional extraction techniques. The low organic solvent consumption derived from the use of HF-LPME is according to the current trends to a “Green Chemistry”, and Analytical Chemistry should follow these environmental good practices. This paper describes an extraction method using a polypropylene membrane supporting dihexyl ether (three-phase hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME)) for the direct analysis of three pharmaceuticals (salicylic acid (SAC), ibuprofen (IBU) and diclofenac (DIC)) in raw and treated wastewaters followed by a HPLC/MS-MS determination using a highly packed Pursuit^® XRs Ultra 2.8 μm C18 column that allows high resolution using low flow-rates and, simultaneously, short retention times. Detection limits were 20, 100 and 300 ng L⁻¹ for salicylic acid, diclofenac and ibuprofen, respectively.